1. Anti-Stress Effects of d-Limonene and Its Metabolite Perillyl Alcohol
- Author
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Jean-François Bisson, Patrizia A. d'Alessio, and Marie C. Béné
- Subjects
Aging ,Time Factors ,Metabolite ,Inflammation ,Endogeny ,Pharmacology ,Terpene ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Stress, Physiological ,Cyclohexenes ,medicine ,Animals ,Ingestion ,Rats, Wistar ,Neurotransmitter ,Limonene ,Behavior, Animal ,Terpenes ,Perillyl alcohol ,Feeding Behavior ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Monoterpenes ,Female ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
Stress is closely linked by its biological mechanisms to inflammation and by its consequences to accelerated aging. Stress triggers a hormonal response along the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which can disrupt the ortho/parasympathetic balance essential for a harmonious life. Proper nutrition, adequate physical activity, and limiting the harmful influence of stress play important roles in avoiding the development of disease and promoting healthy aging. d-Limonene, a monoterpene shown to reduce inflammatory parameters in several pre-clinical and clinical models, could also produce an anti-stress action by altering ortho/parasympathetic parameters as well as central neurotransmitter functions. Here we report on a rat model, where a functional observational battery (FOB) was performed by submitting animals to non-pathological stress. d-Limonene or its metabolite perillyl alcohol (POH) were administered per os at a dose of 10 mg/kg. FOB tests were performed 1 hr before gavage and then at 60, 120, and 180 min. These tests confirmed the stressed status of control rats fed vehicle. Conversely, a series of parameters were significantly less disturbed in treated rats, who retained a better activity and displayed less signs of stress. These effects were more pronounced and sustained after ingestion of d-limonene than POH, suggesting the role of endogeneous metabolization of the terpene. These studies show that d-limonene exerts, through its metabolite POH, a significant anti-stress action measurable by behavioral and physiologic parameters under the influence of the nervous system. In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, a beneficial role as an anti-stress substance could thus be claimed for d-limonene used as a dietary supplement.
- Published
- 2014