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Introduction High mountain climbing has surged in popularity over the past few decades, attracting a diverse range of participants from professional athletes to even recreational enthusiasts, given that this sport has become commercial and more accessible. While high mountain climbing offers numerous mental and physical benefits, it also presents significant risks, among them one of the most dangerous is acute mountain sickness (AMS). Correct techniques of prevention are absolutely vital for the success of the expedition. To be able to read correctly the symptoms is essential for making the right decision during hike and knowing how to act once AMS occurs is necessary to ensure safety for all climbers. Aim of the study The purpose of this narrative is to comprehensively describe information about the prevention, symptoms and instructions concerning further procedure while dealing with acute mountain sickness (AMS). Materials and methods The methodology of the literature search involved using the keywords “acute mountain sickness” and adding terms such as “prevention”, “symptoms”, “diagnosis”, “risk factors” and “treatment”. The search terms were entered into the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The review works and clinical trials were taken into account. Conclusion Acute mountain climbing occurs above 2500 m. The most important aspects of prevention and treatment is controlled ascent, rapid diagnosis and instant initiation of treatment, meaning descent. The pharmacologic prophylaxis and therapy is not recommended in every case, all of the decisions must be taken individually according to severity of symptoms and general situation in the mountains.

Introduction Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of connective tissue disorders, the essence of which are abnormalities in the function of collagen. One type of EDS with an unknown genetic basis is the hypermobile form of EDS (hEDS). hEDS manifests mainly in musculoskeletal defects, as well as chronic pain. There is extremely high need to correctly diagnose and then correctly treat patients with hEDS. Initially conservative treatment is used, but if patients fail to achieve relief, surgical treatment is considered. Aim of the study The purpose of the authors was to gather all the information regarding hEDS in terms of surgical treatment. The authors focused mainly on finding the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods and also on collecting information on the indications for choosing the given surgical methods. Materials and methods The methodology of the literature search involved using the keywords: „hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome”, „shoulder instability”, „joint hypermobility”, „chronic pain” and „Latarjet”. The search terms were entered into the PubMed database. References include systematic reviews, but also clinical trials, as well as case reports. Conclusion Currently available literature does not offer enough information to undertake standardized management of patients with hEDS. Not only is there a lack of studies on groups of patients with hEDS, but also on large groups of patients without hEDS, making it impossible to choose the best method based on the available clinical trials. Moreover, through the lack of such studies, it becomes impossible to truly assess whether patients with hEDS have a higher rate of surgical failure and thus a higher risk of inappropriate management of a specific patient with hEDS.

Introduction Nicotine addiction poses a significant public health concern in Poland, exacerbated by smoking, e-cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. While tobacco companies claim their alternatives aid cessation, their vested interests warrant cautious scrutiny. This study examines tobacco harm reduction strategies. Aim of the Study This study examines IQOS tobacco heaters as a potential harm reduction alternative for smokers. Analyzing health data and regulatory findings, particularly from the FDA, it evaluates the effectiveness and public health impact of heated tobacco products within broader harm reduction strategies. Materials and Methods This study examined literature and data to assess IQOS and heated tobacco products' chemical and health risks. It analyzed findings to compare IQOS aerosol and cigarette smoke toxicant exposures, clarifying IQOS's nicotine profile and smoking cessation potential. Conclusion The findings indicate IQOS may reduce certain toxin exposures compared to cigarettes, but long-term health impacts are unclear. Further research is needed on IQOS's effects, including disease, addiction, and population-level consequences. Cautious regulation is warranted due to youth risks and ethical concerns surrounding nicotine alternatives.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect, characterized by the presence of two cusps of the valve instead of three. This defect leads to hemodynamic and morphological disturbances, potentially resulting in serious health complications. BAV often remains asymptomatic for a long time, with symptoms eventually arising from valve degeneration along with the remodeling of the heart and aortic root, which are consequences of the initial condition. The aim of this study is to compile information regarding the defect, current treatment options, and potential new therapeutic directions. The classical approach for treatment is surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), which involves replacing the abnormal valve with either a mechanical or biological prosthesis through access via sternotomy. Mechanical valves are characterized by their longer lifespan but require ongoing anticoagulant therapy, whereas biological valves do not necessitate anticoagulation, although they tend to have a shorter durability. An alternative to SAVR is minimally invasive transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), which offers a shorter recovery time but limited long-term durability data restricts its use in younger patients. Other treatment options include the Ross procedure and valvuloplasty procedures, which may serve as viable solutions for pediatric patients. Despite the availability of different treatment methods, the selection of an appropriate therapeutic strategy remains a challenge, as each option carries distinct benefits and risks. Patient education plays a crucial role in the decision-making process, helping to alleviate anxiety and improve treatment outcomes. Emerging fields such as medical bioengineering might offer promising solutions in the future for patients with BAV.