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Deep electrification powered by renewable sources has emerged as a pivotal strategy for achieving ambitious CO 2 emission reduction targets. However, the true impact of electrification on decarbonization remains inadequately measured because the whole energy chain has not yet been fully considered. This study combines Societal Exergy Accounting and Logarithmic Mean Divisia decomposition analysis to quantify the main drivers of relative (de)carbonization in Portugal from 1960 to 2016. The results reveal a significant increase in the carbon intensity of useful exergy from 250 to 380 tons CO 2 /TJ during the late 1990s, followed by a decline to 280 tons CO 2 /TJ in the 2000s. These changes were driven by fossil fuel dependency and the efficiency and structure of the energy system. Decarbonization was facilitated by electrification when the following three conditions were met: (1) end-use electrification was at least a third of total useful exergy consumed, (2) renewable resources were at least a third of overall mix (above 33%) and (3) natural gas was at least a third of the mix of fossil fuels used for electricity generation. (above 30%). Policies promoting fossil fuel use for economic development led to the peak in carbon intensity of useful exergy in the 1990s while investments in renewable resources for electroproduction facilitated effective relative decarbonization later. Based on the current structure and efficiency of the energy system, policy recommendations include prioritizing investments in renewables, enhancing final-useful efficiency, and promoting the electrification of mechanical drive end-uses. [Display omitted] • Carbon intensity of useful exergy ACI useful is a better measure of decarbonization. • ACI useful encompasses the entire energy system focusing on biophysical aspects only. • ACI useful was driven by fossil fuel dependency and efficiency of the energy system. • Electricity decarbonized when electric end-uses and renewables were more than 1/3. • Energy policies were not effective in increasing final-useful exergy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract African countries are in a unique position to reap the socio-economic and environmental benefits of renewable resources as a means for meeting increasing energy demand in a sustainable way. A critical obstacle for the deployment of renewable energy technologies in Africa is the difficulty of attracting sufficient and affordable finance. This paper compares the impact of financial conditions on the cost of electricity generation across six renewable and three fossil-based technologies in 46 African countries. The results show large cost variations and highlight the extent to which renewables are disadvantaged by current financial practices. The energy-economy-environment model TIAM-ECN is used to show how lowering financing costs results in a much higher deployment of renewables. For example, solar PV could account for 10–15% of total electricity generation by 2050, even without explicit climate policy, thanks to financial de-risking programmes. The results demonstrate that changes in financing schemes could outweigh the impact of technology learning. This paper also demonstrates that, once ambitious climate policies are in place, reducing financing costs for renewables could be an efficient way to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Financial de-risking is thus a key ingredient for unlocking the renewable energy potential in Africa. Highlights • We show how renewables are disadvantaged by today's financial practices in Africa. • We show how lower financing costs result in a higher deployment of renewables. • PV can account for 10–15% of electricity generation by 2050 without climate policy. • Changes in financing schemes could outweigh the impact of technology learning. • Financial de-risking is key for unlocking the renewable energy potential in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia's framework for energy development was established in the early 1970s. Henceforth, many successive policies were introduced as potential resources for electricity generation and utilization. Currently, as a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Malaysia is sparing a number of effort to comply with the policy to meet the challenges of mitigating over-dependence on fossil fuels, reducing carbon levels, and achieving sustainable national development. This paper reviews the baseline studies on electrical energy policies and the measurement indicators used in Malaysia's electric power system. This research involves a comprehensive survey of electrical energy policies in Malaysia that focus on issues pertaining to energy supply, utilization, its environmental impact and considerations, renewable energy (RE) policies, production and consumption, energy efficiency, and feed-in tariffs. Fourteen energy indicators for sustainable development in Malaysia were investigated through the identification of energy policies in significant areas, such as reliability, safety, adequacy and cost-effectiveness of energy supply; increasing energy efficiency; minimizing environmental impact; and enhancing quality of life in terms of social well-being. The policies and the indicators are classified into different sustainable dimensions and summarized in tables along with the corresponding key references. In this study, future energy planning and options, especially in nuclear and RE programs, as well as the conflict between them, are illustrated through the overall performance relative to targets and benchmarks for past and future projections up to the year 2030. This review seeks to examine the past, present, and future policies and indicators to provide a sufficient overview of Malaysian energy policies for optimizing sustainable development. The goal is for this review to lead to increased efforts to accommodate the increasing demand for the management and utilization of RE, promote energy efficiency, and improve performance in achieving sustainable national development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector is undergoing substantial changes in order to promote better efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, reduce emissions and effectively deploy technologies to trade off costs and benefits One emerging solution is the application of the Power-to-Gas technology, which can be used for different purposes. In recent years, Power-to-Gas has been studied to understand the role it could play in the electrical system. This paper has the aims of analysing the existing literature about the Power-to-Gas technology in detail, by considering some solutions that have a direct impact on the electrical system (in particular electrolyser and CO 2 production) and applications in the different sectors of the electricity value chain (i.e., generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation). This paper sets out the conceptual aspects that are necessary to include Power-to-Gas facilities in a more comprehensive analysis framework of the operation of the electrical system in various sectors. Some perspectives concerning new Power-to-Gas applications are also presented for each sector, and some promising aspects that are expected to play a relevant role in the future technical and economic evolution of electrical systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The containment in pig farming generates a large volume of effluent that can be treated by anaerobic digestion. To use the biogas generated in the process, in electricity generation, a better understanding of the variables involved is necessary. The objective of this study was the evaluation of biogas production parameters, power generation, performance of the generator group in the biogas conversion into electric energy and the avoided cost of electric energy of a pig farming property. Parameters of concentration, biogas production and consumption, and generation of electric energy were monitored, and the information generated was stored in a database. The results have indicated an average daily production of 443 m 3 , with an average of 0.10 m 3 of biogas per pig and an average concentration of 68% methane. The average of electric energy generation was 324.5 kWh/day, and the efficiency of the generator was 17% with an average active power of 70 kW and a daily operation of 6.5 h. The avoided cost by self-consumption of electric energy generated in the property was R$ 13718.20, and during the monitoring period there was a total generation of electric energy of 70.5 MWh, of which 26.6 MWh were exported to the distribution network. The study also emphasizes that the appropriate choice of sensors and the methodology for monitoring and collecting data continuously could lead to an important data to use in correlated studies concerning generation of electricity from biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing body of research into the potential security risks and trade-offs which may emerge over the long-term development of energy systems. As part of this body of research, this paper aims to develop and demonstrate a set of indicators for assessing the security of long-term national electricity scenarios. This paper extends the empirical work of existing frameworks by including reliability and cost parameters alongside a range of other important aspects of energy security such as diversity, trade and acceptability, and by using both qualitative and quantitative indicators without aggregation in order to identify trade-offs. This paper uses the indicators to assess the energy security implications of three plausible long-term scenarios for the UK electricity system. The results indicate that a major risk may be experienced by a lack of flexible, responsive supply capacity in low-carbon electricity pathways. Reducing overall energy demand is found to be the most beneficial policy for improving energy security in terms of generating benefits in multiple dimensions. The paper finds that energy security is often conceptualised as the avoidance of causes of insecurity (such as insecure fuel imports), but that an equally important aspect of security lies in maximising responses to insecurity, for example by increasing the flexibility and responsiveness of both supply and demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the viability of hydrogen production through electrolysis process supported by a photovoltaic power system. To achieve this goal, economic feasibility and annual performance of 20 kW photovoltaic power station located in Yazd City in Iran is assessed though both experimental study and simulation. The data pertaining to real and simulated power output for the period of July 2012 to the end of June 2013 were compared and evaluated using the reference cell component of PVsyst simulation software. The real and simulated power output of the station is then used to assess its potential for PV-hydrogen production. Efficiency of the electrolyzer is considered to be 90% with power consumption of 5 KWh/Nm 3 . According to the results, over the period of one year, panels receive 299.376 MW/h of solar radiation on their surface, and they manage to convert 12.32% (36.91 MWh) of the incoming solar radiation into electricity with the highest output in August and the lowest in December. Simulation of the power station shows that overshadowing effect reduces the output of power station by about 5%. It was also found that applying the monthly optimal angles instead of annual optimal angles on panels increases the power output by 6.83% without considering the overshadowing effect, and by 3% while considering that effect. After assessing the real and simulated power output of the station, the potential of PV-hydrogen production is estimated to be 373 t per year (actual production) with the highest output being in August. Results show that the region is capable of generating electricity for hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar lease business is a recent market trend that has been introduced in many countries. An example is the U.S. solar lease payment (LP) business, which is a payment facility for leasing the solar PV system, where the customers pay a certain amount to a third-party company. In the solar lease business, the profit obtained by residences and third-party companies depends on the solar LP. Several impact factors should be simultaneously considered when estimating the solar LP that guarantees the profitability of the business for both sides. This study aimed to develop a model for determining the optimal solar LP in the solar lease business for residences and third-party companies. A genetic algorithm was utilized to solve the trade-off problem, among the many factors involved. The optimal solar LP was provided according to two categories: (i) the electricity generation rate by region; and (ii) the electricity consumption rates of multi-family housing complexes. In terms of the region, the optimal solar LP depended on the electricity generation rate, and the difference between the highest and lowest monthly solar LPs per unit was US$0.30. In terms of the electricity consumption rate, the optimal solar LP depended on the electricity consumption rate and the number of units, and the difference between the highest and lowest monthly solar LPs per unit was US$3.14. The developed model makes it possible for the government to suggest the optimal solar LP for promoting the solar lease business, and to develop a solar PV system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multi-objective model for expansion with a high share of renewable energy. The model considers three objective functions (minimizing the total cost, maximizing generation at the peak load, and maximizing the contribution of non-hydro renewable sources). The model was then applied to the Brazilian case, using the new government targets for renewable energy. The introduction of the objectives regarding peak load and non-hydro renewable generation lead to an increase of solar power generation. In many studies about Brazil, solar power was not considered, or its participation was negligible, but in this paper the results show solar energy as the main non-hydro renewable source in 2030, due to its capacity to meet the peak demand, since its daily curve coincides with the peak load period. In this study, it was possible to meet 90% of the annual load with renewable sources (with 23% being ensured by non-hydro) and the solar power increased from 21 MW to 40000 MW by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article serves as an update to the manuscript with the same title published back in 2010. Since then, Malaysia has seen some major changes in its energy and electricity generation scene. The country is now in the 11th Malaysian Plan (11MP) and its final thrust towards the high-income status targeted by 2020. Keeping to the scope in addressing the country's energy security and sustainability through non-renewable and renewable energy (RE), this article shall update on the existing and new significant energy-related events that have taken place and how they have affected the energy landscape of the country. In addition to that, the important role of the various energy efficiency (EE) and conservation practices set in place to ensure sustainable demand growth is also highlighted. The removal of fuel subsidy by the Malaysian government in 2014, although as unpopular as it may seem, was necessary as part of its energy reform to implement a more common energy regulatory framework involving all relevant agencies to safeguard a secured and sustainable energy future is also covered here. Lastly, latest development and issues surrounding the nuclear dream that the government is currently pursuing will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent climate change agreement in Paris highlights the imperative to aggressively decarbonize the energy economy and develop new technologies, especially for the generation of electrical energy that are environmentally clean. This challenge can only be addressed by a multi-pronged approach to research and education of the next generation of scientists and engineers as well as informed public discourse. Consequently this requires the introduction of new and comprehensive education programs on sustainable energy technologies for universities and, possibly, high schools. Among others, the new programs should provide in-depth knowledge in the development of new materials for more efficient energy conversion systems and devices. The enhanced level of education is also needed for properly assessing the competing technologies in terms of their economic and social benefits. The increasing recognition of the significance of clean and efficient energy conversion indicates the need for a comprehensive education program to be developed. The purpose of the present work is to consider the structure of both an education program and the related textbook where the energy-related fundamental and applied subjects are presented in a concentrated and uniform manner. Such a textbook could be an education aid for students of energy-related courses as well as the teachers involved in the formulation of the education programs. The textbook, which should be dedicated mainly for students at the undergraduate levels at universities, and possibly high schools, should include in-depth interdisciplinary sections dedicated to energy experts and graduate students. This paper considers the present international efforts in reducing the impact of climate change and the need to develop new technologies for clean energy generation. It is argued that progress in this area requires recognition of hydrogen as the main energy carrier of the future. This work also delineates the goals of the Sustainable Energy Network, SEN, involved in the UN program of Future Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever-growing scarcity of land resources around the world brands the waste to energy (WtE) strategy as a promising option for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. WtE conversion not only reduce the land pressure problem in urban areas, but also generate electricity and heat to supply to the surrounding urban areas. Moreover it also warrants climate benefits by avoiding fossil fuel based energy. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the MSW renewable energy potential and climate benefits through carbon reduction in Bangladesh using WtE strategies for urban area waste management. The study is conducted based on the waste generation of 7 major city corporation, 308 municipalities and 208 other urban areas in Bangladesh. Energy potential of different WtE strategy is assessed using standard energy conversion model and subsequent greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions models. GHG emission avoidance is also estimated based on coal based electricity displacement and avoidance from existing MSW management practices. Six different WtE scenarios are evaluated consisting of mixed MSW incineration and landfill gas (LFG) recovery systems. The total projected GHG emission observed within the range of 3.45–4.68 million MT CO 2eq and 5.45–9.59 million MT CO 2eq by 2030 and 2050, respectively under BAU scenario. The projected highest total renewable electricity generation potential from MSW in Bangladesh observed within the range of 4173.90–5645.30 GWh by 2030, and 6582.48- 11579.12 GWh by 2050. Renewable electricity potential in Dhaka is highest (1399.56-712.86 GWh) followed by Chittagong (762.74–900.24 GWh) by 2030, with associated GHG avoidance of 1.18–1.44 and 0.64–0.76 million t CO 2eq, respectively. Scenario A 1 provides the highest economic gain with energy potential and net negative GHG emissions. The study proposes mixed MSW incineration as a potential source of renewable electricity to ensure climate friendly urban area management in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review the literature focused on the energy/electricity-growth nexus, highlighting how the focus has shifted from aggregated energy/electricity consumption towards specific energy sources. Moreover, it aims to shed light on the relationships between different energy/electricity sources and economic growth. Empirically, the paper focuses on the analysis of interactions between electricity generation in Spain under both the Special Regime ( SR ) and the Ordinary Regime ( OR ), and their relationship with economic activity. Data for Spain is studied for a time span from January 2003 to January 2016. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test is carried out to check for causality relationships. Additionally, both short- and long-run effects are assessed by using the ARDL bounds test approach. Overall, the results reveal high internal consistency when comparing the ARDL results with the causality analysis. The substitution effect was detected between OR and SR. However, the negative effect of the SR on economic activity deserves special attention by energy policymakers. This paper argues that the main challenge of renewable sources for policymakers is their cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islanded power systems face unique challenges in the future in environmental, economic and social sustainability. Their high reliance on oil-fired generation leads to a carbon intensive power generation profile and consequently high costs to final energy consumers, hindering the economic development of islands. A detailed benchmarking exercise of islanded systems has been undertaken in collaboration with a group of islanded power systems under the auspices of EURELECTRIC, the association for European Power Companies. Results from this benchmarking survey of 28 different islands are presented, identifying the challenges of the current status quo, particularly in regard to generation profile and emissions. Four islands are taken for detailed study, in order to identify solutions to some of the energy challenges faced by island systems, with a focus on interconnection, renewables development and energy storage. The potential for implementing the latter technologies is positive and provides a partial solution to the challenges of islanded systems but the current costs of some innovative energy technologies, e.g. energy storage, still implies that it is not necessarily possible at present to invest in these technologies without non-market subsidies. However, islands are found to be excellent locations for pilot projects on new energy technologies due to their inherent advantages of small size and vertical integration of local power companies. Furthermore, strong communities imply that it is easier to engage with end consumers when promoting new concepts for electricity supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A country's economic growth is closely linked to the availability, generation, distribution and use of energy. At the same time, the increased rate of global energy consumption is a risk to development and to the efforts to safeguard people's living standards for the future. The production of electricity from RES substantially contributes to the energy security of states and to environmental protection. Greece has a valuable and exploitable potential in several RES and can significantly increase their use. However, various significant institutional changes have taken place in Greece over the last decades involving changes to the energy mix, the penetration of RES and attracting foreign investment. The present research took place on the island of Andros, Greece, with the help of a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. It is noted that the respondents agree with the need to save energy and to expand the use of green energy. They say they are slightly satisfied by the messages given through the Mass Media. They have insufficient information regarding RES systems that can be used in households and believe that a major subsidy from the state would lead to their purchase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing trend in the consumption of various materials has also led to a huge increase in the final waste streams especially in the form of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the consequent environmental pollutions in particular greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These have made MSW management a significant environmental issue for governments and policy-makers. To address these challenges, developed countries have implemented sustainable material management (SMM) strategies which have been comprehensively reviewed herein. Moreover, waste generation statistics reported for most of the developed and developing countries as well as the existing gaps in MSW management among these countries have been fully discussed. The present paper was also aimed at comprehensively assessing electricity generation potentials from MSW using an integrated solid waste management system (including three different technologies of anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration, and pyrolysis-gasification) while the consequent GHG emission reduction potentials as a result of their implementation were also explored. To facilitate the understanding of the potential impacts of these treatment strategies, Iran's data were used as a case study. More specifically, the theoretical and technical potentials of electricity generation were calculated and the GHG emission reduction potentials were estimated using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Overall, it was found that 5005.4–5545.8 GW h of electricity could be generated from MSW in Iran annually which could lead to approximately 3561–4844 thousand tons of avoided CO 2 eq. Such GHG reductions would be translated into approximately 0.5% of Iran's annual GHG emissions and would be considered a promising achievement given Iran's international GHGs reduction commitment, i.e., 4% reduction of anthropogenic GHGs emissions by 2030 below the business as usual scenario. Such findings could also be modeled for the other developing countries around the world where efficient MSW management is yet to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For efficient feedstock and energy utilization, integrated biorefinery processes are applied to furfural production from bagasse to convert furfural residue into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)—an important intermediate building block for the production of various biochemicals. Here, a techno-economic analysis of the integrated processes of furfural and HMF production combined with electricity generation under different scenarios was performed to identify the most suitable process design. Simulations revealed that using the whole bagasse in the biorefinery plant and recycling 50% waste from the HMF production to recover unreacted sugar (scenario 2) achieved the maximum furfural and HMF production with minimum CO 2 emission, compared with integrated processes without sugar recycling (scenario 1), with 80% (scenario 3) and 60% biomass (scenario 4) bypassed to the biorefinery, and with a standalone combined heat and power system (scenario 5). Moreover, heat integration improved the efficiency of biorefinery plant (scenario 2), with an energy recovery potential of 71%, leading to the maximum profit at 11% internal rate of return. However, the high operating cost associated with the requirement of solvents and catalysts for HMF production represents the largest cost distribution in the proposed integrated processes. Sensitivity analysis revealed that solvent cost was the most important parameter for economic benefit. In addition, improving technological efficiency in the pretreatment and HMF production phases can enhance product yield, thereby benefiting the profitability of this process. • Integrated biorefinery processes are proposed for furfural and HMF production. • Energy recovery potential of 60–70% can be achieved through heat integration. • Integrated biorefinery of whole bagasse with sugar recycling offers the maximum profit. • HMF production cost produces the strongest effect on economic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective response to climate change demands rapid replacement of fossil carbon energy sources. This must occur concurrently with an ongoing rise in total global energy consumption. While many modelled scenarios have been published claiming to show that a 100% renewable electricity system is achievable, there is no empirical or historical evidence that demonstrates that such systems are in fact feasible. Of the studies published to date, 24 have forecast regional, national or global energy requirements at sufficient detail to be considered potentially credible. We critically review these studies using four novel feasibility criteria for reliable electricity systems needed to meet electricity demand this century. These criteria are: (1) consistency with mainstream energy-demand forecasts; (2) simulating supply to meet demand reliably at hourly, half-hourly, and five-minute timescales, with resilience to extreme climate events; (3) identifying necessary transmission and distribution requirements; and (4) maintaining the provision of essential ancillary services. Evaluated against these objective criteria, none of the 24 studies provides convincing evidence that these basic feasibility criteria can be met. Of a maximum possible unweighted feasibility score of seven, the highest score for any one study was four. Eight of 24 scenarios (33%) provided no form of system simulation. Twelve (50%) relied on unrealistic forecasts of energy demand. While four studies (17%; all regional) articulated transmission requirements, only two scenarios—drawn from the same study—addressed ancillary-service requirements. In addition to feasibility issues, the heavy reliance on exploitation of hydroelectricity and biomass raises concerns regarding environmental sustainability and social justice. Strong empirical evidence of feasibility must be demonstrated for any study that attempts to construct or model a low-carbon energy future based on any combination of low-carbon technology. On the basis of this review, efforts to date seem to have substantially underestimated the challenge and delayed the identification and implementation of effective and comprehensive decarbonization pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a basic necessity in every country. The worldwide demand for energy will rise due to the developments of power generation in industrial, service, and residential sectors. A healthy power system is therefore very important to guarantee continuous electricity supply to the end users and this can be achieved through asset management. A proper asset management will allow asset managers to conduct quality assessment of conditions and to develop future management strategies of the electrical assets such as transformers. The execution of transformer asset management involves an investigation of the transformer's condition by employing Transformer's Health Index (THI). Mathematical equation/algorithm or expert judgment has been investigated by many previous studies as one of the technique to determine health index (HI). Some of the established methods of HI determination such as scoring and ranking method, tier method, matrices and multi-feature assessment model have led to the different interpretations of the final condition of a transformer. This paper critically examines and explores the previous studies related to transformer health index by using mathematical equation/algorithm or expert judgment. The concept of HI and its formulation are presented in this study. Generally, there are three parts of HI formulation which are input, algorithm for HI and the output of HI. The application of HI is discussed in terms of the performance of in-service transformer. The limitations of the available methods are also discussed and future works to overcome the problems are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global community has recently begun adopting renewable energy in order to reduce the production of greenhouse gases and address the issue of global warming. In particular, each nation is increasing its electricity generation from renewables to reduce fossil fuel usage, which accounts for about 78% of global final energy consumption, as well as being the key cause of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, this study analyzes the overseas renewable capacity for electricity generation and presents the issues facing the Korean renewable capacity for electricity generation, in addition to outlining a strategy and direction for Korea’s future supply of electricity generated from renewables. The total global renewable capacity for electricity generation in 2013 was about 1560 GW, whereas in contrast, the total domestic renewable capacity or electricity generation in 2013 was about 4.251 GW. In analyzing the Korean capacity as a percentage of the total global capacity by each sector, Korean hydro was shown to provide 0.17% of the global total, wind 0.17%, solar PV 1.09%, bio 0.19% and ocean 48.11%. In addition, this study compares the domestic renewable capacity with the renewable capacity in OECD countries, and in countries with a similar GDP to that of Korea. The results show that compared with other OECD countries, Korea is ranked lowest in terms of renewables as a percentage of total electricity generation 3.7% with the exception of Turkey and Israel. Even compared with countries that did not set 2020 targets for electricity generation from renewables, Korea’s renewable capacity was ranked the lowest. Accordingly, intensive investment in solar PV and wind is required to expand the domestic renewable capacity, keep pace with the trends in global capacity and investment, and meet Korea's global commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at exploring the integrated efficiency of inputs–outputs and unified performance in energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the Chinese agricultural sector, and also examining the reduction potential of energy intensity and CO 2 emission intensity in the sector. For this purpose, we adopt a non-radial directional distance function in this study. It incorporates the inefficiency of all input factors and desirable and undesirable outputs to estimate the integrated (operational and environmental) efficiency and energy–CO 2 performance of China's agricultural sector. An empirical research of 30 provinces in China is conducted by using the approach. The main practical conclusion follows: First, most of China's provinces and regions did not perform efficiently in input factors as well as the integrated efficiency of inputs-outputs and unified performance in energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in the agricultural sector. The average score of integrated efficiency and energy–CO 2 performance is 0.447 and 0.425 respectively within the sample period. Provinces in East China mostly performed better than those in Central and West China. Second, with slack and advanced production technology considered, there is vast energy-saving and CO 2 emission reduction in the Chinese agricultural sector. In theory, the reduction potential of energy intensity and CO 2 emission intensity can reach 59.6177% and 56.4948% respectively of the actual level. The central and western regions show great reduction potential of energy intensity and CO 2 emission intensity compared with the eastern region. Based on these findings, some policy suggestions for improving the integrated efficiency of inputs-outputs and unified performance in energy consumption and CO 2 emissions are provided for China's agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is a country with great agricultural potential due to its geographical position. All Brazilian states have a portion of their economy based on agriculture, which includes several activities, mainly farming and cattle and/or swine livestock, which generates a large amount of waste that can be used for energy production. When the waste is treated in biodigesters, the anaerobic bacteria produce biogas, which can be used as fuel for power generation. An alternative to produce energy in large scale is the combination of neighboring farms, forming agro-energy condominiums with a goal of accumulating the biogas produced and using it in power generation, however, studies on the financial viability of such projects are still scarce. Briefly analyzing the gradual increase of electricity consumption in Brazil, this study is justified by the need to reconcile the social, economic and environmental aspects. We verified the possibility of generating power by installing biodigesters on seven swine and cattle farms located in São Miguel do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil. We also aimed to reduce environmental impact and odors coming from the biodigesters, improve the quality of life of landowners and neighbors and use the biogas generated in the biodigesters for producing electricity to be used in those farms. We carried out field research in order to gather the necessary information for the feasibility study. Using the simple payback tool for financial return, the study showed a return of investment within 44 months, which is considered feasible. Several studies are still necessary regarding agro-energy condominiums, as there are many variables in these projects and different methodologies may be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues relating to the potential collapse of oil prices and possible consequences which are rising for all oil producing countries including OPEC countries (in which Algeria is a member). Since February 2011, a national renewable energy (RE) program was launched by the president of Algeria to make RE a major source of production for electrical energy which is a fundamental concept for sustainable development. A prospective analysis will be used to contribute in making a decision for such process. This article addresses the issue that explains the current and future energy scenarios in Algeria with the aim of investigating opportunities and possibilities for enhancing the presence of renewable energy resources in Algeria's Energy mix. This prospective is particularly suitable to the treatment of long-term technological energy issues in Algeria from an explicit representation of economic characteristics (represented by indicators: GDP, population and unemployment), and energetics (expressed by the aggregate of energy production, of total and final consumption) during the period 1962–2012. The developed approach can enrich the discussion of possible consequences of futures energy in the country. We focused on the consumer sectors of energy (Industrial, Transport and Household sector) and strategies to increase the contribution of renewable in the energy supply, in order to respond efficiently to national expectations as part of their energy and economic objectives. It should be noted that the present study offers three energy scenarios in Algeria from mid to long term. We suggest that the scenario " Trended Non Energetic Efficiency (EE) " could be a reference in the 10 coming years. Moreover, " Trended of EE " and " voluntarism of EE " are considered as transition scenarios in case that Algeria desires to improve its energy system on the horizon of 2062, a year taken as a reference to the 100 year jubilee of independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the energy-growth nexus in ten oil-exporting developing Eurasian countries: Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia and the UAE over the period 1997–2014. Lack of enough energy-growth nexus studies on the oil exporters of the Middle East and Commonwealth of Independent States coupled with a number of issues, which have not been addressed by prior studies motivate us to conduct this review. Policymakers should take into consideration that any policy measures aimed at conserving the Primary Energy Consumption can undermine economic growth, as we find that the growth hypothesis dominates in the Primary Energy Consumption-growth nexus. Conversely, validity of the neutrality hypothesis in the Residential Electricity Consumption-growth nexus, another finding of this study, implies that policymakers can pursue conservation policy by reconsidering the residential electricity subsidies in the selected countries. The study contributes to the energy-growth literature by addressing some issues and filling the gap for the Eurasian oil exporting countries, especially those in the Middle East and Commonwealth of Independent States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When talking about energy conservation, "Rebound Effect" (RE) is always concerned, which defined as the increasing energy consumption relative to the counterfactual predicted by technological progress because of efficiency induced decrease in the real price of energy services. In this paper, we try to find a way to figure out the RE through calculating the substitution relations accord with the definition. Based on the trans-log cost function and considering the asymmetric impact on energy-cost share equation, the paper applies Allen-Uzawa substitution elasticity to establish the price-oriented analysis diagram of fossil-energy consumption RE. Using time series data, applying the joint method of the dynamic OLS (DOLS) and the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR), the RE in China's electricity generation sector is estimated. The results showed that the RE is 11.6% in China's electricity generation sector if allowing for asymmetric price effects, which indicates that China's power generation sector generally displays a feature of energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India with a fast growing demand for electricity and increasing consideration to emissions reduction is investing strongly in renewable electricity generation. Among renewables, the Central and State Governments have set aspirational targets for on-grid solar electricity and legislated several supporting policies to realise these targets. As a result of the favourable political environment, the development of on-grid solar, in terms of the rate of growth in installed capacity, has been increasing in the recent years, and it is expected to continue in the future. This paper aims to investigate the impact of historical transitions of India's electricity sector on the ongoing development of on-grid solar electricity and to explore the prospect of solar sector development in the future. First of all, we investigate how the historical transformation of governmental intervention's approach intertwined with the gradual shift of the source of generation has paved the way for the current achievements in on-grid solar electricity. Second, we envision the future challenges and opportunities for the development of solar sector by looking ahead and discussing the continuity of government's support and the prospective competitions between different sources. We conclude the paper with some required steps to be taken in order to secure the achievement of the targets in solar electricity in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is one of the major factors contributing in the development of a country. There are various sources of energy throughout the world, renewable as well as non-renewable. Renewable energy sources are considered more environmental friendly. Among all the sources of renewable energy, hydro power is considered most advantageous source of energy. Hydro power has negligible social and environment impact as compared to other forms of renewable energy. Proper operation of hydropower plant is very important for generating maximum energy by utilizing the available potential. The present study has been undertaken for review on the operational aspects of hydro power plants contributing in energy generation with minimum operational cost as well as the minimum environment effect. All the components and parameters contributing in operation of hydro power plant have been discussed, with respect to minimization of operational cost and maximizing generation. The mathematical models developed earlier for operation of hydro power and techniques to minimize the operation cost as well as maximization of energy generation of hydro power plant have also been presented for the benefit of the researchers. It has been found that earlier studies mainly focused on operation of reservoir based hydropower plants and further studies are required for optimum operation of run of river small hydropower plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's wind power installed capacity is the largest in the world, but the utilization of wind power equipment is not very good, far behind USA. In this paper, the development of China's wind power is reviewed, and the present wind power curtailment restricts the sound development of China's wind power industry. The characteristics of China's wind farm are summered. With the insatiability and intermittence, wind power is not welcome to China's electric grid, and large-scale wind power construction does not match with the existing power grid, therefore, wind power curtailment is serious and the level of wind power utilization is very low. To solve the wind power curtailment rationing problem, in this paper, combined with the characteristics of China's wind farm operation, the wind power utilization level evaluation index system has been built, reflecting the wind resource characteristics, wind power equipment type, wind power output, wind power curtailment, grid technology, operation management and so on. Taking Hami wind farm in Xinjiang province as an example, wind power utilization level is evaluated comprehensively, combined the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM). The results show that the establishment of wind power utilization level comprehensive evaluation index system is helpful to find the main factors which effect the level of wind power utilization and improve the wind power field operation, which can provide reference for the planning and design of wind farm, and the results have certain value on theoretical significance and engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of sugarcane bagasse as a potential feedstock for efficient energy production has attracted a great deal of attention in the sugarcane industry, which has traditionally inefficiently burned bagasse in boilers for steam and electricity generation. Alternative technologies for more efficient utilisation of bagasse for energy production within the industry has also been hindered by the high degree of complexity involved in bagasse handling and pre-processing before it can be utilised as an energy feedstock. This can be attributed to unfavourable characteristics of mill-run bagasse, which includes low bulk and energy densities, a wide range of particle sizes and shapes as well as high moisture content. Gasification is regarded as one of the most promising energy recovery technologies for the widespread use of biomass because of its higher efficiency when compared to the combustion technology commonly used by the sugarcane industry. There has been a strong drive to identify efficient pre-processing methods that can be applied to bagasse to make it a suitable feedstock for energy production in thermochemical conversion systems. This work provides a comprehensive review on the pre-processing of bagasse for gasification, and the gasification technology options for its conversion into energy, with a particular emphasis on the downdraft gasification technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In world practice bioethanol is widely used as a component for standard motor gasolines, with concentration 5–15% by volume (E5, E10, E15 fuels) or as bioethanol fuels with ethanol content from 20% till 85% by volume (E20-E85 fuels). Currently in Russia the motor biofuel and its components are not used. At the same time, the development of biotechnologies and bioenergy is the priority task of the scientific and technical policy of the State. The complex program sets the goal to increase the consumption volume of motor biofuel up to 10% till 2020. It should be achieved primarily by bioethanol production, which will be used as a component of automotive gasolines or for production of bioethanol fuels. Bioethanol in Russia can be used in essentially different ways: 1) as a high-octane component in concentration not higher than by 5% by volume for the production of motor gasoline 2) as a high-octane component in concentration not higher than 10% by volume for benzanol (gasohol) production 3) for ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) production 4) as a component of bioethanol fuels in concentration up to 85% by volume. The final aspect is especially topical for production of high quality high-octane fuel from low-octane hydrocarbon fractions, as well as maximum utilization of bioethanol octane-increasing potential. Currently VNII NP JSC is conducting research work aimed to develop production technology of E30 and E85 bioethanol fuels. This technology will enable the essential expansion of the potential of bioethanol application and the efficient resolution of usage of low-octane fractions due to production of high-octane fuel with improved ecological characteristics with a minimum possible cost. This article presents the developed technical requirements for bioethanol fuels E30, E85. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of icing on wind turbines and energy production in northern regions is a severe problem. Therefore, emphasis on developing ice mitigation systems has become a significant part of the wind energy conversion systems. These systems use various technologies and have different specifications, sometimes with no clear indication of their efficiency. Since the effect of cold climate on wind turbines is complex, not every ice protection system is suitable for a given wind farm. Therefore, the aim of this work is to compare the existing ice mitigation solutions and provide an indication on their efficiency. In this paper, we first review the most recent standards set by experts, and the major issues associated with wind energy in cold climates. Then, we present the ice protection techniques found in the literature, and then highlight the recent research on the optimization of the systems. Finally, we present an analysis of the current market, compare ice protection techniques and systems, based on various criteria, and measure the additional costs generated by ice mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cogeneration is one of the methods to improve energy efficiency, reduce energy consumption and control environmental pollution. Downsizing the cogeneration system, improving its overall efficiency and incorporating it for meeting multiple objectives have been the topics of interest in the last three decades. A polygeneration system is a modified version of a cogeneration system, in which more than two objectives (i.e heat, power, cooling, production of energy or fuels) are achieved. This paper discusses the research and developmental activities that have been recently carried out in the area of trigeneration and polygeneration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work study the current and future energy issue such as the energy policy revolution, the power sector expansion strategy and the corresponding environmental impact in Iraq. It aims to introduce the capabilities of renewable and nuclear energy and deals with the environmental impact of renewable and nuclear energy, especially in greenhouse-gas mitigation. Also review the capabilities of renewable and nuclear energy in Iraq. Long-range Energy Alternative and Planning (LEAP) System was used to analyse the electricity generation including the future expansion plan and simulates the environmental impact for every technology used in electricity generation. The demand on energy in Iraq for next 15 years was predicted, which will increase rapidly. It requires multiplicity in electricity generation technologies and the utilization of non-fossil resources in electricity generation to overcome the chronic shortage in electricity supply since 1991. Oil and its derivatives for power generation is the main stay in the energy policy for Iraqi government. Attempts in exploitation of renewable energy did go beyond the generation of hydroelectric power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a potential geothermal generation of 610 GWt, Spain constitutes a promising EU-28 country for geothermal direct heating systems and binary cycle electricity production. Spain has a need to reduce energy consumption in buildings and in the secondary sector in order to comply with the Spanish Energy Plan 2011–2020, which establishes an objective of 50 MWe of electricity generation from geothermal energy and 66 MWt for direct heating use. Geothermal pumps are admissible in low and medium temperature heating schemes, but to achieve these energy savings targets, the most interesting way to generate energy is by using a CHP production from binary cycle plants. An analysis determining the energy consumption for Spanish dwellings shows that with a low-temperature design concept for district heating distribution, an organic Rankine cycle plant of 15 MWt with a geothermal temperature supply of 105 °C and a vector transportation fluid mass of 100 kg/s can cover 3% of the expected targets of electricity from geothermal sources and 15% of that expected for direct heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles can become integral parts of a smart grid, since they are capable of providing valuable services to power systems other than just consuming power. On the transmission system level, electric vehicles are regarded as an important means of balancing the intermittent renewable energy resources such as wind power. This is because electric vehicles can be used to absorb the energy during the period of high electricity penetration and feed the electricity back into the grid when the demand is high or in situations of insufficient electricity generation. However, on the distribution system level, the extra loads created by the increasing number of electric vehicles may have adverse impacts on grid. These factors bring new challenges to the power system operators. To coordinate the interests and solve the conflicts, electric vehicle fleet operators are proposed both by academics and industries. This paper presents a review and classification of methods for smart charging (including power to vehicle and vehicle-to-grid) of electric vehicles for fleet operators. The study firstly presents service relationships between fleet operators and other four actors in smart grids; then, modeling of battery dynamics and driving patterns of electric vehicles, charging and communications standards are introduced; after that, three control strategies and their commonly used algorithms are described; finally, conclusion and recommendations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey as in Europe, the share of natural gas (NG) in the generation of electricity has shown a dramatic increase since the 1990s. Although Turkey faced two economic crises in the last decade, its total electricity generation has increased by 60%. NG consumption was 0.43 bcm in 1987 and reached 40 bcm by 2014. A big fraction of total electricity generation (TEG) is produced from NG. While the NG-based electricity generation was 0.2% in 1985, its share increased rapidly and it has reached to 48% of the TEG in 2014 and share of NG in total thermal power is about 60%. The goal of this paper is to review the historical development of the electricity and NG sectors, and to forecast and review the process of electricity generation with NG. Additionally, this paper compare the use of NG in electricity generation in Turkey and World, and analyze the supply–demand projections and future prospects in the field of energy. Results obtained from the present study show that a diversity of energy resources has not been achieved and as it is today in meeting the increasing energy demand, NG will continue to be a priority in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the Lithuanian energy policy and study on sustainable energy development and implementation of renewables in the important Lithuanian regions. For the estimations, the strategically substantial Lithuanian region with the decommissioned Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP) was selected. The sustainable Energy Strategy 2012–2035 for the INPP region development was prepared and the process of strategy preparation was overviewed. Recently, the reduction of inhabitants and the declining of dominant economy sectors in INPP region were observed. In the Strategy the energy supply and consumption tendencies in INPP region and its municipalities are studied, the final electricity consumption and district heating demand was calculated, the heat and electricity generation from RES was highlighted. The analysis of RES implementation possibilities in Ignalina NPP region and its municipalities was carried out. The solar energy potential, the wind energy resources and the potential of wood fuel in INPP region were examined. The potential RES estimation criterions were set. The theoretical and technical potentials of the final energy from RES in INPP region were defined. The estimated theoretical energy potential in INPP region reached about 1418 GWh/year and was about twice higher than the needs of INPP region (650 GWh/year). The calculated technical final energy potential from RES in INPP region was about 350 GWh/year. In the article, the energy needs in the INPP region and its municipalities for 2011 were defined and development targets for 2035 were predicted. The emissions of CO 2 in region in 2011 and targets for 2035 were shown. The activities of the Action Plan in INPP region and its municipalities during the period 2012–2035 were foreseen, and the financing opportunities were listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article to analyse the changes in Cuban energy system. It uses decomposition analysis to reveal the impacts of the changes in key drivers of energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. The Cuban Energy Revolution, which was started in 2006, was the policy response to the local energy crisis; oil imports caused serious balance of payment problems, the old centralised electricity production system was inefficient and hurricanes caused wide damage to the transmission and distribution system resulting large black outs. The Energy Revolution has been quite successful in changing the energy use patterns in Cuban households. Switch from kerosene to electricity in cooking and using energy saving pressure cookers have had an effect on energy efficiency. In addition, the decentralisation of electricity production has increased the reliability of supply and improved the efficiency when new smaller scale power plants have replaced older technology. The energy revolution has, so far not had much impact on energy use in industry, transport and agriculture, which are the areas where the future policies should be directed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croatia has enormous renewable energy potential, particularly solar, but it is underperforming with regard to its use both for electricity production and heating. Paper focuses on the reasons therefor by analyzing the policy with regard to environment, subsidies, the role of international financial institutions, monopoly dimension of power utility companies, as well as social dimension. The author presents proposals for changing the status quo in order for Croatia to catch up with regard to securing reasonable solar and other renewable energy share in its energy supply. Apart from the state as regulator which has various instruments at its disposal to implement thoroughly the renewable energy use, local authorities should assume central role and responsibility for solarizing their territories and generating the energy locally from other renewable energy sources available on their territory. Municipal utility companies would thus add electricity production to their regular activities and could provide installation and maintenance services for individual energy generating systems within the territory of their competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand of energy is ever increasing, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy such as hydropower has become one of the most demanded sources of energy for its clean generation. Low head hydropower plant is demanded in area which cannot see grid extension due to difficult geographical terrain and other reasons. Gravitational water vortex power plant is one of such low head turbine in which the mechanical energy of free surface flowing water is converted to kinetic energy by tangentially passing the water to a basin, which forms a water vortex. This study is the analysis of different basin structures which has ability to form a gravitational vortex stream from low head, low flow water streams with the optimum runner position in the basin to maximize the output power. The analysis was first carried out by development of the model using CAD software, SolidWorks and it was simulated in commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent for the measurement of velocity. Secondly, the result so obtained was experimentally verified by measuring the output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy can play a strategic role in India in meeting the country’s growing energy demands, as well as combating climate change. Policymakers have recognized this potential and over the last decade have intensified their efforts towards creating a conducive regulatory and policy framework. Policy instruments such as renewable obligations, feed-in-tariffs and generation based incentives have specially aided the transformation towards large scale generation, enabling higher efficiency and lower costs of generation. However, financing has emerged as a significant barrier for sustaining the momentum gained in recent years. Given this background this paper provides an overview on the evolution of large scale generation and the consequent changes in financing requirements. It further reviews the emerging trends and barriers in the financing landscape and analyses the impact of policy performance in this context. Finally, it considers the design of a national renewable finance framework complete with targeted finance push instruments that can complement existing demand pull policies in facilitating investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, wind energy utilization has become increasingly attractive on economic grounds. Wind turbines for electricity generation employ a proven technology, supply energy on a reliable and sustainable basis, and at good, windy sites may even be competitive with conventional sources of energy. In this paper, the statistical results are reported of an investigation of the potential of wind energy as a power source for the Iranian northwestern cities of Tabriz and Ardabil. A number of different methods were explored as well. In this study, the Weibull probability distribution function is employed using mean meteorological wind data measured at three-hour intervals. These data have been measured at a height of 10 m above ground level and gathered over a six-year period. Furthermore, the hourly, diurnal, seasonal, monthly, and annual wind speed variations are analyzed and the economics of the wind turbines is evaluated. The yearly values of the Weibull shape parameter vary from 1.81 to 2.13 m/s with a mean of 1.99 m/s for Tabriz and from 2.62 to 2.98 m/s with a mean of 2.86 m/s for Ardabil. Also, yearly values of the Weibull scale parameter vary from 3.35 to 4.45 m/s with a mean of 4.18 m/s for Tabriz and from 3.68 to 4.55 m/s with a mean of 4.16 m/s for Ardabil. The results show that the highest wind power potential occurs during months of August and July in Tabriz and during months of October and September in Ardabil. The results indicate that the monthly mean price of electricity generated from the 25 kW wind turbine in Tabriz and Ardabil, for most of the months of the year, are less than or approximately equivalent to the current purchase tariff of renewable energy in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth and economic development are leading to a continuous increase in energy demand in Egypt. At the same time conventional energy sources are diminishing amid growing global concern for the environment. These factors underline the importance of increasing the use of Renewable Energy sources. Egypt has enormous potential in Solar energy (CSP). There is sufficient proof of Egypt׳s potential for extracting energy from Concentrated Solar Power, especially power on demand generation. CSP represents a reliable and sustainable source of energy for Egypt with different outputs that can be used. In this paper, we present a road map strategy for the market introduction of CSP in Egypt, removing the main barriers for financing and starting market introduction in the peak load and the medium load segment of power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the level of awareness and prevailing attitudes of the Oman government’s electrical sectors towards renewable energy. The geographical landscape of the Sultanate of Oman lends itself to energy generation from solar radiation, yet no decisive steps have been taken to initiate relevant projects that will reduce the country’s reliance on oil and gas in electricity production. This study is motivated by the need to better understand the obstacles that impede the implementation of renewable energy projects in Oman and the factors that cause delays in project initiation. To this end, we developed a questionnaire with sections intended for three government sectors: research groups, electrical companies and ministries, and regulatory bodies. Results indicate that ministries and regulatory bodies primarily support the increased exploitation of fossil fuels—a core reason for the slow adoption of renewable energy sources. Moreover, 82% of the respondents place priority on natural gas for use in power plants and more than 19% encourage the implementation of energy efficiency standards. All respondents consider renewable energy a viable future energy option and generally agree that the government should promote renewable energy and support relevant pilot projects. This study highlights the importance of immediately shifting to renewable energy and encouraging its development; a move necessary to alleviate the environmental risk posed by the use of fossil fuel-based energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers currently face the challenge of supporting a suitable technology mix to decarbonize electricity systems. Due to multiple and interdependent technologies and sectors, as well as opposing objectives such as minimizing cost and reducing emissions, energy system models are used to develop optimal transition pathways towards decarbonized electricity systems. Research in this domain has increased in recent years and multiple studies have used energy system modeling (ESM) to shed light on possible transition pathways for national electricity systems. However, in many cases, the large number of model-based studies makes it difficult for policymakers to navigate study results and condense diverging pathways into a coherent picture. We conduct an in-depth review of ESM publications covering Switzerland, Germany, France, and Italy, and analyze the main trends regarding electricity generation mixes, key supply and storage technology trends, and the role of demand developments. Our findings show that diverging solutions are proposed regarding technology mixes in 2030 and 2050, not all of which meet current climate targets. Additionally, our analysis suggests that natural gas, solar, and wind will continue to be key actors in the electricity system transition, whereas the role of storage remains opaque and calls for clearer policy support. We conclude that due to diverging targets and the current energy landscape in each country considered, different options appear as prominent transition pathways, meaning that individual sets of policies are necessary for each case. Nonetheless, international collaborations will be essential to ensure a swift electricity system transition by 2050. • Model-based electricity system scenarios of four European countries are collected. • Electricity generation mixes and key technologies in 2030 and 2050 are analyzed. • Scenarios highlight a range of possible futures for each country's electricity system. • Wind and solar are dominant technologies in scenarios that meet environmental targets. • Current policy regulation is often not considered in the scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two different scenarios for the energy system of the Netherlands that achieve the Dutch government's national target of near net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. Using the system optimisation model OPERA, the authors have analysed the technology, sector and cost implications of the assumptions underlying these scenarios. While the roles of a number of key energy technology and emission mitigation options are strongly dependent on the scenario and cost assumptions, the analysis yields several common elements that appear in both scenarios and that consistently appear under differing cost assumptions. For example, one of the main options for the decarbonisation of the Dutch energy system is electrification of energy use in end-use sectors and for the production of renewable hydrogen with electrolysers. As a result the level of electricity generation in 2050 will be three to four times higher than present generation levels. Ultimately, renewable energy – particularly from wind turbines and solar panels – is projected to account for the vast majority of electricity generation, around 99% in 2050. Imbalances between supply and demand resulting from this variable renewable electricity production can be managed via flexibility options, including demand response and energy storage. Hydrogen also becomes an important energy carrier, notably for transportation and in industry. If import prices are lower than costs of domestic production from natural gas with CCS or through electrolysis from renewable electricity (2.4–2.7 €/kgH 2), the use of hydrogen increases, especially in the built environment. • We explore two scenarios for a near climate-neutral energy system in the Netherlands. • With the OPERA model we determine their technology, sector and cost implications. • The electricity share in primary energy increases from 19% today to 41–71% in 2050. • Hydrogen becomes another important energy carrier, notably in transport and industry. • Biomass use increases, mostly as fuel in transport and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two different scenarios for the energy system of the Netherlands that achieve the Dutch government's national target of near net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. Using the system optimisation model OPERA, the authors have analysed the technology, sector and cost implications of the assumptions underlying these scenarios. While the roles of a number of key energy technology and emission mitigation options are strongly dependent on the scenario and cost assumptions, the analysis yields several common elements that appear in both scenarios and that consistently appear under differing cost assumptions. For example, one of the main options for the decarbonisation of the Dutch energy system is electrification of energy use in end-use sectors and for the production of renewable hydrogen with electrolysers. As a result the level of electricity generation in 2050 will be three to four times higher than present generation levels. Ultimately, renewable energy – particularly from wind turbines and solar panels – is projected to account for the vast majority of electricity generation, around 99% in 2050. Imbalances between supply and demand resulting from this variable renewable electricity production can be managed via flexibility options, including demand response and energy storage. Hydrogen also becomes an important energy carrier, notably for transportation and in industry. If import prices are lower than costs of domestic production from natural gas with CCS or through electrolysis from renewable electricity (2.4–2.7 €/kgH 2), the use of hydrogen increases, especially in the built environment. • We explore two scenarios for a near climate-neutral energy system in the Netherlands. • With the OPERA model we determine their technology, sector and cost implications. • The electricity share in primary energy increases from 19% today to 41–71% in 2050. • Hydrogen becomes another important energy carrier, notably in transport and industry. • Biomass use increases, mostly as fuel in transport and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With dual pressures of climate change and energy crisis, the development of low-carbon economy has become the biggest national economic and social development problem, which is also explicitly proposed in China׳s 12th Five-Year Plan Outline. Power generation enterprises in China have characteristics of high energy consumption, high pollution and high emission, so their clean development is crucial to realize low-carbon economy development. Since the reform of China electricity market was carried out in 2002, power generation enterprises, originally belonging to the national power grid, were divided into five independent groups including China Datang Corporation, China Huaneng Group, China Huadian Corporation, China Guodian Corporation and China Power Investment Corporation. These five enterprises now have become the top five power generation groups in market share of installed capacity and power production, while they are most sensitive to energy policies in China. This article analyze energy conservation and emission reduction efforts of the top five power generation groups during 11th Five-Year Plan period and low-carbon strategies during 12th Five-Year Plan period to predict future development of low-carbon electricity in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The cut-off of any subsidy or feed-in tariff that incentives the installation of new renewable energy systems which are close to the grid parity, is a reality in most of the European countries, but in the recent years the grid parity has worsened because of the global economic crisis. In the case of Spain, in addition to the economic problems, the photovoltaic sector has been dramatically damaged through a changeable regulatory framework, an excessive bureaucracy and the inclusion of additional fees or possible back-up tolls that are very prejudicial for the deployment of this sector. Nowadays, the current Spanish legislation mentions the possibility of self-consumption (totally or partially) of the electricity generated by PV or any renewable energy systems but, up to the date of this work, the law that regulates the administrative, technical and economic conditions for the net-metering of the electrical energy produced within the consumer׳s network, is still under a draft stage. In this paper it is analyzed the case of the University of Jaen, where it has been identified and simulated several PV systems on the roofs and parking lots of the University Campus, and considering the current electrical tariffs (hourly defined for the case of high power and high voltage consumers), it has been done a cost and economic analysis. As a result, it has been obtained an average Levelised Cost of Energy around 0.125€kWh−1, a discount payback time of 17.5 years or less, a positive Net Present Value and a nominal Internal Rate of Return of 8.48% in the worst case. Beyond that, it has been carried out a sensitivity analysis of the factors that have more influence in the profitability of these systems, like the initial investment cost, the PV electricity yield, additional taxes and the variations in the electricity price market. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper introduces the approach and concept for DSM in India. A comprehensive methodology for implementing a DSM programme in India has been outlined. Detailed step wise action plan formulated for planning and implementing of DSM programme in India is presented. Various policies and regulations framed by India for promotion of DSM activities targeting different sectors are studied. The deficiencies in the existing regulatory and policy framework which have withheld deployment of DSM programmes on a large scale in India have been identified. A number of barriers and challenges that are needed to overcome for realizing the potential of DSM in India are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]