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Clinical Issue: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 1 and 2 are hereditary cancer syndromes. They are characterized by the occurrence of many benign and malignant tumor types., Standard Treatment: Carriers of a MEN1 or RET gene mutation can be identified before manifestation of the disease. Family screening allows the early diagnosis and therapy of gene carriers., Treatment Innovations: Early thyroidectomy in young patients with MEN2 results in a high cure rate of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), such as vadetanib and cabozantinib, represents an important new therapeutic option for patients with progressive metastatic MTC. Neuroendocrine tumors (MEN1) are treated surgically and progressive disease is treated with somatostatin or everolimus., Diagnostics: The most important imaging methods for monitoring of MTC are sonography of the neck and upper abdomen and computed tomography (CT) of the lungs. In cases of MEN1 metastases can be localized by DOTATOC positron emission tomography CT (PET/CT)., Performance: Using these methods up to 70 % of tumors and metastases can be detected, depending on the localization, size and endocrine activity. Follow-up investigations with CT is an important tool for monitoring changes in tumor mass which are important criteria for decisions concerning TKI therapy., Achievements: Together with the doubling time of tumor markers, tumor progression monitored by imaging methods or response evaluation criteria In solid tumors (RECIST) are prognostic factors and provide indications for initiating systemic therapy (e.g., Tki) Practical Recommendations: Patients with MEN syndromes should be treated in specialized centers because of the complexity and rarity.

A painless swelling of the parotid gland with non-specific symptoms and uncharacteristic blood values is not necessarily caused by mumps. On the contrary, this should be examined with targeted imaging, conventional X-rays of the thorax on two levels and for further differential diagnostic clarification, computed tomography of the thorax in order to search for further causes.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) offers an in vivo view into the microarchitecture of the brain. Furthermore it allows a three-dimensional reconstruction of fiber tracts. We will discuss the principles of DTI and possibilities for sequence optimization. Finally we will give an overview of DTI and its application in Alzheimer's disease.

Beside conventional X-ray examination, ultrasound and computer tomographic examination are accepted radiologic techniques to assess the extend of damage of intraorbital injuries. With the exception of a few reports in the literature there is agreement that intraorbital metallic foreign bodies and gun-shot bullets represent a contraindication for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination because of artificial imaging side effects and the potential of secondary dislocation of the metallic foreign body due to ferromagnetism. By means of the case reported here it is shown that this general opinion is not universally valid. Depending on the elemental metallic composition of foreign bodies and gun-shot bullets it is demonstrated that MR examination allows high-resolution illustration and in some cases is advantageous compared with other radiologic imaging techniques.