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Bennett R. J. (1974) Process identification for time series modelling in urban and regional planning, Reg. Studies8, 157-174. Present dynamic urban and regional models are shown to be largely a priori in their specifications. In developing an a posteriori approach to model building two criteria are defined: operationality and parsimony of the resulting model. One particular family of processes that satisfy these criteria are the family of autoregressiv-moving average and transfer function processes. The identification of a set of time series for North-West England in the time domain, the frequency domain, and by iterative estimation is shown to lead to models of the processes by this family which are operational and parsimonious. It is suggested that the techniques used in this identification can be made the basis of an inferential methodology for model building which leads naturally to statistical forecasts and policy.

Bennett R. J. (1978) Regional monitoring in the U.K.: imperatives and implications for research, Reg. Studies12, 311-321. Monitoring has been advocated as part of continuous planning in place of the view that a plan is an unchangeable document for the future. In recent years regional monitoring has been undertaken in several regions of the U.K. This paper briefly summarizes the aims and role of regional monitoring and of the present state of the art. The main body of discussion, however, is concerned with asking three sets of interrelated questions with respect to regional monitoring in the U.K. First, what issues should regional monitoring attempt to deal with; second, what technical questions need to be answered before these issues can be dealt with; and third, what political and administrative structures are required in order to allow regional monitoring to be accomplished. It is argued that although present regional monitoring systems can achieve a useful degree of success, future developments in regional monitoring can and should be linked only with a meaningful level of devolution.

Unemployment: Choices for Europe, Monitoring European Integration 5, G. ALOGOSKOUFIS, C. BEAN, G. BERTOLA, D. COHEN, J. DOLANDO and C. SAINT-PAUL, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London (1995). xi + 147 pp. £10 (pbk). ISBN 1 898124 14 6.Nonlinear Evolution of Spatial Economic Systems, P. NIJKAMP and A. REGGIANI (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1993). x + 285 pp. No price given. ISBN 3 540 57162 0.European Integration and Regional Policy, S. FOUNTAS and B. KENNELLY (Eds), Centre for Development Studies Social Sciences Research Centre, University College Galway (1994). 258 pp. No price given. ISBN 0 907775 48 9.The Geography of Innovation, M. P. FELDMAN, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1994). xii + 154 pp. £62.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 7923 2698 9.Local Development: Restructing, Locality and Economic Initiative in Portugal, S. SYRETT, Avebury, Aldershot (1995), xiv + 372 pp. £40.00 (hbk). ISBN 1 852628 484 0.European Transport Economics, J. POLAK and A. HEERTJE (Eds), Blackwell, Oxford (1993). xiv + 310 pp. £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 631 19058 9.The Future of Rural Development: Between the Adjustment of the Project Approch and Sectoral Programme Design, H. GSANGER, Frank Cass, Ilford (1994). 88 pp. £16.00 (pbk). ISBN 0 7146 4104 9.European Challenges and Hungarian Responses in Regional Policy, Z. HAJDU and G. HORVATH (Eds), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pécs (1994). x + 517 pp. No price given. ISBN 963 8371 84 6.Impact Assessment and Evaluation in Transportation Planning, P. NIJKAMP and E. BLAAS, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1994). xii + 251 pp. £64.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 7923 2648 2.Conditions for Development in Marginal Regions, T. FLOGNFELDT JR, J. C. HANSEN, R. NORDGREEN and J. M. ROHR (Eds), Oppland College, Norway (1994). viii + 280 pp. No price given. ISBN 82 7184 150 5.

European Financial Integration, A. Giovannini and C. Mayer (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991). xxi + 348 pp. £30.00 US$49.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 521 40244 1.Retreat from the Regions: Corporate Change and the Closure of Factories, S. Fothergill and N. Guy, Jessica Kingsley, London (1990). 192 pp. No price given. ISBN 1 85302 101 6 (hbk). ISBN 1 85302 100 8 (pbk).De-Industrialisation and New Industrialisation in Britain and Germany, T. Wild and P. Jones (Eds), Anglo-German Foundation, London (1991). xii + 399 pp. £14.00 (pbk). ISBN 0 905492 68 4.Regional Geography: Current Developments and Future Prospects, R. J. Johnston, J. Hauer and G. A. Hoekveld (Eds), Routledge, London (1990). xiii + 216 pp. £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 415 05247 5.Geographic Information Systems: Developments and Applications, L. Worrall (Ed), Belhaven Press, London (1990). x + 251 pp. £45.00 (hbk). ISBN 1 85293 140 X.Innovation and Regional Development: Strategies, Instruments and Policy Coordination, H. J. Ewers and J. Allesch (Eds), De Gruyter, Berlin (1990). ix + 346 pp. DM 138.00 (hbk). ISBN 3 11 012261 8.Sustainability of Urban Systems: A Cross-National Evolutionary Analysis of Urban Innovation, P. Nikjamp (Ed), Avebury, Aldershot, Hants (1990). vi + 317 pp. £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 1 85628 094 2.Paths of Enterprise: The Future of the Small Business, J. Curran and R. A. Blackburn (Eds), Routledge, London (1991). xvi + 198 pp. £10.99 (pbk). ISBN 0 415 05789 2.Deciphering the Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurship, Petty Capitalism and the Restructuring of Britain, R. Burrows (Ed), Routledge, London (1991). xvii + 205 pp. £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 415 04335 2.Airline Deregulation: International Experiences, K. Button (Ed), David Fulton, London (1991). x + 191 pp. £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 1 85346 129 6.Housebuilding in Britain's Countryside, M. Shucksmith, Routledge, London (1990). xi + 234 pp. £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 415 04470 7.The Greening of Urban Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Western Cities, R. Tolley (Ed), Belhaven, London (1990). xviii + 309 pp. £39.50 (hbk). ISBN 1 85293 092 6.The Single European Market and the Irish Economy, A. Foley and M. Mulreany (Eds), Institute of Public Administration, Dublin (1990). xxiv+500 pp. IR£28.00 (hbk). IR£16.00 (pbk). ISBN 1 872002 05 6 (hbk). ISBN 1 872002 102 2 (pbk).Contemporary Britain: A Geographical Perspective, A. G. Champion and A. R. Townsend, Edward Arnold, Sevenoaks, Kent (1990). x+310 pp. £12.95 (pbk). ISBN 07131 6580 4.The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, J. Urry, Sage, London (1990). vii + 176 pp. £25.00 (hbk). £9.95 (pbk). ISBN 8039 8182 1 (hbk). ISBN 8039 8183 X (pbk).

Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) were announced in the December 1988 White Paper Employment Policy for the 1990s and launched by the Prime Minister in March 1989. The Policy Review Section of the previous issue of Regional Studies set out the wider economic development background to the development of TECs. The first TECs were launched in 1989. They are a major government initiative to turn over to private sector led councils a number of major Training Agency programmes, such as Youth Training (YTS) and Employment Training (ET), to give major new local flexibility to areas to fine-tune training provision to needs and, in the longer term, also to co-ordinate with many existing business-education links. In Scotland, the TECs will also include many of the existing functions of the Scottish Development Agency.An LSE team has been monitoring how TECs are developing and the problems they will encounter. Their results were presented at a conference at LSE on 20 April 1989 of 180 participants convened by Robert Bennett, Andrew McCoshan and John Sellgren, which was chaired by Alan Bartlett (Education and Training Director of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce). The Conference was associated with a Leverhulme Trust research project and the Institute of British Geographers Industrial Activities Study Group. Approximately 50% of the conference participants were drawn from the business sector, divided equally between companies and business organizations such as Chambers and Local Employer Networks (LENs); roughly 40% came from the education, training and voluntary sectors; and 10% from other areas including academic and research organizations. This participation, therefore, by no particularly deliberate intention, reproduced the likely composition of a TEC Board of Directors! Hence the discussion to some extent mirrored the first negotiations on the TEC Boards: getting down to practice in terms of how TECs will be organized, how they will operate, the areas they will cover, and the linkages and partnerships they will forge with the wider local community particularly with education and training. This Policy Review Section, guest edited by Robert Bennett, presents the papers delivered at that conference.

Regional Economic Development: Essays in Honour of Francois Perroux, B. J. HIGGINS and D. J. SAVOIE (Eds.), Unwin Hyman, London (1988). xiii + 415 pp. £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 04 388155 3.The Regional Research Laboratory Initiative: The Experience of the Trial Phase, Economic and Social Research Council, London (1988). vii + 163 pp. No price given. ISBN 0 86226 204 6.Closing the Equity Gap? An Assessment of the Business Expansion Scheme, C. MASON, J. HARRISON and R. HARRISON, Small Business Research Trust, London (1988). 90 pp. No price given. No ISBN given.The Role of Environmental Impact Assessment in the Planning Process, M. CLARK and J. HERINGTON (Eds.), Mansell, London and New York (1988). viii + 203 pp. £30.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 7201 1889 1.The Massachusetts Miracle: High Technology and Economic Revitalization, D. R. LAMPE (Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1988). xii + 376 pp. £15.25 (pbk). ISBN 0 262 12134 4.Defence Expenditure and Regional Development, M. J. BREHENY (Ed.), Mansell, London (1988). 215 pp. £30.00 (hbk). ISBN 07201 1899 9.Urban Land Economics and Public Policy, P. N. BALCHIN, J. L. KIEVE and G. H. BULL, MaCmILLAN, Basingstoke, Hants. (1988). xv + 343 pp. £28.00 (hbk). £11.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 333 46377 3 (hbk). ISBN 0 333 46378 1 (pbk).Exploring Data: an Introduction to Data Analysis for Social Scientists, C. MARSH, Polity Press, Oxford (1988). xx + 385 pp. £9.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 7456 0172 3 (pbk).Economic and Social Effects of Multinational Enterprises in Export Processing Zones, International Labour Organization, United Nations, Geneva (1988). xi + 169 pp. SWF27.50. ISBN 92 2 106194 9.Policies and Plans for Rural People: An International Perspective, P. J. CLOKE (Ed.), Unwin Hyman, London (1988). 261 pp. £30.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 04 711017 1.Cities Housing and Profits: Flat Break-Up and the Decline of Private Renting, C. HAMNETT and B. RANDOLPH, Century Hutchinson, London (1988). 297 pp. £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 09 1732352.Store Choice, Store Location and Market Analysis, N. WRIGLEY (Ed.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London and New York (1988). xiii + 357 pp. £39.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 415 00199 4.Southern Approaches: Geography in New Zealand, New Zealand Geographical Society, Christchurch (1987). x + 361 pp. NZ$56.50 (pbk). ISBN 0 9597 86309.The Geography of Interwar Britain: The State and Uneven Development, S. V. WARD, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London (1988). 260 pp. £30.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 415 00460 8.

The contributions in this policy review each confront the question of management of local government in Britain in an era in which the term 'fiscal crisis' is increasingly applied. That such problems should arise in Britain, with previously so stable a pattern of central-local relations, seems at first surprising. These papers, however, demonstrate that the emerging crisis is an inevitable phenomenon resulting from the clash of local political priorities with central political priorities. In this clash, local authority treasurers and monitoring agencies, like the Audit Commission, have become central actors whereas previously treasurers largely responded to policy determined elsewhere. At the same time the Government is implementing radical changes in local revenue sources which will markedly change the pattern of geographical and personal payments for local services and their accountability. The contributions which follow address these issues and derive from a Regional Studies Association Conference held on 11 June 1987 which was convened and chaired by Professor R. J. Bennett (London School of Economics) who has also acted as guest editor for this issue of the Policy Review Section.

High Tech America: The What, How, Where and Why of Sunrise Industries, A. MARKUSEN, P. HALL and A. GLASMEIER, George Allen and Unwin, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. (1986). xvii + 227 pp. £20.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 04 338139 1.Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, P. NIJKAMP (Ed.), North-Holland, Amsterdam (1986). xxii + 702 pp. US$ 65.00/Dfl. 215.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 444 87969 2.Energy, Planning and Urban Form, S. OWENS, Pion, London (1987). 118 pp. £9.00 (pbk). ISBN 0 850 861187.Land at the Centre: Choices in a Fast-Changing World, J. C. HOLLIDAY, Shepheard-Walwyn, London (1986). xiii + 241 pp. £7.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 05683 084 4.Lay Participation in a Local Public Inquiry: A Sociological Case Study, N. HUTTON, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). x + 203 pp. £18.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05192 3.The Designation of Cumbernauld New Town: A Case Study of Central-Local Government Relationships in Scotland During the 1950s, C. CARTER and M. KEATING, Open University, Social Sciences Working Paper 2, Milton Keynes (1986). 100 pp. £2.50. No ISBN given.Western Europe: Economic and Social Studies, R. KING, Harper & Row, London (1987). x + 222 pp. £6.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 06 318364 1.The British Transport Industry and the European Community, P. MACKIE, D. SIMON and A. WHITEING, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1987). xvi + 184 pp. £22.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05368 3.Jura Separatism in Switzerland, J. R. G. JENKINS, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1987). xv + 221 pp. £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 19 823247 0.Uneven Development and Regionalism: State, Territory and Class in Southern Europe, C. HADJIMICHALIS, Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent (1986). 343 pp. £29.95 (hbk). ISBN 0 7099 3700 8.West European Population Change, A. FINDLAY and P. WHITE (Eds.), Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent (1986). xv + 253 pp., £25.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 7009 3667 2.Decentralization and Change in Contemporary France, M. KEATING and P. HAINSWORTH, Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). 143 pp. £17.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05206 7.Self-Reliant Development in Europe, M. BASSAND, E. A. BRUGGER, J. M. BRYDEN, J. FRIEDMAN and B. STUCKEY (Eds.), Gower, Aldershot, Hants. (1986). vi + 234 pp. £17.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 566 05095 1.Contemporary Studies of Migration: Proceedings of the Second British-Dutch Symposium on Population Geography, 1983, B. VAN DER KNAAP and P. WHITE (Eds.), Geo Books, Norwich (1986). 184 pp. No price given. ISBN 0 96094 192 2.