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Institutional theory holds that local governance is essential in shaping regional economic activity. This study evaluates whether local economic growth targets offset the detrimental effect of nationwide policy uncertainty on local business performance. Regression analyses of data from industrial firms and manually collected data on city economic growth targets in China show that higher local growth targets result in greater corporate investment, conditional on nationwide policy uncertainty, and that the impact is substantial through financial subsidies and allocating credit resources. However, local discretion in economic growth target setting might cause investment misallocation and efficiency loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognising the intricate link between ports and regional economies, this study investigates the spillover effects of neighbouring ports on regional industrial diversification and economic resilience. Analysing South Korea's 2006–20 export data from port and neighbouring port regions, it uncovers the unique feature of ports as a distinctive knowledge source within their port regions, mainly attributable to the respective logistic and trade systems governing similar product groups. The paper confirms that ports facilitate industrial diversification through spillover effects when it is related with the regional industries. Emphasising ports' role in strengthening economic resilience, it highlights their significance in nurturing emerging industries post-crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses debates on the role of agency in shaping the economic future of regions. Scholarship on agency departs from the earlier focus of evolutionary economic geography, which highlighted the role of pre-existing structural conditions. This paper challenges the notion that agency is only found in intentional action and is limited to key actors within a region. It questions exclusive focus on the impact of entrepreneurial leaders, place leaders and government, and identifies agency in the accumulated micro-decisions of multiple decision-makers, using the example of workers affected by the closure of Australia's passenger vehicle industry. In so doing, it underscores the twin roles of collective vision and meaningful implementation in the successful transformation of regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research examining the economic effects of urban polycentricity remains inconclusive. We contribute to this debate by developing a longitudinal framework in which changes in polycentricity in Chinese urban regions are linked with changes in total factor productivity. While we find no evidence of urban polycentricity being conducive to economic growth, we observe that the relationship depends on population size and the interactions between cities. We also find that cities borrow size from nearby cities in large urban regions, contributing to regional economic growth. We use our findings to reflect on China's regional economic and urban development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can entrepreneurial activity be stronger and more persistent than the continuity of socialist institutions? The answer to this question is overwhelmingly positive. Using the historical data on entrepreneurship, retail trade and cooperatives in Russian regions, this study shows a strong persistence of entrepreneurship activity in Russia during the period 1926–2018, while we also evidence that the restructuring of the Soviet economy resulted in a structural break in the 1970s. By distinguishing three periods of 1998–99, 2000–07 and 2008–18 since the transition started, we demonstrate that the historical persistence of entrepreneurship is not constant and may change from one period to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the canonical approaches in regional studies are global production networks (GPNs) and evolutionary economic geography (EEG). Recent geopolitical and economic events have shown the importance of both theories in explaining regional economic change. Yet they remain discrete and separate, and there is now consensus that, together, they could explain more. A vibrant debate on the relationship between these two approaches is needed, starting with identifying unifying themes and areas of analytical difference, to develop a research agenda for future work which can better explain regional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creative class has been argued to both hamper and support economic resilience. As such, we propose a new framework on the significance of the creative class for local economic resilience, namely: the creativity and resilience analysis approach (CREA). The study contributes to the literature (1) by evaluating resilience through an index that includes multiple dimensions of creativity-based economic development; and (2) by identifying preliminary findings that link economic resilience with spatial shifts in local labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic caused immense labour market turbulences and a large-scale turn towards teleworking. This paper contributes to the understanding of how teleworking shapes regional economic outcomes by focusing on labour market resilience in US cities during the 2020 Covid-19 emergency. It examines employment and labour demand and finds that the share of teleworkable jobs is linked to stronger employment resilience, and enhances labour demand resilience during the onset of the pandemic and in smaller cities. The paper discusses possible mechanisms and policies that can help leverage the promise of teleworking for resilient labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines regional economic convergence in two federal contexts: Brazil and the European Union. Despite many differences, in the last decades these two economies have shown irregular economic growth and been facing economic inequalities, launching public policies to reduce them. We analyse the tendencies of regional convergence within these economies between 2002 and 2019, focusing on σ-convergence, absolute convergence, convergence clubs and the transitional behaviour of club members. The results show that in both cases convergence occurs, but at a slow rhythm, especially in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the emergence of new institutional structures and geographies within the context of complex processes of state rescaling characterized by 'hollowing out' and 'filling in'. It explores the regionalization of transport policy within Wales post-devolution and examines the potential of Haughton et al.'s concepts of 'soft' and 'hard' spaces as useful tools in furthering our understanding of state rescaling. The paper suggests that the case of transport policy in Wales post-devolution provides a useful example of the evolution of 'soft spaces' through processes of hardening and softening, and that 'stickiness' of regional spatial imaginaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders the roles of actors in regional innovation systems in the context of transformative industrial change. Empirically, it draws on evidence from the Värmland region of Sweden, where regional innovation system actors, with partial funding from the Swedish Innovation Agency, are striving to build a bioeconomy upon the traditional forest-related industries. The main findings include that transformative industrial change adds a variety of responsibilities to regional actors, including the provision of change legitimacy, influencing the industry's innovation directionality and achieving social acceptance for change. A combined perspective on sociotechnical transitions and path development in regional innovation systems theoretically informs the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatedness is a popular concept for regional branching within Smart Specialisation. However, this proximity-network approach misses its regional perspective, making difficult its operationalization in regional policies. This paper advances the regional perspective of relatedness for improving prioritization in Smart Specialisation by combining the concepts of technological relatedness and sectoral specialization. Using a four-stage methodology, we reveal potential Smart Specialisation priorities for a set of 16 European regions considering both cognitive links arising through technological relatedness and their regional structures. The proposed methodology reduces the stress of regional stakeholders participating in entrepreneurial discovery processes by providing a narrower set of priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary economic geography has sought to understand the development of regional industrial pathways but tended to neglect both the multiscalarity of economic development and the role of institutional change. The concept of coevolution seeks to bridge this gap but is still too vague for empirical application. Understanding the interactions between path development and institutional change in regional economies and on higher spatial scales requires retheorizing coevolution along the dimensions of institutional–industrial coevolution, path multiplicity and multiscalarity. The article proposes such a retheorized concept of coevolution by integrating concepts of path development, institutions, institutional change, institutional entrepreneurship, institutional work and nestedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of universities in regional development has grown significantly over the past two decades. One strand of analysis has been that of the university in regional innovation systems (RIS). However, the contribution of university students has largely been neglected. This special issue contributes to the RIS literature by unpacking the RIS concept through exploring this specific aspect of university engagement in regional economies. The nine papers collectively offer an understanding of the effects of student activity upon the knowledge, skill and entrepreneurial bases of regions. The papers provide evidence and analysis from Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the heterogeneous effect of student spending in UK NUTS-2 regions. Impact analyses of the more than £45 billion students spend each year have so far been agnostic of the regional absorptive capacity to benefit from this expenditure. Building a multi-regional input–output model for the UK and combining it with data on student expenditure, domicile and level of study, the paper finds significant regional heterogeneity in gross value added and employment multipliers as well as in interregional spillovers. The analysis shows how important student expenditure is for regional economies and the symbiotic relationship between student spending and regional industrial structures that produce varying impact outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study intergenerational social mobility in Mexico at the subnational level to determine whether poorer regions have similar rates of social mobility as richer ones. We approximate socioeconomic status with an index that captures the variability across households in durable goods, services and education of household heads for both adult children and their parents. The estimated indicators suggest a clear north–south gradient in social mobility: the children of poor parents in the northern regions experience greater upward mobility than in the central and southern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two competing paradigms to modelling the impacts of regional economic shocks have arisen: 'disequilibrium' models, which predict that regional economies eventually fully recover, and 'no-equilibrium' models, which predict economic shocks have a permanent effect. To address this controversy, we adapt contemporary model-averaging methods to optimally combine both paradigms and thereby permit intermediate cases in which recoveries can be partial. Applying our method to a set of labour market models that span the disequilibrium and no-equilibrium paradigms, we find that regional recoveries are incomplete, implying that downturns have long-lasting effects on regional unemployment rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper pilots an approach for using trademark data to study regional diversification. Bridging the respective literatures, we develop a regional trademarking-intensity measure that can shed new light on how different regions diversify while also accounting for changing industrial structures and income levels (regional gross domestic product). The approach reveals that density has a moderate effect on trademarking intensity and confirms the strong relationship between new firm formation and regional diversification. These effects are found to vary by sector and to be sensitive to industry-level employment and turnover. Lastly, the analysis indicates that regional diversification differs sharply between urban and peripheral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using city-level data from China for the period 2003–15, this paper studies how the Internet affects economic disparities between cities through its heterogeneous impact on the economic growth of cities with different penetration rates and population sizes. The results show that the Internet widens the economic disparities between cities with low Internet penetration rates and cities with high Internet penetration rates, and even if the penetration gap between cities is bridged in the future, the Internet will still widen the economic gap between large and small cities due to the reinforcing effect of city size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'financialization of real estate' (FoRE) refers to the method of connecting financial markets with the geographical location of real estate assets. Therefore, the unevenness of regional development is closely tied to FoRE. In Japan, FoRE's initial focus was Tokyo; however, the interest has recently spread to the periphery. This shift occurred owing to changes in investment actors and their strategies, which also changed the impact of the penetration of FoRE on regional economies. This article will elucidate the factors that constitute the FoRE core–periphery structure, focusing on regional real estate market characteristics and investment actors' attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of market access on human capital accumulation in Turkey. Using individual-level data, the analysis explores the background of human capital accumulation, combining market accessibility, wages and human capital development. Upon the treatment of wages as an endogenous covariate of interest and overtime work as an exogenous source of variation, we find evidence that the impact of market access on human capital development vanishes in ways not predicted by the augmented New Economic Geography set-up for human capital accumulation. Findings confirm that economic policies may be effective in reducing regional variation in human capital endowments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place leadership (PL) influences the capability of places hit by disruptive challenges to react and reroute to new paths of development. Recent contributions consider the positive role of PL, while negative aspects are still under-investigated. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that, focusing on local productive systems (LPSs), explores PL's dark side. Forms of PL accompanying LPSs show different degrees of openness and strength that interact with the same LPS structural features. Enclosed forms of PL, aiming to preserve restricted and well-established interests, might intentionally resist attempts of LPS rerouting if undermining such interests, albeit beneficial to the system overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial diversification depends on spillovers from related industries and nearby regions, yet their interaction remains largely unclear. We study economic diversification in China during the period 1990–2015 and present supportive evidence on both spillover channels. We add to the literature by showing that these two channels behave as substitutes when explaining new entries and exits, and by using acceleration campaigns of high-speed rail to address some endogeneity concerns with regional spillovers. Our findings confirm the role of relatedness and geographical distance in the diffusion of economic capabilities and support the idea that improvements in transportation can facilitate the diffusion of productive capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a novel database of regional trade flows between 267 European regions for 2013, this paper examines how government quality affects trade between European Union (EU) regions. The results of a structural gravity cross-sectional analysis of trade show that trade across EU regions is highly influenced by differences in regional government quality. This influence varies by both sector of economic activity and the level of economic development of the region. The results indicate that if the less developed regions of the EU want to engage in greater interregional trade, improving their institutional quality is a must. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is system specific rather than shock specific. This study proposes a new measure of engineering resilience based on the theories of simple harmonic motion and regime switching, and it examines the determinants of resilience among China's regional economies to the 2008 subprime crisis. Enhancing industrial diversity, human capital stock, trade openness and financial liberalization can improve economic resilience. Pre-crisis economic performance had a negative effect on regional economic resilience in China. More efforts are needed to enhance regional economic resilience in China by fostering entrepreneurship. The results provide information for policies to address external shocks and promote sustainable regional economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impacts of airport activities on regional economies using annual data on all regions and 22 airports in New Zealand from 2001 to 2016. In addition to fixed effects estimation, the system generalized method of moments approach and the dynamic common correlated effects estimator are used to account for cross-sectional dependence, cross-regional heterogeneity and feedback effects. The study shows clear and consistent evidence that aviation activities positively affect regional economies, and that it is beneficial for policy-makers and airport owners in a region to promote aviation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Who drives regional economic development in entrepreneurial ecosystems of different types? Using longitudinal data on 267 NUTS-3 European regions during the period 2008–16, we apply the entrepreneurial ecosystem theoretical framework to study how entrepreneurial ecosystem type moderates the relationship between a variety of entrepreneurship and regional economic development. It is found that regional economic development proxied by gross value added per resident responds differently to solo self-employment, job creators and new-firm birth rates as well as changes in a share of productive high-growth entrepreneurship across different entrepreneurial ecosystems. The findings have implications for regional and national policy-makers and scholars who study the geography of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional convergence stands out in the adjustment of the Portuguese economy that followed the international financial crisis. This outcome contrasts with increasing regional inequality in other European countries. We investigate the role of regional indebtedness, openness to trade and local fiscal autonomy in regions' economic performance. Using a novel database, we contribute to a better understanding of the linkages between macroeconomic imbalances and regional economic dynamics. Our estimates suggest that regions' indebtedness had a negative impact on economic growth. On the other hand, openness to trade and fiscal decentralization had a positive impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the simultaneous impact of subnational tax autonomy and vertical transfers on regional disparities of gross domestic product (GDP) per head in a sample of 30 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 1995–2011. Autonomously raised tax revenue as well as vertical transfers are shown to be potential drivers of regional convergence, although the negative marginal impact of transfers on disparities decreases and eventually turns positive as subnational governments are more transfer dependent. The results indicate that subnational tax autonomy should be sufficiently broad to allow less developed regions to expand their own revenue base and to catch up with their more developed counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in information and communication technology (ICT) clusters has long been sustained by the power of emerging technologies to reinvent regional or local economies. Prior research has identified the structural conditions under which clusters form, decline or evolve, but much less is known about the agents responsible for cluster change. This paper examines the evolution of the Toronto ICT cluster from a location for foreign multinational firms in hardware and telecommunications into a more dynamic ecosystem for service-based domestic start-ups and emerging scale-ups. It contributes to the literature on clusters by showing how entrepreneurs have driven cluster evolution in Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why and how do regional politics develop outside the context of a coherent regional economy? Alongside the familiar logic of city-regional growth coalitions, we introduce a less familiar logic of regional imaginaries actively constructing strategies in novel scalar configurations. We explore this second logic of regionalism in the case of the Toronto–Waterloo 'Innovation Corridor'. We highlight three important forces: the productive ambiguity of the region as a spatial and strategic concept; the centrality of regionalism entrepreneurs in constructing a political agenda; and the importance of extrospective policy-making for establishing a rationale for collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-use planning influences economic performance as it can intervene with location-specific and heterogeneous production externalities. This paper examines the impacts of heterogeneous externalities on local employment growth using a panel model framework with block-level land-use data inventory for Chicago. Cross-industry spillovers provide positive impacts on growth, but the mechanisms behind them differ across sectors and spatial scales. Improved understanding of heterogeneity in agglomeration economies can better support plan-making and urban economic performance. The results show significant and positive influence of cross-industry spillovers, a missing consideration in existing planning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers insights into regional academic research to help address the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Topics mentioned include the impact of the delay in providing government subsidies and policies on businesses, the analysis of the influence of pandemic on the spatial-industrial value chains, and the role of knowledge production and innovation in the performance of regional economy.

The regional economic contribution of tourism-related inward investment is difficult to assess. This is due to data availability problems, and with inward investment in such industries often being dwarfed by that in either manufacturing or other services. However, there are cases where tourism demand represents a significant proportion of regional economic demand, and often in regions where there are economic development challenges. The paper suggests that the development of regional tourism satellite accounts, and their subsequent analysis, is a valuable means of analysing the different economic characteristics of the externally and domestically owned tourism-related sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A latent class model is applied to allow entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) to influence the effect of entrepreneurial activity on growth in European Union regions. Using this methodology, clusters of regions that differ significantly in their relationship between entrepreneurial activity and growth are identified. This is consistent with the hypothesis that EEs affect this relationship. Subsequently, cluster membership is related to regional characteristics representing a range of components of EEs and marked differences in a variety of these regional characteristics are found. Taken together, the results support the notion that EEs help shape the impact of entrepreneurial activity on growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petty administrative corruption (bribery) can be seen as a regional phenomenon and investigated in the spatial context. By applying Heckman selection models with instrumenting to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's (EBRD) Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) data, it is found that larger cities appear more prone to corruption. However, capital cities exhibit lower corruption, owing to differences in social and political structures and government accountability. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the importance of the meso-level social environment, exploring complementarity between bridging (across broader local society by institutional trust) and bonding trust (within more embedded communities) in alleviating bribery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of regional resilience is explored by understanding the resilience of individual firms within both the region (and their capabilities to cope, adapt and reconfigure) and a constantly evolving economic environment. This study examines the utility of the QuiScore credit indicator (from the Financial Analysis Made Easy (FAME) database) to measure both firm and regional economic resilience. Using the Cardiff Capital Region in Wales, UK (for the period 2006–16) as a case study, the results indicate that the QuiScore is an effective indicator of the economic resilience of firms as well as an early warning indicator of economic stresses for a region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tangible effects of hosting major sporting events have been thoroughly examined in recent years. The consensus among scholars is that the effects on tourism, inbound foreign investments and gross domestic product (GDP) from hosting, for example, the Olympic Games or the football World Cup are absent. Further, only a few studies have been conducted on one of the most commercially successful (major) sporting events: Formula 1 motor racing. This paper applies regression models to test the effects on GDP, employment and tourism in European regions that have hosted Formula 1 grand prix from 1991 to 2017. The output from the models suggests that hosting Formula 1 races does not produce positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the global financial network (GFN) framework to investigate the process and consequences of global financing for a regional economy in a financial globalization era. Using Linyi, a prefectural-level city in China as a case study, it illustrates how the regional economy has been linked with GFN via overseas listings of the lead regional firms. By incorporating in offshore jurisdictions, listing on overseas stock exchanges in world cities and through interaction with international advanced business services firms, since the early 2000s the lead firms and regional economy of Linyi have established global capital and knowledge pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effect of different regional technological profiles on the resilience of regional economies to exogenous shocks. It presents an empirical examination of the determinants of resilience through panel analyses of UK NUTS-III-level data for the period 2004–12. The results indicate that regions endowed with technologically coherent – and not simply diversified – knowledge bases are better prepared to face an unforeseen downturn and display adaptive resilience. Moreover, local economies tend to be more adaptable if they innovate in sectors with the strongest growth opportunities, even though firms' entry does not appear to contribute significantly towards resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes the role of regional determinants in the technical efficiency of the Greek economy. We employ a regional production function which is simultaneously estimated with an inefficiency equation. The results underline the considerable and growing core-periphery disparities in technical efficiency. They show the significant efficiencyenhancing impact of intra-regional market access and its dispersion. They also demonstrate that interregional market access, specialization, sectoral concentration and human capital exert a positive but varying influence on the efficiency of Greek regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential role of variations in technical efficiency as a contributing factor in providing an explanation for convergence or divergence in Western Europe. To control for spatial dependence among regions, it uses a spatial stochastic frontier framework that integrates spatial econometric techniques with stochastic frontier panel-data models. The empirical analysis reveals there is a strong geographical pattern of regional efficiency, while the degree of average regional efficiency has increased steadily year by year. From a European regional policy perspective, we can conclude that differentiated development strategies seem more appropriate than homogeneous or best-practice investment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the incorporation of an inter-industry analysis into an econometric framework was pioneered 40 years ago, there has been a growing number of studies in the literature focused on applying such an integrated framework at the subnational level. Models in the literature apply different strategies and structures to merge input-output (IO) and econometric models. The objective of the merged framework is to capitalize on the merits of both IO and time-series models. This paper presents an attempt to apply an intersectoral demand variable (ISDV) technique to embed IO analysis into a time-series model to investigate the economy of Illawarra in New South Wales, Australia. The result is a dynamic intersectoral model that provides high accuracy in forecasting sectoral employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial and accompanying themed issue reflect on the centrality of cities to regional development. Focusing on the role and function of cities in processes of innovation, production, distribution and consumption as both individual sites and networks of sites of production, the papers examine classic questions in economic geography about concentration, diffusion, and flows of labour and capital and the policy regimes that govern that movement. They also contribute empirically and theoretically to opening up broader conversations from a global perspective regarding how cities serve as nodes in global networks both anchoring and ultimately locating global and regional flows of capital and labour. Finally, they identify what is at stake in debates over cities and regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many localities are able to survive without competitive export industries. The economic base of regional development rests upon various wage and non-wage external incomes. However, suitable regional data are often unavailable, and particularly those related to external consumer spending in urban regions and short-stay tourism. Three geo-localized databases are here combined into a circular-flow template from former consumer spending to the final wage income. By doing so, the paper contributes to identifying ‘transient custom’ as a new inflow driving local development and it provides a first estimate of its magnitude, using the Paris Region as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent political and economic events have thrown into question several assumptions about how regional economies work and for whom. For Regional Studies, the result is a wave of policy-relevant empirical research on fundamental issues in our field. The papers in this issue cover topics including the creative class, skills, inequality, embeddedness, innovation and immigration, across a range of industries. This kind of analysis of labour, work and skills is essential for developing new models capable of reintegrating innovation and production into economic development strategies that work for the labour market as a whole, reducing inequality, increasing productivity, and building resilient regional economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)