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Good crop establishment is essential for achieving high yield and constraints to good establishment include untimely sowing and low seed quality combined with various adverse growing conditions after sowing. Seed priming is a pre-sowing technique used for the improvement of germination, reduction of the time from sowing to emergence and improvement of emergence uniformity. Various seed priming techniques, such as hydropriming and priming with zinc, are used nowadays to improve crop establishment. The importance of seed priming with zinc for better germination, improved stand establishment, and higher maize yield are well documented. However, there is still a lack of results on the effects of seed priming with water and zinc on seed quality and viability, given that maize seed can be kept in storage for many years without a significant reduction in germination. The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming with water and Zn on the quality and viability of the maize seed. In order to evaluate the response of four maize hybrids to priming with water (hydropriming) and 4 mM zinc sulphate, primed seeds were subjected to laboratory tests, namely to the germination test, the cold test, and the accelerated aging test. Both priming treatments increased the seed quality, but the beneficial effect of Zn-priming maintained to a larger extent than hydropriming in cold-treated and aged seeds. The negative effects of hydropriming on the viability of the aged seed of hybrid NS 4023 imply a possible limitation to deferred sowing of primed maize seed.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oilseed crop belonging to the family Asteraceae. A total of 46 safflower samples were collected from Srbobran locality (South Bačka District) in Serbia in 2015 and analysed for the presence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. Both viruses, CMV and AMV, were detected serologically in the collected samples. None of the analysed samples was found to be positive for LMV. The presence of CMV was further confirmed by mechanical transmission to test the plants including Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotiana glutinosa, and Datura stramonium as well as C. tinctorius, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. Molecular detection of CMV was performed by amplification of a 871 bp fragment in all the tested samples, using the specific primers CMVCPfwd/CMVCPrev that amplify the entire coat protein (CP) gene and part of 3'- and 5'-UTRs of CMV RNA 3. The RT-PCR products derived from the isolates 290Saff and 294Saff were sequenced (MH577791 and MH577792, respectively) and compared with the CMV sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on CP gene sequences showed clustering of the selected isolates into three subgroups: IA, IB and II. Serbian CMV isolates found in safflower belong to subgroup II. To our knowledge, this is the first report on CMV infection of safflower in Serbia, which has the potential to cause substantial damage to safflower production and pose a threat to other economic crops grown in Serbia.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oilseed crop belonging to the family Asteraceae. A total of 46 safflower samples were collected from Srbobran locality (South Bačka District) in Serbia in 2015 and analysed for the presence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. Both viruses, CMV and AMV, were detected serologically in the collected samples. None of the analysed samples was found to be positive for LMV. The presence of CMV was further confirmed by mechanical transmission to test the plants including Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotiana glutinosa, and Datura stramonium as well as C. tinctorius, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. Molecular detection of CMV was performed by amplification of a 871 bp fragment in all the tested samples, using the specific primers CMVCPfwd/CMVCPrev that amplify the entire coat protein (CP) gene and part of 3'and 5'-UTRs of CMV RNA 3. The RT-PCR products derived from the isolates 290Saff and 294Saff were sequenced (MH577791 and MH577792, respectively) and compared with the CMV sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on CP gene sequences showed clustering of the selected isolates into three subgroups: IA, IB and II. Serbian CMV isolates found in safflower belong to subgroup II. To our knowledge, this is the first report on CMV infection of safflower in Serbia, which has the potential to cause substantial damage to safflower production and pose a threat to other economic crops grown in Serbia., Šafranika (Carthamus tinctorius L.) predstavlja jednu od važnih uljanih kultura koja pripada familiji Asteraceae. Tokom 2015. godine, prikupljeno je 46 uzoraka biljaka šafranike poreklom iz Srbobrana koji su serološki testirani na prisustvo virusa mozaika krastavca (cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virusa mozaika lucerke (alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV) i virusa mozaika salate (lettuce mosaic virus, LMV) korišćenjem komercijalnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. U prikupljenim uzorcima dokazano je prisustvo CMV i AMV, dok prisustvo LMV nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Prisustvo CMV je dalje potvrđeno mehaničkim inokulacijama test biljaka Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotianaglutinosa i Datura stramonium kao i na C. tinctorius, čime je potvrđena infektivna priroda oboljenja. Molekularna detekcija CMV obavljena je amplifikacijom fragmenta dužine 871 bp kod svih ispitivanih izolata korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera CMVCPfwd/CMVCPrev koji omogućavaju umnožavanje celog CP gena kao i delove 5' i 3' UTR. U cilju dalje identifikacije, RT-PCR produkti izolata 290Saff i 294Saff su sekvencionisani (MH577791 i MH577792) i upoređeni sa CMV sekvencama dostupnim u GenBank bazi podataka. Filogenetska analiza na osnovu sekvence CP gena pokazala je grupisanje odabranih izolata u tri podgrupe, IA, IB i II. Izolati CMV iz šafranike poreklom iz Srbije grupisali su se u podgrupu II. Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvi izveštaj o prisustvu CMV na biljkama šafranike u Srbiji koji može da nanese veliku štetu u proizvodnji ove biljne vrste, a takođe predstavlja pretnju drugim ekonomski značajnim gajenim biljnim vrstama u Srbiji.

In 2018, a total of 58 mustard samples from two different localities in Serbia (Rimski Šančevi and Senta) were collected and tested for the presence of Turnip yellow virus (TuYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) by DAS-ELTSA. TuYV was serologically detected in 42 tested samples while all collected samples were negative for CaMV and TuMV. By using aphid transmission tests, five test plants were inoculated with two ELTSApositive TuYV samples of naturally infected mustard plants. Virus species identification was performed by amplification of a 780 bp fragment in all tested samples using the specific primers TuYVorf0F/TuYVorf0R. The RTPCR products from two isolates 88Sal (MK144816) and 98Bni (MK144817) were sequenced and compared with the GenBank sequences of TuYV. Serbian isolates showed the highest identity with Poland TuYV isolate (EU022489). Phylogenetic analysis showed that TuYV isolates from Serbia were clustered with other TuYV sequences retrieved from the GenBank., Tokom 2018. godine, sa dva lokaliteta gajenja slačice, ukupno je sakupljeno 58 uzoraka koji su serološki testirani na prisustvo Turnip yellow virus (TuYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) i Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) korišćenjem komercijalno dostupnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. Prisustvo TuYV serološki je dokazano u 42 sakupljena uzorka slačice, dok prisustvo CaMV i TuMV nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Za dalja istraživanja odabrana su dva izolata TuYV prirodno zaraženih biljaka slačice, koji su uspešno preneti vašima na pet različitih test biljaka, čime je potvrđena infektivna priroda oboljenja. Molekularna detekcija obavljena je amplifikacijom fragmenta dužine 780 bp kod četiri ispitivana izolata korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera TuYVorf0F i TuYVorfOR. RT-PCR produkti izolata 88Sal i 98Bni su sekvencirani (MK144816 i MK144817) i upoređeni sa TuYV sekvencama dostupnim u GenBank bazi podataka. Izolati iz Srbije su pokazali najviši stepen nukleotidne sličnosti od 98,9% i 99% (100% aminokiselinska sličnost) sa izolatom TuYV Br iz Poljske (EU022489). Filogenetska analiza pokazala je grupisanje TuYV izolata iz Srbije zajedno sa ostalim TuYV izolatima iz GenBank baze podataka.

During the past few years, symptoms of garlic clove rot have appeared in storage facilities at different localities in Serbia. Thirteen fungal isolates were isolated from samples of decayed garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.). Based on the colony and fungal morphology, isolated fungi were tentatively identified as F. proliferatum. Pathogenicity of 13 F. proliferatum strains were confirmed by inoculating garlic cloves of Allium sativum (spring cv. Labud, Sedef; winter cv. Bosut, Ranko) and Allium ampeloprasum (cv. Biser). Isolate JBL532 was classified as the most aggressive, while isolate B3 was the least pathogenic. To confirm morphological identification of 13 Fusarium isolates, amplification of TEF-1α gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primer pair: EF1 and EF2. All isolates were cryopreserved at -80°C and deposited in the NCBI GenBank., Tokom proteklih godina u skladištima na različitim lokalitetima u Srbiji pojavili su se simptomi truleži i popadanja belog luka (Allium sativum L.). Izolacijom je dobijeno 13 izolata gljiva roda Fusarium koji su na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika identifikovani kao F. proliferatum. Patogenost izolata je potvrđena inokulacijom različitih genotipova belog luka Allium sativum (prolećne sorte Labud, Sedef, jesenje sorte Bosut, Ranko) i Allium ampeloprasum (sorta Biser). Na osnovu ocene patogenosti, izolat JBL532 se izdvojio kao najagresivniji, dok se izolat B3 pokazao kao najmanje patogen. Morfološka identifikacija potvrđena je amplifikacijom TEF-1α gena, korišćenjem prajmera EF1 i EF2. Svi izolati se čuvaju na -80°C i deponovani su u NCBI bazu gde su im dodeljeni jedinstveni pristupni brojevi.

During the routine quality control analysis on bean seeds in 2015, Fusarium fungal infection was observed on an average of 17% of the bean seed. The objective of this paper was isolation and identification of Fusarium sp. based on the pathogen's morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphological identification of Fusarium isolates was performed on PDA and CLA. DNA of 14 Fusarium sp. isolates was extracted directly from the mycelium (~ 100 mg wet weight), with a Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Following DNA extraction, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha region was amplified by PCR with the primer pair EF1 and EF2. An amplicon of 700 bp was amplified in all tested isolates. Identification of one isolate was performed by sequencing the translation elongation factor EF-1a gene. Completed morphological and molecular characteristics of isolates, as well as the results of sequencing confirmed that Fusarium proliferatum was the causal agent of bean seed rot., Tokom rutinske kontrole kvaliteta semena pasulja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) u 2015. godini ustanovljeno je prisustvo Fusarium sp. u visokom procentu, u proseku 17%. Cilj ovog rada bio je izolacija i identifikacija prouzrokovača truleži semena pasulja, na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika patogena. Odgajivačke karakteristike 14 odabranih izolata ocenenjene su na PDA i CLA podlogama. Ekstrakcija DNK 14 odabranih izolata obavljena je direktno iz 100 mg sveže micelije, korišćenjem Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Nemačka). Amplifikacija DNK obavljena je pomoću PCR korišćenjem para prajmera EF1 i EF2. U svim proučavanim izolatima formirani su amplikoni veličine 700 bp. Identifikacija jednog odabranog izolata izvršena je sekvenciranjem translacionog faktora EF-1 a gena. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ustanovljeno je da je prouzrokovač truleži semena pasulja Fusarium proliferatum.

During 2014 a total of 67 pot marigold samples from five different localities in the Province in Vojvodina were collected and analysed for the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. CMV was detected serologically in all inspected localities in 67.16% collected samples. None of the analysed samples was positive for INSV. The virus was successfully mechanically transmitted to test plants including Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana tabacum 'Samsun' and N. glutinosa, as well as pot marigold seedlings, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. The presence of CMV in pot marigold plants was further verified by RT-PCR and sequencing, using the specific primers CMV CPfwd/CMVCPrev that amplify coat protein (CP) gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on the CP gene sequences showed clustering of the selected isolates into three subgroups, IA, IB and II, and Serbian CMV isolates from pot marigold belong to subgroup II., Tokom 2014. godine, sa pet različitih lokaliteta gajenja nevena u Vojvodini sakupljeno je ukupno 67 uzorka koji su serološki testirani na prisustvo virusa mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) i virusa nekrotične pegavosti impatiensa (Impatiens necrotic spot virus, INSV), korišćenjem komercijalno dostupnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. Prisustvo CMV dokazano je na svih pet pregledanih lokaliteta i to u 67,16% prikupljenih uzoraka, dok prisustvo INSV nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Virus je uspešno prenet mehaničkim inokulacijama test biljaka Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Nicotiana tabacum 'Samsun' i N. glutinosa, kao i na sejance nevena, čime je potvrđena infektivna priroda oboljenja. Prisustvo CMV u biljkama nevena potvrđeno je primenom RT-PCR metode i sekvencioniranjem uz korišćenje specifičnih prajmera CMVCPfwd/CMVCPrev koji omogućavaju umnožavanje gena za protein omotača (CP gena). Filogenetska analiza na osnovu sekvence CP gena pokazala je grupisanje izolata u tri podgrupe, IA, IB i II, a izolati CMV iz nevena iz Srbije grupišu se u podgrupu II.

Bacterial spot, caused by either Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe-Group A), X. vesicatoria (Xv-Group B), X. perforans (Xp-group C) and X. gardneri (Xg-Group D), formerly known as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, is considered one of the most common pepper and tomato diseases in Serbia. So far, 11 physiological races of X. euvesicatoria bacterium were described around the world. However, four of them (P1, P3, P7, P8) have been recorded in Serbia, predominating being P8. The aim of this study was to examine the sensitivity of the 11 pepper genotypes: HS-2, Amfora, Plamena, Anita, Novosađanka, Palanačka babura, Palanačko čudo, Slonovo uvo, Brillant F1, Bihar F1 and Boni to X. euvesicatoria (RKFB 263), race P8. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. Pepper plants, with five fully expanded leaves, were artificially inoculated by dipping into the bacterial suspension, concentration of 106 cfu/ml and 108 cfu/ml, for 10 seconds. Early Calwonder (ECW) was used as susceptible control genotype, and its isogenic line ECW-20 withBs2 resistance gene as a resistant control. Experiments were organized as randomized block design with four replications, with five plants in each repetition. The intensity of infection was assessed by Horsfall - Barratt (HB) scale 7 and 14 days after inoculation. According to the results, pepper genotypes showed various degree of susceptibility to X. euvesicatoria (P8) differentiating into significantly different groups. Among the tested cultivars, Bihar F1 showed the highest degree of resistance to the pathogen, while all the other genotypes showed various degrees of sensitivity compared to the controls. Considering that most of the studied genotypes were sensitive to X. euvesicatoria (P8), with exception of the isogenic line ECW-20 with Bs2 resistance gene, transfer of this gene into commercial varieties of pepper would be a significant contribution to control of this economically important disease., Prema najnovijoj sistematici bakterioznu pegavost paprike i paradajzaprouzrokuju vrste Xanthomonas kompleksa: Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans i Xanthomonas gardneri. Do sada je u svetu opisano 11 fizioloških rasa bakterije Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, od kojih je u našoj zemlji prisutno četiri (P1, P3, P7, P8), a rasa P8 je najzastupljenija. Cilj ovog rada bio je proučavanje osetljivosti 11 odabranih genotipovapaprike: HS-2, Amfora, Plamena, Anita, Novosađanka, Palanačka babura, Palanačko čudo, Slonovo uvo, Brillant F1, Bihar F1 i Boni, prema rasi 8 X. euvesicatoria. Kao osetljiva prema svim rasama patogena korišćena je sorta Early Calwonder (ECW), a kao nosilac gena otpornosti Bs2 prema genu avirulentnosti patogena (avrBs2) njena izogena linija ECW-20. Izvedena su dva ogleda, a za veštačku inokulaciju biljaka paprike pripremljene su suspenzije bakterija koncentracije 106 cfu/ml i 108 cfu/ml soja X. euvesicatoria (RKFB 263), rase P8. Veštačka inokulacija biljaka paprike izvedena je u stadijumu šest potpuno razvijenih listova, metodom potapanja biljaka. Ogledi su postavljeni po potpuno slučajnom blok rasporedu u četiri ponavljanja sa po pet biljaka u svakom ponavljanju. Intenzitet zaraze ocenjen je po Horsfall - Barratt (HB) skali 7 i 14 dana nakon inokulacije. Proučavani genotipovi paprike ispoljili su različit stepen osetljivosti prema bakteriji X. euvesicatoria. Nakon ocena intenziteta zaraze u oba ogleda izdvojile su se statistički značajno različite grupe. Samo je hibrid Bihar F1 ispoljio određeni stepen otpornosti prema bakteriji, dok su svi ostali proučavani genotipovi pokazali viši ili niži stepen osetljivosti u odnosu na kontrolne sorte. Obzirom da se većina proučavanih genotipova pokazala kao osetljiva prema prouzrokovaču bakteriozne pegavosti, kao i da postoji izolovan gen otpornosti prema najzastupljenijoj rasi patogena u nas, njegov transfer u komercijalne sorte paprike bio bi značajan doprinos kontroli ovog ekonom

Breeding of perennial legumes for many agronomic important traits like grain yield, persistence, longevity, resistance to diseases and pests, resistance to limiting abiotic conditions and polyploidy is more efficient and precise if genetic markers are used. Estimates based on isozyme polymorphism may underestimate overall levels of genetic variation because they are sampling only coding regions of DNA that may be conserved to maintain the function of the enzymes. The complete coverage of a genome can be achieved only by the use of molecular variability indicators (DNA polymorphism), i.e. molecular markers. Molecular markers are independent of environmental influences and can be detected in all plant development stages. The main aspects of genetic markers use in perennial legumes breeding are: germplasm characterisation, genetic linkage mapping, QTL analysis, marker assisted selection (MAS), variety identification and protection of plant breeders' rights., Oplemenjivanje višegodišnjih leguminoza za mnoge agronomski značajne osobine kao što su prinos semena, perzistentnost, dugovečnost, otpornost na bolesti i štetočine, otpornost na limitirajuće abiotičke uslove i pojavu poliploidije efikasnije je i preciznije ako se u radu primenjuju i genetički markeri. Polimorfi zam genotipova zasnovan na profi lima izoenzima može da potceni ukupan nivo genetičke varijanse jer se odnosi na kodirajuće regione DNK koji su bili konzervirani kroz evoluciju da bi se očuvala funkcija enzima. Kompletna pokrivenost genoma može se ostvariti samo primenom pokazatelja molekularne varijabilnosti (DNK polimorfizam) tj. molekularnim markerima. Pored toga, molekularni markeri ne zavise od uslova spoljašnje sredine i mogu se detektovati u svim stadijumima fazama razvića biljaka. Glavni aspekti primene genetičkih markera u oplemenjivanju višegodišnjih leguminoza se odnose na: karakterizaciju germplazme, mapiranje vezanih gena, QTL analizu, selekciju uz pomoć markera (MAS), identifikaciju sorata i zaštitu prava oplemenjivača.