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Using 10 years of satellite‐borne radar and lidar observations coupled with a novel method for automated occlusion identification, composite transects of cloud and precipitation across occluded thermal ridges of extratropical cyclones are, for the first time, constructed. These composites confirm that occluded sectors are characterized by the most extensive cloud cover and heaviest precipitation in any of the frontal regions of the cyclone. Hydrometeor frequency in occluded sectors is sensitive to the cyclone's ascent strength but not to the mean precipitable water in the cyclone's environment. This result is in contrast to the strong relationships between hydrometeor frequency and both precipitable water and ascent strength as previously reported in warm frontal regions. In both hemispheres, cloud and precipitation increase with the maximum value of the equivalent potential temperature at 700 hPa within the occluded thermal ridge, until a threshold is reached. For very large values of maximum equivalent potential temperature, hydrometeors become less frequent while precipitation rates increase. It is suggested that this conjunction is a by‐product of an increase in the frequency of convection in those instances. While in the Northern Hemisphere occluded sectors exhibit deeper and wider cloud structures than their Southern Hemisphere counterparts, their hydrometeor occurrence frequencies are less. The differences in maximum equivalent potential temperature of the thermal ridges in both hemispheres does not appear to explain the more frequent hydrometeors in the Southern Hemisphere. These relationships offer new perspectives on the interplay between cloud processes and cyclone evolution, as well as new observational constraints for process evaluation of Earth system models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schultz (2012) proposes that our previous arguments regarding the initiation of along-flow geostrophic cold air advection during the upper frontogenesis process are incomplete. The core of his criticism, and the motivation for his call to include additional diagnostic calculations, hinges upon the assertion that the vertical vorticity can rotate isentropes relative to isohypses. In this response we derive an expression for the rate of change of ∇ ϕ that demonstrates that vorticity rotates ∇ θ and ∇ ϕ equally, in accord with our original statement to that effect. The derived expression also provides motivation to propose a revision of our previous conceptual model, highlighting the role of deformation instead of vorticity in the differential rotation of ∇ θ relative to ∇ ϕ that can contribute to the initiation of along-flow geostrophic temperature advection. Finally, we present a four-year synoptic-climatology suggesting that upper frontogenesis over central North America is, in fact, biased toward environments characterized by northwesterly flow. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]