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Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by clinical symptom caused by high androgen level such as acne, hirsutism and irregular menstrual cycles. The cause of PCOS is unknown but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. The key elements in the patogenesis of this syndrome are insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. PCOS increases the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review is to describe the efficiency, safety and potential benefits of the ketogenic diet on the metabolic profile, hormonal balance and fertility in women with PCOS. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the databases such as Pubmed and Google Scholar. Results: The ketogenic diet focuses on reducing carbohydrate intake while proportionally increasing fat and protein consumption. This diet reduces insulin resistance and positively impacts Patients’ metabolic profile and hormonal balance. This contributes to improve fertility in women, who often experience difficulty conceiving. Conclusion: The results of the studies show that the ketogenic diet has a positive effect on metabolic profile and hormonal balance in Patients with PCOS. However, further research is needed in larger groups of Patients and over longer periods of time to evaluate whether it can become an effective form of therapy for PCOS Patients.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, plays a key role in regulating energy balance, metabolism, and inflammatory processes. Its impact on the cardiovascular system is dualistic: on one hand, leptin can contribute to the development of HFpEF by promoting inflammation and metabolic dysfunction; on the other hand, it may exert protective effects by reducing body weight and enhancing metabolic functions. This literature review examines current data on leptin's role in HFpEF, exploring both its detrimental and beneficial effects. The objective is to elucidate the mechanisms through which leptin influences the onset and progression of HFpEF, potentially guiding the development of more targeted therapeutic strategies.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THIS WORK Advanced age is a significant risk factor for the onset of cognitive decline. Nutritional interventions, including caloric restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), have garnered considerable attention for their potential neuroprotective effects. Emerging evidence suggests that these dietary approaches may attenuate age-related neurological deterioration. This review explores the mechanisms through which intermittent fasting may enhance cognitive function. METHODS AND MATERIALS For this review, we used the literature available in PubMed, searching the following keywords: “brain aging”, “cognition and diet”;”neuroprotection”;“caloric restriction”;“neuroplasticity”. The search results were limited to studies from 2005 to 2024, as well as key studies from earlier years. Authors took into consideration articles originally written in English. In the end, 25 articles were included in this review. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE In recent decades, advancements in medical science and increased public awareness regarding health-promoting behaviors have contributed to a rise in life expectancy, leading to a growing elderly population. Consequently, the role of modifiable factors, such as dietary patterns, is proven to be an important elements which contributes to delaying brain aging. CONCLUSIONS The review indicates the evidence supporting the positive effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on cognitive function remains lacking. Nonetheless, numerous promising mechanisms have been identified but in short-term studies, suggesting potential benefits in mitigating cognitive decline. These findings underscore the necessity for longitudinal studies to comprehensively evaluate the long-term effects of IF on cognitive health.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a very common health problem, which affects increasing number of women. The etiology involves multiple factors, especially ageing or increased abdominal pressure. It refers to the downward displacement of the pelvic organs and its protrusion. This condition can significantly affect the quality of life, causing urinary and fecal incontinence, sexual dysfunctions and self-consciousness. The examination includes both physical and imaging studies. Patients can be offered an observations, pessaries and surgeries, such as obliterative and reconstructive surgeries. A literature for this review was gathered on PubMed and Google Scholar, using keyword “pelvic organ prolapse”, combined with “epidemiology”, “pathophysiology”, “risk factors”, “symptoms”, “complications”, “treatment”, “surgery” and “pessaries”.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of sport-related concussions, highlighting the critical importance of understanding their mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Sport-related concussion is a frequent and complex pathology whose physiopathological mechanisms are not completely understood yet. Concussions, a subset of traumatic brain injuries, are prevalent in contact sports and pose significant risks to athletes' long-term health. The review covers the pathophysiology of concussions, emphasizing the biomechanical forces involved and the resultant neurological disruptions. Athletes seldom report concussive symptoms, which makes the diagnosis a challenge. Therefore, diagnostic challenges are explored, with a focus on clinical assessment tools, neuroimaging, and biomarkers. Additionally, the paper discusses current management strategies, including return-to-play protocols, and the role of education in concussion prevention. The review underscores the need for ongoing research to enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve treatment outcomes, and establish more effective prevention strategies, ultimately aiming to safeguard athletes' well-being.