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We report on the results of about 9 months of gravimetric recordings acquired at Mt. Somma-Vesuvius (SV) volcano (Southern Italy) with the new generation relative gravimeter gPhoneX#116 (gPh#116), which is a gravimeter specifically designed for continuous gravity recording. We also present the outcomes of an intercomparison experiment of the gPhone#116 conducted at the J9 gravity observatory in Strasbourg (France). In this intercomparison, we were able to check the scale factor of the meter with a high degree of precision by means of an intercomparison with 2 superconducting gravimeters (SGs) and a FG5-type absolute ballistic gravimeter. Multiple calibration approaches allowed us to validate the manufacturer's original calibration constants to a level of 1% accuracy and 0.1% precision. Moreover, we carried out a comparative study of the noise level of the gPh#116 with respect to the SGs and other spring meters routinely used in both prospecting and time-lapse gravimetry. It turns out that gPh#116 exhibits lower levels at hourly time-scales than other compared spring gravimeters (Graviton, gPhone#054, Scintrex-CG5). It was also possible to carry out a detailed study of the instrumental drift, a crucial topic for reliable monitoring of the long-term gravity variations in active volcanic areas. In fact, a challenge in time-lapse gravimetry is the proper separation of the instrumental variations from real gravity changes eventually attributable to recharge or drainage processes of magma or fluids in the feeding systems of active volcanoes. A negative finding coming out from the intercomparison is that, even when applying the tilt correction, the gravimetric residuals obtained with the gPh#116 are an order of magnitude larger and quite inconsistent with those obtained with co-located superconducting gravimeters. We guess this problem could be overcome by installing the gravimeter on an auto-levelling platform. From the analysis of the gravity records, a reliable tidal gravity model was derived, which we believe will help to improve the accuracy of volcano monitoring, as it will allow appropriate correction of tidal effects for both relative and absolute gravity measurements acquired in the area. Two further interesting elements arose from our study: (1) a peculiar cavity effect of the SV underground laboratory that seems to influence the tilt change; (2) the small residual gravity signals are time correlated with the rainfall peaks and are compatible with gravity decreases induced by increases in soil moisture above the gravimeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of nearly one year of gravity recording acquired at the active caldera of Campi Flegrei (CFc). CFc is one of the three active volcanoes in the Neapolitan area (southern Italy) and is currently the most active one. In fact, the CFc is undergoing a period of unrest characterised by slow uplift of the ground, a peculiar phenomenon known worldwide as bradyseism, accompanied by seismicity and intense fumarolic emissions. Due to the increased intensity of the volcano dynamics, a permanent gravity station equipped with a gPhoneX spring gravimeter was installed to enhance the geodetic monitoring programmes. The purpose of the continuous recordings is to complement the time-lapse observations carried out periodically on networks of benchmarks, in order to continuously monitor the short-term gravity signals. We report on the various processing steps and analyses performed to obtain reliable parameters of the Earth's tides, non-tidal corrections and gravity residuals. The various methodologies employed to investigate the instrumental drift are also elucidated in depth, because it may masquerade the elusive gravity changes resulting from mass fluctuations within the volcanic and geothermal systems. Residual gravity signals, retrieved from the recordings, after reduction of body and ocean tides, polynomial drift, atmospheric, tilt and change of the Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) effects, appear to be uncorrelated with hydrology, while they show a clear correlation with the most energetic earthquakes, that strongly characterise the current bradyseismic crisis. The residual gravity signals display peculiar trends characterized by steps or offsets (up to about 600 nm/s2) and transients in coincidence of the most energetic volcano-tectonic events (Magnitude > 2.5) and seismic swarms. The steps in the gravity residuals are likely to be of instrumental origin, while the amplitudes of the observed transients are not consistent with co-seismic or volcanological phenomena, for which there is no evidence from other monitoring techniques. Unfortunately, the lack of repeated absolute gravity measurements severely limits our ability to attribute the observed gravity variations to geological sources. From the analysis of the gravity records, reliable tidal gravity models have been derived, which will improve the accuracy of volcano monitoring by allowing a precise reduction of tidal effects for both relative and absolute gravity measurements taken in these volcanic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GRACE/GRACE-FO satellites have observed large scale mass changes, contributing to the mass budget calculation of the hydro-and cryosphere. The scale of the observable mass changes must be in the order of 300 km or bigger to be resolved. Smaller scale glaciers and hydrologic basins significantly contribute to the closure of the water mass balance, but are not detected with the present spatial resolution of the satellite. The challenge of future satellite gravity missions is to fill this gap, providing higher temporal and spatial resolution. We assess the impact of a geodetic satellite mission carrying on board a cold atom interferometric gradiometer (MOCASS: Mass Observation with Cold Atom Sensors in Space) on the resolution of simulated geophysical phenomena, considering mass changes in the hydrosphere and cryosphere. Moreover, we consider mass redistributions due to seamounts and tectonic movements, belonging to the solid earth processes. The MOCASS type satellite is able to recover 50% smaller deglaciation rates over a mountain range as the High Mountains of Asia compared to GRACE, and to detect the mass of 60% of the cumulative number of glaciers, an improvement respect to GRACE which detects less than 20% in the same area. For seamounts a significantly smaller mass eruption could be detected with respect to GRACE, reaching a level of mass detection of a submarine basalt eruption of 1.6 109 m3. This mass corresponds to the eruption of Mount Saint Helens. The simulations demonstrate that a MOCASS type mission would significantly improve the resolution of mass changes respect to existing geodetic satellite missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]