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A 31-year-old man experienced various toxicities while undergoing treatment for primary HIV infection, including depressive symptoms, bloating, folliculitis, diarrhea, and palpitations. These adverse reactions were associated with different drug regimens and interactions, leading to changes in his treatment plan over time. Despite ongoing challenges, medical professionals continued to explore alternative medication options to manage his symptoms effectively. [Extracted from the article]

A study involving 22 patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) found that some patients developed locoregional, local, or disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infections after receiving the BCG vaccine or exhibited a lack of efficacy when treated with various drugs for tuberculosis. The patients had gene mutations that resulted in MSMD and were treated with different combinations of antibiotics and antiviral medications. Improvement was observed in some cases, while others experienced relapse or death. These findings highlight the complexities of treating BCG infections in patients with MSMD. [Extracted from the article]

A 52-year-old man developed legionella infections while being treated with methotrexate for periarteritis nodosa. He also experienced a lack of efficacy with antibacterial therapy using imipenem, amikacin, and vancomycin. The man was hospitalized for a relapse of periarteritis nodosa and received high doses of corticosteroids and methotrexate. He developed acute respiratory failure and was suspected to have angioinvasive aspergillosis. Due to poor respiratory tolerance, bronchoscopy could not be performed, but bronchial aspiration revealed legionella bozemanii. The man was treated with levofloxacin and spiramycin for 6 weeks and eventually recovered. The legionella infection was attributed to methotrexate. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical study examined the adverse effects of ceftaroline-fosamil and ceftobiprole in 138 patients. Three patients experienced side effects, including a cutaneous rash, diarrhea, and Clostridioides difficile infection. Two patients received ceftaroline-fosamil, with one developing a rash and the other experiencing diarrhea. The third patient received ceftobiprole and developed a Clostridioides difficile infection. The study did not provide specific details about the patients' ages, sexes, dosages, indications, outcomes, or durations of treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A 63-year-old woman developed a SARS-CoV-2 infection while being treated for pemphigus vulgaris with methylprednisolone, azathioprine, and rituximab. The woman initially received low-dose methylprednisolone and then azathioprine, followed by the addition of rituximab. Two weeks after starting rituximab, she tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The infection was believed to be a result of the immunosuppressive medications. Her rituximab therapy was stopped, and she experienced a fever for six weeks before recovering. She later developed pulmonary embolism but fully recovered. At a follow-up, her skin lesions had improved, and she continued treatment with azathioprine and methylprednisolone, receiving a second dose of rituximab with no side effects. [Extracted from the article]

A 65-year-old man developed a SARS-CoV-2 infection while undergoing treatment with obinutuzumab for follicular lymphoma. He had received several cycles of chemotherapy and consolidation therapy with obinutuzumab before being admitted to the hospital with symptoms of fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and muscle soreness. Tests confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV-2, and chest CT scans showed inflammatory lesions in his lungs. Despite treatment, his condition worsened, and he eventually died of respiratory failure. [Extracted from the article]

In a retrospective cohort study of 62 adult patients conducted between 2016 and 2021, a patient with relapsed and refractory lymphoma developed an infection during treatment with CART-30, a type of anti-CD30 CAR-T cell therapy. The patient ultimately died as a result of the infection. The study did not provide specific details about the dosage, route, or duration of treatment leading up to the infection. [Extracted from the article]

This article from Reactions Weekly reports on a case study involving 12 patients who experienced serious adverse reactions after receiving the BCG vaccine for immunization. The patients, whose ages and genders were not specified, developed either systemic disseminated BCG infection or axillary lymphadenitis as a result of the vaccine. Unfortunately, all of the patients died due to the severity of their vaccine reactions. The article does not provide details about the route, dosage, or duration of treatment leading up to the reactions. [Extracted from the article]

An adult man developed enteric disseminated adenovirus infection while undergoing treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. He had a medical history of various conditions, including ulcerative colitis and adenocarcinoma of the colon. Despite receiving cidofovir and immune-globulin, his condition worsened, and he eventually passed away. The complications he experienced were attributed to the adenovirus infection. [Extracted from the article]

A cohort study conducted by researchers from the University of Florida found that there is no significant difference in the risk of genitourinary infection among sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) used for the treatment of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The study analyzed data from 1776 patients and compared the risk of urinary-tract infection (UTI) or genital infection between different SGLT2i medications. The results showed that there was no significant difference in risk between canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, empagliflozin and canagliflozin, or dapagliflozin and empagliflozin. The researchers suggest that clinicians should choose between these medications based on their clinical effectiveness. [Extracted from the article]

A 22-year-old woman developed a Yersinia enterocolitica infection while being treated with deferoxamine for transfusion dependent beta thalassaemia major and heavy iron overload. She presented with right iliac fossa pain and was treated with antibiotics. CT scan showed lymphadenopathy and she later experienced acute right knee mono-arthritis. Serological examinations confirmed the Yersinia enterocolitica infection and she was treated with ciprofloxacin, resulting in remission of symptoms. [Extracted from the article]

A 76-year-old woman developed a necrotic pinna infection after receiving treatment for rheumatoid arthritis with abatacept and methotrexate. The woman, who had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, presented with worsening erythema and painful papules on her left ear. A tissue biopsy revealed an invasive fungal infection with angioinvasion, and the presence of Aspergillus was noted. The woman's treatment with abatacept and methotrexate was discontinued, and she was treated with levofloxacin, voriconazole, and valaciclovir. [Extracted from the article]

A 22-year-old woman developed a Yersinia enterocolitica infection while being treated with deferoxamine for transfusion dependent beta thalassaemia major and heavy iron overload. She presented with right iliac fossa pain and was treated with antibiotics. CT scan showed lymphadenopathy and she later experienced acute right knee mono-arthritis. Serological examinations confirmed the Yersinia enterocolitica infection and she was treated with ciprofloxacin, resulting in remission of symptoms. [Extracted from the article]

A 76-year-old woman developed a necrotic pinna infection after receiving treatment for rheumatoid arthritis with abatacept and methotrexate. The woman, who had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, presented with worsening erythema and painful papules on her left ear. A tissue biopsy revealed an invasive fungal infection with angioinvasion, and the presence of Aspergillus was noted. The woman's treatment with abatacept and methotrexate was discontinued, and she was treated with levofloxacin, voriconazole, and valaciclovir. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective cohort study conducted at a French University Hospital examined the occurrence of various infections in 121 patients treated with rituximab, a medication used for autoimmune diseases. The study identified 26 patients who developed infections such as pneumonia, pyelonephritis, colitis, and viral infections like Herpes simplex and Varicella zoster. Some patients required intensive care, and two patients died due to complications from the infections. The study highlights the potential risk of infections associated with rituximab therapy, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and appropriate management. [Extracted from the article]

A 23-year-old man developed a varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection while undergoing immunosuppressant therapy with mycophenolate-mofetil, prednisolone, and tacrolimus. He presented with a high-grade fever, chills, and a generalized rash. The man had a history of end-stage renal disease and had undergone a renal transplant. He was treated with aciclovir and his symptoms improved. The VZV infection was believed to be related to the immunosuppressant medications he was taking. [Extracted from the article]

A 38-year-old man developed a Cryptococcus neoformans infection while undergoing immunosuppressant drug therapy with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. The man had previously undergone a kidney transplant and had a history of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug abuse. He presented with weakness, fever, and bilateral nodular lesions on a chest CT scan. The infection was confirmed through a biopsy and lumbar puncture, and the man was treated with amphotericin-B-liposomal and fluconazole. After treatment, he showed improvement and was discharged in good health. [Extracted from the article]

An 18-year-old man developed haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to HSV infection while undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for end-stage renal disease. He received anti-thymocyte globulin, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, and prednisone after a kidney transplant. The patient experienced symptoms such as fever, kidney dysfunction, and elevated lab results. HLH was diagnosed, and he was treated with etoposide, dexamethasone, and cyclosporine. His renal function improved after completing the treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A 64-year-old man developed cutaneous mucormycosis, a fungal infection, as a result of treatment with multiple drugs for liver transplantation. The drugs included everolimus, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, prednisone, and methylprednisolone. The patient also had a history of obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. The infection was caused by Lichtheimia corymbifera and was likely a result of the immunosuppressive therapy. The patient underwent surgical debridement and received antifungal therapy, which led to successful wound coverage and improvement. [Extracted from the article]

A 67-year-old woman experienced medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) while being treated with alendronic-acid for osteoporosis and necrotising fasciitis and Bacteroides pyogenes infection while being treated with sarilumab for rheumatoid arthritis. The woman presented with pain in the right mandible and temporal region, and an examination revealed exposed mandibular bone. A CT scan showed air and sub-cutaneous swelling extending to the right temporal region. The woman underwent surgery, and the pathology revealed necrotising fasciitis of the temporalis muscle. Bacteroides pyogenes was detected in blood and surgical tissue samples, and her condition improved with debridement and antibiotic treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A 12-year-old boy developed lymphoproliferative disorder and Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection while undergoing immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus. The boy had been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and underwent an unrelated allogeneic HSCT. Despite receiving tacrolimus therapy, he developed gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease, indicating a lack of efficacy. He also experienced abdominal symptoms, prolonged fever, splenomegaly, and other complications. The boy eventually died from tacrolimus-induced fulminant hyperacute lymphoproliferative syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A 65-year-old man developed a cerebral abscess as a result of aspergillus and Microascus cirrosus infections while undergoing immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus and prednisone. The man had a history of lung transplantation, cerebrovascular infarctions, diabetes, and a previous aspergillus infection. Brain scans confirmed the presence of intracranial masses and lesions, and a biopsy confirmed aspergillus infection. Treatment included voriconazole, amphotericin B, terbinafine, and micafungin. The infections were attributed to chronic immunosuppression. [Extracted from the article]

A 63-year-old woman who had undergone a deceased donor renal transplantation developed adenovirus infection with haemorrhagic cystitis while being treated with mycophenolate-sodium, prednisone, and tacrolimus as immunosuppressants. She presented with symptoms such as dysuria, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, and lower abdominal pain while urinating. After testing positive for adenovirus PCR DNA, she was treated with cidofovir and probenecid, which resulted in a normalization of her creatinine levels and a decrease in viral DNA in her serum. The woman remained symptom-free after two months of treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective study at the Sheba Medical Center described two pediatric patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) who exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with multiple drugs. The first patient, a 13.5-year-old boy, had combined immunodeficiency and experienced side effects from prednisone therapy. He also developed ulcerative-hemorrhagic varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection and Mycobacterium chelonae infection, ultimately dying from candida bacteraemia. The second patient, a 1-year 9-months old girl with DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome, developed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida krusei infections despite prophylactic antibacterial and antifungal therapy, and died from septicaemia. These cases highlight the challenges in treating PIDs and the need for more effective therapies. [Extracted from the article]

A 41-year-old man developed a Leishmania donovani infection while being treated with adalimumab for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). He also experienced a lack of efficacy while taking etoricoxib for axSpA. The patient initially presented with inflammatory back pain and stiffness and had been taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). After starting etoricoxib, he continued to experience pain, so adalimumab was prescribed. However, he developed symptoms such as headaches, dyspnea, cough, and fever, leading to hospitalization. It was determined that the L. donovani infection was a result of adalimumab treatment. The patient was subsequently treated with amphotericin-B and later started on secukinumab for recurrent axSpA. [Extracted from the article]

In a retrospective cohort study conducted in the Netherlands, 52 patients who were treated with rituximab for unspecified indications were found to develop hypogammaglobulinaemia and various infections. The study did not provide specific information about the patients' ages, sexes, routes, dosages, durations of treatment, or outcomes. However, it did mention that four patients developed hypogammaglobulinaemia as a result of rituximab treatment. One patient experienced an upper airway infection and received antibacterials, another patient with nephrotic syndrome was hospitalized for fever due to infection and received cotrimoxazole, and one patient with GPA developed two viral upper airway infections and also received cotrimoxazole. The infections in these three patients were also attributed to rituximab. [Extracted from the article]

A 76-year-old man developed disseminated BCG infection while undergoing treatment for transitional carcinoma of the bladder. He experienced symptoms such as dysuria, worsening haematuria, and fever after receiving BCG treatment. Initially, he was treated for a suspected urinary tract infection but remained pyrexial. Further tests revealed new pulmonary nodules and lymphadenopathy, confirming the diagnosis of disseminated BCG infection. The patient also developed interstitial lung disease. He was started on a combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, and ethambutol for treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective cohort study examined the cases of 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were treated with sarilumab between January 2018 and December 2021. Two patients in the study developed adverse reactions during treatment with sarilumab. One patient experienced hepatotoxicity, while the other patient developed infections. The specific details regarding the patients' ages, sexes, treatment dosage, duration, and outcomes were not provided in the study. [Extracted from the article]

In a retrospective cohort study involving 110 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a patient developed an exacerbation of herpes infection during treatment with olokizumab. The patient had previously received tocilizumab and sarilumab before switching to olokizumab. The specific details of the patient's age, sex, duration of treatment, and outcome were not provided. [Extracted from the article]

An 84-year-old woman developed a bloodstream infection of Lactobacillus rhamnosus while undergoing probiotic therapy with the same strain. The woman had a history of radiation enteritis and had a central venous catheter for home parenteral nutrition. She was admitted to the hospital with diarrhea and fever, and blood cultures confirmed the presence of L. rhamnosus. The woman was treated with ampicillin and made a full recovery, with no relapse after discharge. [Extracted from the article]

In a study of 100 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were treated with cladribine, two patients developed adverse effects. One patient developed a zoster infection, while the other patient, who had very light skin and red hair, developed metastatic melanoma. The adverse effects were considered to be related to the use of cladribine. The study does not provide information on the ages or sexes of the patients, as well as the specific details of their treatment and outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A study of 10 patients conducted between April 2020 and August 2022 found that cefiderocol, amikacin, and colistin were ineffective in treating various infections, including urinary tract infection, central catheter infection, pneumonia, blood-stream infection, cholangitis, otitis media, and meningitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One patient developed P. aeruginosa infection during immunosuppression treatment. The study highlighted cases where cefiderocol failed to produce a clinical response and resulted in microbiological failure. The findings suggest that alternative treatment options may be necessary for these infections. [Extracted from the article]

A 47-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed a shingles infection while being treated with anifrolumab on a compassionate basis. She also experienced lack of efficacy with other treatments for SLE, including cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate, rituximab, and methylprednisolone. Despite previous treatments, she had severe symptoms and complications of SLE, including skin rash, alopecia, arthritis, and vasculitis. After receiving anifrolumab, her symptoms improved, but she developed shingles despite being vaccinated against it, suggesting a lack of efficacy of the vaccine. [Extracted from the article]

A 56-year-old man with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed a SARS-CoV-2 infection while receiving treatment with bendamustine and rituximab. He experienced a lack of efficacy when treated off-label with multiple drugs, including molnupiravir, sotrovimab, nirmatrelvir+ritonavir, unspecified antibacterials, and INM-005. Despite receiving various treatments, his condition worsened, and he eventually died. The article provides a detailed account of the patient's medical history, treatments, and clinical outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A 77-year-old woman developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) secondary to John Cunningham virus (JCV) infection while undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for end stage kidney disease. Despite receiving treatment with immune-globulin, she exhibited lack of efficacy and experienced a large bleed in her head. Unfortunately, she passed away shortly thereafter due to PML secondary to JCV infection. [Extracted from the article]

A 50-year-old man developed a Scedosporium apiospermum infection while being treated for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) with prednisolone, azathioprine, dexamethasone, and cyclophosphamide. The man had previously had COVID-19 and presented with worsening symptoms of his bullous disease. After initial improvement, he developed new symptoms including ulcers, nodules, and pus discharging sinuses on his leg and thigh. Laboratory tests confirmed a fungal infection, and further investigations identified Scedosporium apiospermum as the cause. The man was treated with terbinafine and voriconazole and showed a favorable response after several months of therapy. [Extracted from the article]

A 73-year-old man with diabetes and hypertension developed an infection of the ascites fluid while undergoing treatment for follicular lymphoma. He presented with peripheral edema and abdominal distension and was diagnosed with chylous ascites and follicular lymphoma. He received cyclic immuno-chemotherapy with an RCHOP regimen, but after two cycles, he developed an infection of the ascites fluid. This infection progressed to severe sepsis, and the patient ultimately died. [Extracted from the article]

A 48-year-old man developed an Aeromonas hydrophila infection and psychiatric symptoms while undergoing treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. The infection occurred after sustaining puncture wounds to his hand while fishing. The man received treatment with cytarabine, mitoxantrone, and levofloxacin, and his symptoms improved after discontinuing levofloxacin and receiving ceftazidime. After four months of treatment, his hand wound healed. [Extracted from the article]

A 15-year-old girl developed toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) after receiving treatment for a staphylococcus aureus infection. During treatment for TEN, she developed a disseminated bisifusarium infection. The girl had underlying B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and received various antibiotics and antifungal prophylaxis. She was treated with clobetasol ointment and immunoglobulin-G for TEN, and later switched to voriconazole for the bisifusarium infection. After receiving chemotherapy for B-ALL, she experienced a recurrence of the bisifusarium infection but eventually achieved complete resolution. [Extracted from the article]

This article from Reactions Weekly describes two cases of disseminated varicella zoster infection in patients undergoing treatment for lupus nephritis. The first case involves a 46-year-old woman who developed the infection while receiving prednisolone, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate-mofetil. Despite treatment with aciclovir and glucocorticoids, she experienced liver dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation, ultimately leading to her death. The second case involves a 26-year-old man who developed the infection while receiving prednisolone and mycophenolate-mofetil. Despite treatment with aciclovir, plasma exchange, and haemodiafiltration, he developed septic shock and died. These cases highlight the lack of efficacy of the treatments used for disseminated varicella zoster infection in these patients. [Extracted from the article]

An 8-year-old boy with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed adenovirus infection while being treated with prednisolone. Despite receiving multiple treatments, including oseltamivir, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, cotrimoxazole, ciclosporin, immune-globulin, and methylprednisolone, the boy experienced ongoing fever spikes and pulmonary hemorrhage. He ultimately died on day 4 due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, hypoxia, and adenovirus infection. The use of prednisolone may have contributed to the development of the adenovirus infection. [Extracted from the article]

A 49-year-old woman with severe asthma and osteoporosis developed a Citrobacter koseri abdominal infection while being treated with fluticasone propionate, formoterol, and an unspecified corticosteroid. She had been on this medication regimen for over 10 years. The infection was confirmed through metagenomic next-generation sequencing and pathogen culture. The patient was treated with antibiotics and her symptoms improved. This is the first reported case of a Citrobacter infection associated with fluticasone propionate and formoterol. [Extracted from the article]

A 70-year-old man developed disseminated BCG infection after receiving BCG treatment for bladder cancer. He experienced symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, confusion, lightheadedness, and dry cough three weeks after the treatment. Tests ruled out other causes, and the diagnosis of disseminated BCG infection was made. The man was treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol, which led to significant improvement in symptoms. His symptoms eventually resolved, and he continued with the management of bladder cancer. [Extracted from the article]

A 63-year-old woman developed multiple infections while being treated with dexamethasone and methylprednisolone for Evans syndrome. She experienced cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis, pulmonary fungal infection, and fungal infection in the spleen caused by Purpureocillium lilacinum. Additionally, she developed transaminase elevation during treatment with posaconazole for the Purpureocillium lilacinum infection. The woman's condition worsened, but she eventually received treatment for the infections and her symptoms improved. The infections were considered secondary to the use of dexamethasone and methylprednisolone. [Extracted from the article]

In a retrospective study involving 280 patients with non-metastatic breast cancer, two women developed non-neutropenic infection or neuropathy during treatment with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel. One of the women had obesity. Both women received chemotherapy with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel for four cycles, but one woman experienced chemotherapy-related neuropathy and the other developed chemotherapy-related non-neutropenic infection. The study did not provide specific information about the routes, durations of treatments, or outcomes for these reactions. [Extracted from the article]

A 46-year-old man developed a Monkeypox infection while undergoing immunosuppressant therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolate. The man had previously undergone a kidney transplant and was receiving treatment for posttransplant diabetes mellitus. He presented with symptoms such as a sore throat, fever, and a rash on his body. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of Monkeypox, and the man was treated with antibiotics and had his mycophenolate therapy discontinued. He eventually made a full recovery and was discharged from the hospital. [Extracted from the article]

A 59-year-old man developed Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) while being treated for pulmonary infections with piperacillin/tazobactam. He also experienced lack of efficacy during treatment for acute myocardial infarction and diarrhea with various medications. The man had a history of diabetes and hypertension and was initially treated with IV piperacillin/tazobactam. He underwent coronary stent implantation and received norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine for his heart condition. Despite the medications, his condition did not improve, and he required veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). After VA-ECMO, his heart function returned to normal, but he developed diarrhea, which was later diagnosed as severe CDI caused by piperacillin/tazobactam. He was treated with vancomycin and fecal microbiota transplantation, resulting in the resolution of CDI. [Extracted from the article]

Author InformationAn event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is:• * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important eventA 59-year-old woman developed bloodstream infection caused by Luteibacter jiangsuensis during treatment with mercaptopurine, mesalazine and infliximab for Crohn's disease [routes, duration of treatments to reaction onset not stated; not all dosages stated]. [Extracted from the article]

Author InformationAn event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is:• * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important eventA 28-year-old man developed Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction during treatment with benzathine-benzylpenicillin for secondary syphilis [duration of treatment to reaction onset and outcome not stated]. [Extracted from the article]