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Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

In this paper, the current form of teacher assessment at a higher level and criteria used, based on surveys of student opinion is analyzed. Such surveys do not reflect the real capacity of teachers and only serves as a form of administrative control. This paper establishes the utility of these assessments as a tool for improvement and as part of an early detection of needs, be altered by the biased way he handles himself. In addition, a criticism of this type of evaluation is done; the results are disclosed extemporaneously, which also restricts the development of teachers through the bureaucratic control of that information not timely feedback to teachers in order to improve their performance.

This paper, the outcome of a Seminar in Language, Discourse and Social Practices which took place at the Instituto de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales “Alfonso Vélez Pliego” belonging to Benemérita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla in 2013, presents a perspective from which, the language class could be used as a space for integration and understanding among individuals from different cultures and who interact in a society. The context of the present paper is the Mexican Society and the ideals of equality and inclusion that the Mexican Constitution established for all Mexican citizens. Language teachers, by representing a different language and a different culture, can be models of social responsibility if they enhance the building of a culture of peace in class, connecting the individuals of different social groups, considering and finding their differences and similarities in the framework of the language classroom. This scenery of language teaching, either a national or a foreign one, can be used as the place where languages can live together and individuals can find and rehearse an intercultural harmony that can be taken to real scenarios in the future.

This paper is centered in researching the strategies in order to build The State System of Teacher Education in Durango, Mexico, An educative politic which was derived from the commandment consigned in the General Law on education in 1993. It was developed from the question: How would The State System of Teacher Education constitute in Durango? And the goal: “Identify the strategies to build The State System of Teacher Education in Durango”. The research is of a qualitative approach and a combination of this kind of methods was used such as: case study research and the grounded theory. The data collection methods were the semi structured interview and the observation by stakeholders. The paper shows, from the found outcomes, the principal informants’ opinions which are related with the integration of the system and their implications both normative and cultural. We found that the system is designed from the general system theory however in the quotidian; the system works more according to Social Systems Theory by Luhmann.

In this paper I present the case of the Zapotec families from Oaxaca settled in Estación Pesqueira, in the northern state of Sonora, Mexico. The close relationship between the migratory process and the appropriation of geographic spaces in destination areas is shown. The case study is an ethnographic approach in areas of export crops, especially table grapes carried out from 2010 to 2015. This work has allowed me to show how the spatial and identity appropriation of these settlement sites is achieved based on characteristics individuals of each group and their families, for example, based on popular religiosity or ethnic spirituality. With respect to the Zapotec families of Oaxaca, especially in the area of the Central Valleys, which is where the families I speak about in this article come from, migration has been a factor present in their strategies of social reproduction. Zapotec families in this area began in the migratory process since the 1940s with the Bracero program, then continued to migrate to the area of Costa de Oaxaca, Papaloapan, Chiapas and Veracruz in the 1970s, especially in crops cotton and coffee plantations. Later they migrated to the agricultural areas of northwestern Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora), even reaching states such as California, Oregon and Washington in the United States in the late 1970s, employing themselves mainly as agricultural day laborers.

In this paper we analyze the operation of outsourcing as a way of work organization updated in the current phase of flexible capital accumulation. We were interested in documenting the outstanding role that outsourcing has played in the recruitment of undocumented migrant workers from rural areas of the center of Mexico, for the subsector of residential construction in the state of North Carolina. We conceive the articulation of irregular-outsourcing migration as an enhancer of job precariousness and class fragmentation. The ethnographic method has guided the research that supports what is stated here. The testimonies used to illustrate these aspects are part of a cumulus of interviews conducted in Pahuatlán, Puebla and in Durham and Orange counties, North Carolina. We consider that the originality of our analysis lies in revealing the material and subjective implications of this renewed way of job organization in the lives of undocumented migrant workers.

From de idea of ‘adaptative strategies’ this paper offers a quantitative analysis of the processes of mobility and productive reconversion in Atlacomulco, Estado de México. To have an approach to the experiences of people involved in these processes, through a qualitative exploration in the village of San Antonio, we analyze the relation between labor mobility to Milpa Alta (Mexico City) and the cultivation of ‘nopal’, and the return migration from United States and the cultivation of ‘nopal’ and tomato. Results show that people who migrated must learn and adapt themselves to the labor market through their trajectory. This assist their participation in reconvention of crops as a labor option face to the scarcity of sources of employment, not without difficulties. So, there is a constant presence of adaptative strategies in the long term, some cases associated but indispensable to solve the reproduction of rural households.

The “language nest” is a language revitalization method of Maori origin, centered in pre-school children, which has been implemented also in different Mexican native communities since 2007, particularly in the Oaxacan ones. This paper analyzes the experience of the Ayuuk (Mixe) language nest called Naaxwiinyëtë Käjpxy (“Earth´s speaking”) which used to be situated at the periphery of the Oaxaca capital. Given its non-institutional nature, the project was closed after 4 years in 2014. The language nest´s history was studied through cualitative methodology based on the testimonies of its leaders and participants and the information obtained was processed under the criteria of good practices, difficulties and recommendations in order to estimate the contribution of the “nest” to the revitalization of the Mixe language.

This paper proposes a reflection towards the territorial scope as an analysis tool that allows, for the migration studies, to address the particularities of the places of origin of migrants to understand why mobility processes appear, as well as the repercussions that these entail. For this reason, the case of the Sierra Gorda of Guanajuato, a region with high levels of marginalization and contrasts of migration, is presented, which makes it possible to question the relationship between poverty and migration.

This paper explores the reconfiguration of student identities of the Intercultural University of the State of Puebla (UIEP), in Mexico, from reflecting the components of school motivation, expectations and the construction of their life project in a significant context of multiculturalism, to understand the link between an incipient proposal of intercultural educational model and the vision of its students. The basis of field work is participant observation and observation (Ardévol et al, 2003), in an environment of daily interaction with students, and an instrument was designed and applied following analytical categories of life projects proposed by Ovidio and Hernández (2000). Although many students enter the university with vague goals and in a situation of uncertainty (Tinto, 2004, cited in Silva, 2011), preliminary results of this work suggest significant expectations from university students to continue studying due to three aspects: family support for their formation, the bonds of community cohesion and a university environment, resources that allow dialogue with their culture and at the same time reconfigure their identity for the construction of their life project.

This paper exposes an interpretive analysis of the educational situation of indigenous community leaders in the Saraguro ethnicity located in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and the perception of those leaders about the possibility of joining to a non-formal training process provided through Information Technology and Communication (ICT) to satisfy their specific training needs. We used a non-experimental design and transactional mixed methodology, with two research instruments: a survey and a semi-structured interview. A total of 22 Saraguro indigenous leaders participated in the study. Among the findings it appears that concluding high school has been the top while the limit of schooling for this population segment, a situation that continues in the new generations, however, although technological illiteracy is restrictive, leaders believe that the ICT would enable the strengthening of the skills intrinsic to their cultural heritage.

The present paper characterizes the education researcher, who develops his task in an initial teacher training institution in Mexico called the Normal School, in the complex dimensions in which he carries out his professional activities in a task that is still being defined due to his recent integration into institutional life, due to the fact that Normal schools have been organized and fulfilling teaching activities for more than a century. The purpose is to identify and define the conditions and elements that intervene in the development of the research skills of the professors who are members of an academic body. This investigation was carried out using the research-action methodology with a critical and phenomenological analysis from different viewpoints, stages and actors; from the perspective that the author obtained as head of her investigation area, as the institutional representative before the program for professional teacher development for higher education (RIP before PRODEP in Spanish) and as head of the BCENELUB-CA-3 “Investigadores Educativos IBYCENECH” group of researchers with official recognition, with which she designed and implemented a formative trajectory. The different specific critical path that is described puts forth the strengths and obstacles encountered while reaching each of the goals set throughout the research process. Among the main results it is notable that all of the members of the team obtained the recognition of Desirable Profile which the PRODEP awards, were registered in the organization as Academic Body in Formation and ascended to Academic Body in Consolidation in a period of three years. Among the main conclusions, the interest of the teacher and his generic competencies stand out, upon which with arduous work and commitment he is able to create or strengthen those which distinguish him as a researcher.

Instead of realizing an analysis about the concretions of the pedagogic and political discourses of interculturality, this paper provides guidelines to think about the possible antiracist functions that are producing some cultural and pedagogic logics of intercultural higher education in Mexico. This, in the field of the policies of identity. There is analyzed the link that has a group of young indigenous opposite to certain effects of the racism, from three cultural and pedagogic actions instituted in an indigenous university established in this region of Queretaro. These actions are: 1) Exercises of revitalization, recovery and rescue of the own culture; 2) Social practices of recognition of other diversities, and; 3) Actions of cultural activism from the community theatre. From information ethnographic and interviews with students, graduates and teachers of this university, it argues that, as part of his school culture, these actions allow to this sector of the youth ñöñho to construct social experiences that it them re-positions from new identity and subjective conditions opposite to the racism and the cultural discrimination. Before the analysis of these cultural and pedagogic actions, in the text, a brief historical review appears handle the link between racism, education and the production of the myth of the cultural inferiority of the indigenous peoples in Mexico.

This paper argues the racism remain for a long time in the government logics and politics apply to the indigenous populations, are currently. The racism roots blends with intercultural and human rights discourses, and came from the mixed-race superiority idea. We focus the attention on the popular referendum to 16 indigenous communities located on the central valley of Oaxaca. The referendum is carry out by the CONAGUA, and it began in 2015 as of today. We show among the indigenous communities and the government policies, arises international rights that becomes in a social and natural resources dispute.

One of the biggest problems in cities is the management and disposal of urban solid waste, since large volumes are generated and there is no separation at the generation points. The beginning of a solution to this problem is to separate the garbage from home into inorganic waste, organic waste and sanitary waste, to be then collected and given a subsequent treatment, seeking sustainable development in the community. In the present project we considered treating the fraction of organic solid waste (RSO) through a composting process with accelerated fermentation, with the help of bioreactors (closed system), which can reduce the composting time of four months (estimated average time of open-system composting) to less than two months. For the treatment of inorganic waste we considered implementing a separation system into different types: metals, plastics, paper and cardboard, glass, fabrics and hazardous waste; to then give them a pre-treatment (if necessary) for subsequent sale; in the case of hazardous waste, they should be confined to a sanitary landfill, with the rest of the unusable waste: dirt, rocks, construction waste, etc. In addition, we considered that sanitary waste (together with textile waste and non-recyclable plastics) could be burned in a solid boiler coupled to a turbogenerator for the production of electrical energy (necessary in the motors of motion transmission of the plant); however it was not feasible due to technical problems that are discussed below. With the support of the Arandas’ City Hall and the José Mario Molina Pasquel and Henríquez Technological Institute, Arandas campus, we were able to design, build and make the technical tests of a prototype of aerobic continuous bioreactor of accelerated fermentation. With the results obtained, the scaling of the pilot bioreactor equipment was carried out at the industrial level, according to the amount generated by RSO in the municipality of Arandas, and later, designing the treatment plant for organic waste. For the design of the inorganic solid waste plant, the different necessary equipment, their characteristics, capacity and cost were determined. In addition, we performed the pricing of the civil works required for the treatment plant and the installation of the electric power.

This paper aims to propose a methodological approach based on the theory of the commons and the complex socio-ecological systems, which is allowing the analysis of community-based tourism using their natural resources collectively. Tourism is increasingly greater presence in rural areas and although many tourism projects are improvised and poorly organized action, there are cases where it has established with some success. To get it, many times the self-governance that rural communities have collectively developed around natural resources could be a key factor. This document is intended as a methodological framework that aims to facilitate analysis of the factors that determine why certain communities achieve collective self-manage their natural resources in tourism, while others fail or stagnate.

The large corpus of works on migration, from different disciplines within the Social Sciences, provide data on the causes and consequences of the migration phenomenon that transcends national borders. However, it should be stated that the psychosocial, sociocultural and symbolic aspects of young immigrant children as well as their human rights have not been explored significantly neither in the past nor in present times. In regions with comprehensive immigration tradition elucidates many of the consequences of this problem, why, it becomes privileged field of sociological, anthropological, psychological and historiographical phenomenon of child experimentation sector in international migration. This preliminary work analyzes theoretical aspects on young children´s migration, provides official statistics on the topic as well as the reasons and the impact of such a phenomenon. Also, this paper informs the reader on children’s human rights in terms of migration policies. This work opens theoretical and methodological paths to reflect more on this vulnerable population in Guanajuato, Mexico.

This paper has as general purpose develop and implementation of a system that allows the generation of flight routes for a drone, the acquisition of geographic location information (GPS) during the flight and taking photographs of points of interest for creating georeferenced images, same that will be used to generate KML files (Keyhole Markup Language) for the representation of geographical data in three dimensions to be displayed on the Google Earth tool.

Currently there are being developed interesting applications in the area of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), applications that have relevance in the area of monitoring and inspection. This paper presents a web platform developed for real-time monitoring with the ability to host telemetry information for further analysis.

The expenses of Rent and Predial are indicators that show us if a family lives in a home of rent or own, and informs us about their level of well-being and security. International and national studies show an increase in the proportional expenditure of the aforementioned items as a result of remittances. This paper will analyze the effect of remittances on Rental and Predial expenditures in Mexico by income level, through the National Surveys of Household Income and Expenditure (ENIGH's) for 2012 and 2014, using Engel ́s Curve by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). It was found that the proportional expenses of Rent and Predial were reduced in the presence of remittances, with the exception of the last quintile of 2012. Proportional expenditure on Rent for households without remittances behaves as a lower good and for households with remittances as a normal good. Proportional spending in Predial for households with and without remittances behaved as a normal good.

This paper analyzes the role of prostitution and prostitutes, emphasizing the role played by the State and its multiple ways of regulating it for the good of society. At the end of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century, where their participation was related to one way or another in the reordering of public and private spaces, as well as social and cultural manifestations of society, they managed to turn into a of the main demands of the time and the spaces where the sale and purchase of sexual pleasure took place were high, whether in established or clandestine places. So the prostitute plays a negative role for the moral instilled during these times in society. Prostitution was constituted as a discriminated and enigmatized form of employment where prostitutes earn their living outside the home, so brothels, canteens, brothels or houses of tolerance, without neglecting also that street prostitution, are shown as an inverted mirror of the reality lived and the function intended by the social environment, being marginalized, excluded to the peripheries of cities or towns. In this work I managed to capture some of the aspects of social life, the presence of diseases and epidemics, as well as new ideas of health and medical.

Reflections about the witch are presented as a challenge that goes through different dimensions. The first is the inaccessibility to a figure that modern societies closed down. However, the Witch encouraged the everyday life of pre-modern societies and peripherical spaces to the central modernity, but the witch still in these spaces. This paradox framing the following discussion. How could pose a witch access to medieval times, without transgressing its rapporteur and impose conditions on it current possibility? The proposal here arises is to work the text of nineteenth-century French historian Jules Michelet as a semantic, where resources of a pre- modern memory, which, to the extent that defines the witch, defines the society in which it is played are played. This paper is not concerned if the witch was real or not, whether or not it was true. Here he retraces his attributes as practices realized veteroeurpea otherness of society, in this case, the exclusion rested with women, the devil, evil. This work is not conclusive, its function is to present a way of looking at the witch, wondering from a specific theoretical corpus: the analysis of memory from systems theory Niklas Luhmann can be formulated.

Students have different types of experiences that motivate or demotivate them while they are in the classroom. Teachers often do not know this kind of experiences which can affect school performance. In this paper, we show some of the good and bad experiences of a student when he is in a class. We present some results that help us to reflect on our teaching practice, our teaching methods and our interaction with students when we are in the classroom. This research was conducted using the qualitative research and focus group as technique.

The formation of life competences is the result of a quality education that prepares students to meet the challenges of a fast moving world where equality and equal opportunities should constitute premises of education; training them is a challenge teachers to assume new generations contribute actively to a better world. In Cuba are important research on the formation of communication competences and self-regulated learning in primary school. The paper shows the result of an investigation that provides a methodology for the formation of life competences in primary school education, used as an essential pathway research activity. The methodological approach of research has a quantitative approach and an explanatory scope to establish and make sense of understanding the causal relationship between the direction of research activity and training of life competences. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical-statistical, for characterizing the initial state, processing of results and analysis: research methods are used. The application of the methodology for the formation of life competences makes teachers lead the teaching-learning process with a research and transforming teaching concept, where the school is the protagonist of their learning and causes changes in their performances, which are evident in the formed competences related to effective and affective communication; the solution of problems related to life; the use of means in obtaining the knowledge and the expression of a behavior consistent with school and social demands. The effectiveness of the methodology confirms that there is a causal relationship between the direction of research activity by teachers and the formation of life competences in school.

The paper aims to present the results of the application of the methodology developed by the author, as a scientific result of his doctoral studies, aimed at the education of volitional qualities self control and perseverance, respect to teaching in primary school students. The evaluation of the methodology was carried out through a pretest and posttest pre-experiment with only one group, an intentional sample of two groups, one from third and one from fourth grade. Observation of teaching activities used and techniques designed to ascertain the level of knowledge, emotional bond and behavioral manifestations in primary school students in relation to volitional qualities in study. It was found, when analyzing the final results, positive changes in self-control and perseverance in the school sample, compared to the initial stage of the pre - experiment. These results were verified statistically by applying Spearman ́s rank correlation coefficient test and Wilcoxon ́s peer and allocated ranks, using SPSS.

The modern university has the mission of training of competent professionals, able to preserve, develop and promote the strengthening of cultural development of students and the community through academic, research and social work practice processes. This paper aims to present the results of Community action in the university context Career Early Childhood Education, to raise the cultural development of families. The intervention was designed according to three basic processes: planning, implementation, evaluation and control, and to ensure, as previous steps, the study programs of disciplines and subjects of the race, for determining the didactic treatment of the required content Community intervention from academic, scientific and practical work; of the main needs of the community and preparing students for the fulfillment of the tasks. The research was conducted with the application of a quasi-experiment Teaching and the use of theoretical, empirical (interview, observation, document analysis) and for the collection and statistical data processing methods. The comparison of results between the experimental and control groups before and after application of the Community intervention allowed to check their effectiveness from raising the cultural development of families in the experimental group, in the motivational-regulative dimensions, cognitive, attitudinal and communication. The essential differences in the results of each dimension not only differ significantly between the groups, but all of them is able to distinguish very well the cultural development of families applied after the intervention actions.

Teachers who currently use the traditional method teacher-centered learning, are having various difficulties with the new generations of students. New learning methods are required to allow students to focus more positive attitudes towards their learning. In this paper, we show how the evaluation and activities based on Active Learning and Gamification, can be an alternative to generate a more positive attitude of students and create a more friendly environment in the classroom. This research was conducted using the qualitative research and ethnographic method as technique.

The contemporary world demands an improvement in the training profiles of teachers in basic education, which must match the existing curriculum models. Therefore it is essential teacher training specialization fields as a way of theoretical preparation to realize in practice and effectively the existing curriculum. The aim of this paper is to argue the need and the benefits that would specialization of teachers by training fields, are some of the problems that are manifested in the current school education and no curriculum changes alone can eradicate, and They would argue the benefits of specialization of teachers to improve the quality of Mexican basic education.

This paper presents partial results of the dissertation enrolled in the Master of peace education and school life. It aims to analyze the family conflicts that significantly affect academic performance of students in higher secondary education. Since the paradigm of education for peace, through the ethnographic method aims to identify risk factors in family dynamics of new students.

Three conventions emerged from the Earth Summit of 1992 in order to counteract the world environmental crisis: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. This paper focuses on this latter, with the purpose of building links between desertification and gender. Firstly, both terms are defined in order to establish conceptual links between them. Various documents on gender equality of the United Nations are also discussed in order to analyze the efforts to mainstream gender into the Convention to Combat Desertification. It is concluded that this is the most advanced of the three, although a transition from lip service to concrete actions remains to be seen.

In this paper we reflect about acts of discrimination and violence in gender relationship in the university environment in the everyday life as tacit implications of the hidden gender curriculum. We try to distinguish the possibilities of generating gender interaction processes based on principles of effective equality. The theoretical contributions of this category are elements that guide to reflection. We used qualitative and quantitative methodology. Participants were students and teachers of human sciences at the Autonomous University of Tlaxcala. The findings highlight that in spite of “politically correct” answers in favor of the equality and non-discrimination, the practices of discrimination, violence and sexism are maintained. For change, teachers need to be made aware of discrimination of gender and must assume greater engagement and sensitivity.

This writing aims to highlight from an intersectional view the dynamic tension between structural violence suffered by migrant youth university groups in Chiapas and their agency capability. The paper shows social relations between students that are mediated by sociocultural agendas around sexuality and sexual reproductive health. Recommendations for analysis and attention to the violence arising from the findings are given; in addition, this article provides information on intercultural fields.

This paper studies the micro enterprises creation as unemployment solution, it ́s growth and impact at a national level. The hypothesis that holds the research affirms that there is growth in micro enterprises opening rate due to unemployment, increasing the activity at a national level. The methodology consisted of estimate a logistical model that allowed to confirm that there is a possitive relationship between the dependant variable and unemployment, due that marginal effects show that a discret change in unemployment increases the microenterprise ́s growht likelihood. Classification JEL: D22, L25, L26, L29.

This paper will present at first the peace impossible situation inside the elementary schools, with the reference records of daily field studies in secondary schools; subsequently propose cooperative games as an educational alternative to support peace comprehensive schools in the State of Mexico, analyzing the above from the perspective of methodology of latin peace studies.

This paper proposes the construction of citizenship and democracy in the cities of Eldorado in Culiacán municipality and Juan José Ríos in the Guasave municipality. In the processes, the following elements are present: the different social culture identities that it has built the citizens of rural communities and citizens who reside in main town of the municipality, feeling of injustice generated in largely of citizens by deficient municipality public service; and struggle for the extension and political rights. Analyzing the information provided by the social actors who have participated in these lawsuits is complemented.

This article aims to provide the school community, the necessary tools to view the conflict from the perspective of education for peace, as an axis of personal and institutional transformation and growth, also promote the ability to transform the conflict peaceful means. The methodology used in the construction of this paper focused on documentary research, using techniques of content analysis and the study of modern society, noting the presence of conflicts in the schools and according to the way it treats will transform or cause violence, this phenomenon raises the need to incorporate social action education system with a clear intention to allow transform the conflict from a continuous, systematic and ongoing process.

The aim of this paper is to show the behavior of the working conditions of the rural labor force of Mexico in the context of trade liberalization (1990-2010). Therefore, trends in agricultural and non-agricultural occupations are reviewed; salaried and non-salaried activities; labor income; and the main demographic characteristic of labor as age and schooling. The empirical analysis shows processing micro-data samples from the Census of Population and Housing 1990, 2000 and 2010. Among the major results in low growth of wage employment in rural contexts, both agricultural and non-agricultural activities is found. The female agricultural wage labor grew to early twenty-first century and later had a contraction at the end of the decade two thousand. Males still predominantly in farming, but it has increased its participation in the agricultural wage labor. Non-agricultural occupations increased in rural contexts. However, at the last moment of the study became more precarious, as the increased work on their own, with low levels of remuneration, this situation reflects the limited labor demand of labor. Therefore, in the context of trade liberalization, not salaried occupations increased steadily and continues with low levels of remuneration. The geographic region of residence enabled to distinguish differences in the working conditions of the rural population and occupied in time regional wage gap it is slightly shortened. The Northwest, North region were showing the highest levels of labor remuneration, in contrast, the South and Gulf regions were those that had the lowest wages.

This paper is an ethnographic research conducted at the High School Official no. 128 located in the municipality of Ecatepec, State of Mexico, from the perspective of intercultural, critic and decolonized peace education.Through surveys, interviews, observations and video characteristics of students and their families, student interactions, types of violence and conflicts, differences and tolerance to teaching practices about respect for diversity during the last ten years, are analyzed. The aim is to have theoretical and practical elements to generate teaching strategies that besides to be training, be contextualized and can be viable and decolonial, as well as aware of intercultural education for peace.

This paper corresponds the first theoretical and applied results in the thesis of the author and director, and aims to make a conceptual review of school education and its importance in society and the study of mathematics and as these are rejected and stigmatized. In turn, we study, how it manifests itself direct, structural and cultural violence in learning math to finally propose peace education as alternative in order to influence the rejection and stigma regarding mathematics, trying to improve their learning.

This paper illustrates the plot of the happenings that live in the school, proposing three elements as a structural part of the educational institution that enables peaceful or violent education from, power fluctuations, training and language. The thought of Castoriadis, Foucault, Jeager, are taken up as a central element to analyze events with the prospect of direct violence, cultural violence and structural violence. Also they intertwine elements from a qualitative design based on the ethnographic method, with the proposal to address the gap from the perspective of education for peace and harmonious coexistence in the Mexiquense education.

One might think that social life in indigenous communities is idyllic and live in community means being in harmony. This is no longer true. In recent years the Otomi Toluca Valley region has urbanized and thus acculturation processes affecting families and the community in general. One of these changes has been the presence of violence. The aim of this paper is to analyze how cultural values still have the Otomi communities can be used as a project of intercultural education for the promotion of peace and school life. This thesis is part of the “Manual peaceful school life for primary school teachers in intercultural contexts of the Otomi region of the municipality of Temoaya”.

At the intersection of the green movement and feminism struggles on the seventies, a new perspective that integrates both views arises: ecofeminism. This paper analyzes the bases that gave rise to the emergence of eco-feminist movement, its main tenets and keeping some contradictions regarding the general feminist approaches. I do not pretend to exhaust the discussion that the specialists are probably having about it. My intention is to provide an overall critical perspective that allows an approach to some of the basics that gave rise, while we observe its evolution, its progress, its setbacks and its contradictions.

In the present paper it is to characterize the assessment under the competency-based approach, to realize it was carried out a review of some texts, where they were finding the features that this model leads to its application in the classroom. It also seeks to mention those involved in it and what are its implications. A broad view is offered from several points of view: one is the position taken by those who produce the ideas from the government or official view through secretarial agreements and curriculum, but also displaying the position of other authors they have conducted research and writings concerning the exciting topic that is evaluation.

This paper analyzes from a gender perspective, the process of empowerment of indigenous women participating in the Health House "Manos Unidas", located in the Coastal- Mountainous region of Guerrero, Mexico. Research is based on the approach of Rowlands (1997) and focuses on the personal, collective and close relations dimensions in the fields of Leadership and Decision Making. The methodology is based on observation, interviews and accounts of those who were employed as promoters, midwives and/or coordinators in that organization, and living with a partner - Spouse under civil or religious or "cohabitation" Rituals. More than ten years of activities have passed and it is observed a process towards empowering women, who depends heavily on personal and individual experiences, their intervention in the organization and training support from the gender perspective.

Recently some regions in Mexico have been incorporated into international migration dynamic; however, the main objective in this paper is determined if young people are interested in international migration or continue to study, in a region which has been reached by the international migration process. Due to, we apply techniques like the pool and direct and personal interviews on a sample of farming high school students and residents of Cuacnopalan locality, in Palmar de Bravo municipality, Puebla. The results show that the main expectation is continue to study, for the half of the sample, in the short term; nevertheless, migration represents the only one option for young people in this rural space, because study is out of their reach and the few jobs in this kind of places don’t permit make a way of living.

This paper aims to explore and analyze the different roles and representations of women in the port of Mazatlan in the second half of the nineteenth century. To do this, their walk will be reviewed in various public and private spaces, the appreciations found in their actions, different opinions in different documents such as council, local and national press and literature, allow discursive approach outline son women located in different social strata during those years.

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) facilitates the modeling of specific information allowing faster, lower costs and accuracy for the planning of the agricultural activities for large territories. The objective for this paper was to use GIS as a support for the approach of the land use potential for the “Balsas Mezcala” watershed; for this purpose the multi criteria analysis was used, that allows to consider decision make issues with multiples objectives and considering the following criteria: geo-pedological (geomorphology and soil), climatology (thermal models and rainfall) and the edapho-climatological requirements of the crops, the “Balsas Mezcala” hydrological region was chosen as the study area; through cartographic material the area was delimited and climate information was obtained from weather stations, geographic information and the data bases was collected from many different government agencies (INEGI, SEMARNAT, CONABIO, CONAGUA, IMTA), such information was processed in the ArcGIS software version 10.2.2, to obtained the geodatabases and geo spatial matrix which served as a cartographic input for the multi criteria analysis. The result of this investigation is a system that from geo spatial matrix and vectorial data originates raster dataset, same that were submitted to a modeling process with geo statistical algorithms, with that from a structure language, identify the potential zones with the highest aptness level, through the variable attributes that assign a weighted value using the methodology proposed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1971 and taken by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for case studies since 1977 as an Agro-ecological Zoning System (AEZ). The result of the modeling of the soil aptness level in the watershed are 4 classes with 6 levels of aptness (very apt, apt, moderately apt, little apt, very little apt, unapt): Lands with irrigation potential, lands for basic crops, lands for vegetables growing, lands for growing species with industrial importance.

Agiabampo is a fishing community facing the lack of options for productive activities, which puts enormous pressure on natural resources. This paper aims to identify the areas with tourism potential through a participatory diagnosis to assess the relevance of such projects that contribute to sustainable development. It is located at coordinates 26 ° 21 'north latitude and 58''de 109 ° 08' 37 '' west longitude, down from 15 meters altitude. It is within the Ramsar site called "lagoon system Agiabampo-Bacorehuis-Rio Fuerte Old" also form part of the priority terrestrial region "Las Bocas" (RTP-21) and program CONABIO Areas of Importance for the Conservation of Birds (IBA), AICA 131 "Agiabampo". According to the rules of operation of CONAFOR (2009) for the tourist diagnosis proceeded to conduct the inventory and prioritization of natural and cultural resources, also five workshops with community residents and municipal authorities were carried out interviews semi structured with key players in the CONANP and three field trips to community guides. The identified natural attractions are the Horseshoe bay, cove San Lucas, Isla Bocanita Beach Baths, Bamocha Peninsula and Isle of ducks. The identified cultural appeal considered gastronomy, traditional medicine, crafts, customs and traditions. Two paths are proposed by the Laguna maritime lasts 3.5 hours, the Earth is Bamocha Peninsula lasting 3 hours. It is indisputable Agiabampo the potential to develop alternative tourism project due to its geographical location and natural and cultural attractions are there, allowing preserve and create jobs in the community.

This paper analyzes the way in which the State, through its agricultural policies, has influenced the changes and current characteristics of agriculture in the rural municipality of Ixtlán, Michoacán. It also discusses how the policies towards the Mexican countryside have been the architects in the transformation of rural life and, in turn, how these transformations were crucial to have established a phenomenon that now has implications in all areas of the life of the inhabitants of rural localities studied, such as the migration (which today is characterized by its high intensity) to United States. It would be difficult to understand the agricultural and migration dynamics in the region of study, but the policies are studied to the Mexican countryside that the State promoted since land distribution occurred, hence the importance of analysis. Township studio, located in the western region of Michoacán or, more precisely in the Michoacán Ciénega of Chapala is within this strategic regional enclave from where President Lazaro Cardenas initiated the agrarian distribution. Hence in this region after taking the long-awaited deal was also a place where he was promoted and boosted agricultural modernization with the strategies of the "green revolution". Both land distribution and agricultural modernization have been two moments or key events in the history of the town of Ixtlán that are taken in this work and we help to understand the productive dynamics of the region, but also migration and evolution.