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Background: Longitudinal assessments of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) during intracranial radiotherapy at magnetic resonance imaging-guided linear accelerators (MR-linacs) could enable early response assessment by tracking tumor diffusivity changes. However, DWI pulse sequences are currently unavailable in clinical practice at low-field MR-linacs. Quantifying the in vivo repeatability of ADC measurements is a crucial step towards clinical implementation of DWI sequences but has not yet been reported on for low-field MR-linacs. This study assessed ADC measurement repeatability in a phantom and in vivo at a 0.35 T MR-linac. Methods: Eleven volunteers and a diffusion phantom were imaged on a 0.35 T MR-linac. Two echo-planar imaging DWI sequence variants, emphasizing high spatial resolution ("highRes") and signal-to-noise ratio ("highSNR"), were investigated. A test–retest study with an intermediate outside-scanner-break was performed to assess repeatability in the phantom and volunteers' brains. Mean ADCs within phantom vials, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and four brain tissue regions were compared to literature values. Absolute relative differences of mean ADCs in pre- and post-break scans were calculated for the diffusion phantom, and repeatability coefficients (RC) and relative RC (relRC) with 95% confidence intervals were determined for each region-of-interest (ROI) in volunteers. Results: Both DWI sequence variants demonstrated high repeatability, with absolute relative deviations below 1% for water, dimethyl sulfoxide, and polyethylene glycol in the diffusion phantom. RelRCs were 7% [5%, 12%] (CSF; highRes), 12% [9%, 22%] (CSF; highSNR), 9% [8%, 12%] (brain tissue ROIs; highRes), and 6% [5%, 7%] (brain tissue ROIs; highSNR), respectively. ADCs measured with the highSNR variant were consistent with literature values for volunteers, while smaller mean values were measured for the diffusion phantom. Conversely, the highRes variant underestimated ADCs compared to literature values, indicating systematic deviations. Conclusions: High repeatability of ADC measurements in a diffusion phantom and volunteers' brains were measured at a low-field MR-linac. The highSNR variant outperformed the highRes variant in accuracy and repeatability, at the expense of an approximately doubled voxel volume. The observed high in vivo repeatability confirms the potential utility of DWI at low-field MR-linacs for early treatment response assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) offers treatment plan adaptation to the anatomy of the day. In the current MRgRT workflow, this requires the time consuming and repetitive task of manual delineation of organs-at-risk (OARs), which is also prone to inter- and intra-observer variability. Therefore, deep learning autosegmentation (DLAS) is becoming increasingly attractive. No investigation of its application to OARs in thoracic magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from MRgRT has been done so far. This study aimed to fill this gap. Materials and methods: 122 planning MRIs from patients treated at a 0.35 T MR-Linac were retrospectively collected. Using an 80/19/23 (training/validation/test) split, individual 3D U-Nets for segmentation of the left lung, right lung, heart, aorta, spinal canal and esophagus were trained. These were compared to the clinically used contours based on Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD). They were also graded on their clinical usability by a radiation oncologist. Results: Median DSC was 0.96, 0.96, 0.94, 0.90, 0.88 and 0.78 for left lung, right lung, heart, aorta, spinal canal and esophagus, respectively. Median 95th percentile values of the HD were 3.9, 5.3, 5.8, 3.0, 2.6 and 3.5 mm, respectively. The physician preferred the network generated contours over the clinical contours, deeming 85 out of 129 to not require any correction, 25 immediately usable for treatment planning, 15 requiring minor and 4 requiring major corrections. Conclusions: We trained 3D U-Nets on clinical MRI planning data which produced accurate delineations in the thoracic region. DLAS contours were preferred over the clinical contours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hybrid devices that combine radiation therapy and MR-imaging have been introduced in the clinical routine for the treatment of lung cancer. This opened up not only possibilities in terms of accurate tumor tracking, dose delivery and adapted treatment planning, but also functional lung imaging. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of Non-uniform Fourier Decomposition (NuFD) MRI at a 0.35 T MR-Linac as a potential treatment response assessment tool, and propose two signal normalization strategies for enhancing the reproducibility of the results. Methods: Ten healthy volunteers (median age 28 ± 8 years, five female, five male) were repeatedly scanned at a 0.35 T MR-Linac using an optimized 2D+t balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence for two coronal slice positions. Image series were acquired in normal free breathing with breaks inside and outside the scanner as well as deep and shallow breathing. Ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps were generated for each image series using NuFD. For intra-volunteer ventilation map reproducibility, a normalization factor was defined based on the linear correlation of the ventilation signal and diaphragm position of each scan as well as the diaphragm motion amplitude of a reference scan. This allowed for the correction of signal dependency on the diaphragm motion amplitude, which varies with breathing patterns. The second strategy, which can be used for ventilation and perfusion, eliminates the dependency on the signal amplitude by normalizing the ventilation/perfusion maps with the average ventilation/perfusion signal within a selected region-of-interest (ROI). The position and size dependency of this ROI was analyzed. To evaluate the performance of both approaches, the normalized ventilation/perfusion-weighted maps were compared and the deviation of the mean ventilation/perfusion signal from the reference was calculated for each scan. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to test whether the normalization methods can significantly improve the reproducibility of the ventilation/perfusion maps. Results: The ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps generated with the NuFD algorithm demonstrated a mostly homogenous distribution of signal intensity as expected for healthy volunteers regardless of the breathing maneuver and slice position. Evaluation of the ROI's size and position dependency showed small differences in the performance. Applying both normalization strategies improved the reproducibility of the ventilation by reducing the median deviation of all scans to 9.1%, 5.7% and 8.6% for the diaphragm-based, the best and worst performing ROI-based normalization, respectively, compared to 29.5% for the non-normalized scans. The significance of this improvement was confirmed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test with p < 0.01 at α = 0.05 . A comparison of the techniques against each other revealed a significant difference in the performance between best ROI-based normalization and worst ROI ( p = 0.01 ) and between best ROI-based normalization and scaling factor ( p = 0.02 ), but not between scaling factor and worst ROI ( p = 0.71 ). Using the ROI-based approach for the perfusion-maps, the uncorrected deviation of 10.2% was reduced to 5.3%, which was shown to be significant ( p < 0.01 ). Conclusions: Using NuFD for non-contrast enhanced functional lung MRI at a 0.35 T MR-Linac is feasible and produces plausible ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps for volunteers without history of chronic pulmonary diseases utilizing different breathing patterns. The reproducibility of the results in repeated scans significantly benefits from the introduction of the two normalization strategies, making NuFD a potential candidate for fast and robust early treatment response assessment of lung cancer patients during MR-guided radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]