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Objective: To synthesize the best available evidence on the relationship between the social determinants of health and health outcomes among adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Introduction: COVID‐19 has created widespread global transmission. Rapid increase in individuals infected with COVID‐19 prompted significant public health responses from governments globally. However, the social and economic impact on communities may leave some individuals more susceptible to the detrimental effects. Methods: A three‐step search strategy was used to find published and unpublished papers. Databases searched included: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. All identified citations were uploaded into Endnote X9, with duplicates removed. Methodological quality of eligible papers was assessed by two reviewers, with meta‐synthesis conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. Results: Fifteen papers were included. Three synthesized‐conclusions were established (a) Vulnerable populations groups, particularly those from a racial minority and those with low incomes, are more susceptible and have been disproportionately affected by COVID‐19 including mortality; (b) Gender inequalities and family violence have been exacerbated by COVID‐19, leading to diminished wellbeing among women; and (c) COVID‐19 is exacerbating existing social determinants of health through loss of employment/income, disparities in social class leading to lack of access to health care, housing instability, homelessness, and difficulties in physical distancing. Conclusion: Reflection on social and health policies implemented are necessary to ensure that the COVID‐19 pandemic does not exacerbate health inequalities into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To map the current evidence about the health concerns and the potential solutions related to the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. Design: A scoping review was applied. Papers published in English between 2012 and 2023 were included but non‐human research and sources without any related data were excluded. Data charting and extraction were used to map the current evidence. Results: The total of 36 papers were included with the total number of pilgrims of 17,075,887. The majority of studies were published in the Asia Pacific region (36.11%) as original articles (88.89%). The health concerns were grouped into five main aspects. There were 7603 deaths recorded or about 44 incidences of deaths per 100,000 pilgrims during the pilgrimage. There were recorded 11,018; 6178; 3393; and 17,810 cases for communicable diseases; non‐communicable diseases; injuries and trauma; and health services (i.e., cardiac catheterization) and vaccination, respectively. Conclusion: Relating to the five health concerns, this study identified the top seven issues in each category (i.e., hypertension, influenza vaccination), except for the death record. Moreover, there were three solutions (for general health, non‐ and communicable‐diseases) presented. Stakeholders could use this evidence to improve healthcare quality particularly related to the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the evidence on using family resilience as a concept in interventions by public health nurses/health visitors with families with children and young people as part of an evaluation of the evidence base for the Family Resilience Assessment Instrument and Tool (FRAIT). FRAIT was developed by University faculty with Health Visitors and a Community of Practice in Wales, and is used by Health Visitors in Wales with families with children under 5 years to assess family resilience. Method: A standard Cochrane Systematic Review methodology was used to review published literature. A protocol (crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID = 230845) was submitted to Prospero in September 2021, and reviewing began in January 2022. Title and abstract searching were undertaken 12 databases and results were captured using PRISMA and Excel spreadsheet. Second reviewers reviewed title and abstract screening, and full‐text extraction. Results: Initial title screening brought back 1350 papers across 12 databases. Titles and abstract screening reduced these to 106, 44 papers were considered for full‐text extraction, with 25 papers included for review. Discussion: Results demonstrated a focus on specific demographics, and use of family resilience with families living with specific health problems. Existing family resilience scales showed improved results in selected specific demographic groups, albeit in a reactive way. FRAIT has originality within the literature as it is used in a universal, preventative way with all families regardless of demographic or health issues. There is evidence to show that using a family resilience program in this way has originality and implications for the physical and mental health of children and young people. No patient or public contribution: This was a systematic review of existing literature so public or patient contribution would not have been appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against women (VAW) worsened globally during the Covid‐19 pandemic lockdowns. For example, a woman in France was killed every 3 days during lockdown. At the same time in South Africa, a woman was killed every 3 h. This paper presents and analyzes the risk factors that have worsened during the Covid‐19 pandemic lockdowns and the subsequent economic consequences of mitigation policies. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to conduct a critical review of international extant literature regarding government policies related to VAW since the beginning of the worldwide Covid‐19 pandemic lockdowns that began in early 2020, and (b) to suggest opportunities for nurses to influence health policy development and social norms related to VAW. Thematic synthesis of the findings present interventions that helped to mitigate VAW during Covid‐19 and is followed by a discussion of findings in relation to social determinants of health and human rights. A gender‐based policy approach that focuses on the human right to be free of all forms of violence must be a leading strategy as governments reallocate resources and rebuild economies in the wake of this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this integrative review is to examine recent literature on the intersection of SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19 novel coronavirus) and climate change that will lead to a greater understanding of the complexities of the urgent pandemic linked with the emerging climate crisis. A literature search for peer‐reviewed, English language, literature published since the pandemic emerged was conducted using Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. The final sample yielded a total of 22 commentaries, editorials, discussion papers, and a research study that explicitly addressed the intersection of COVID‐19 and climate change. Sixty articles emerged in the initial review of the intersection of the COVID‐19 pandemic and climate change with the final yield of 22 articles deemed valid for inclusion after full text review. With the emergence of COVID‐19 and scholarly discourse that addresses the intersection of the pandemic with climate change, key issues emerged that intersect with policy /advocacy, social justice, and nursing's public health role in clinical practice, education, policy/advocacy, and research/scholarship. Five themes that emerged included the role of public health in COVID‐19 and climate change efforts; global approach addressing human‐environment issues; intersection of COVID‐19 and climate change from a community and global perspective; impacts of COVID‐19, climate change and the environment and professional associations and specialty organizations' views and responsibilities with a lens on COVID‐19 and climate change. Despite the importance of addressing racial inequities as well as systemic and structural racism that impacts those most affected by climate change and pandemics such as COVID‐19, no literature addressed this topic. Public health nursing has a critical role in addressing climate change and the pandemic response to COVID 19 in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Some interventions have been developed and tested to reduce high risk sexual behaviors among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men (MSM). The purpose of this paper is to critically appraise published interventions designed to reduce high risk sexual behaviors among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and MSM. Design/sample/measurement: A critical appraisal of published interventions designed to reduce high risk sexual behaviors among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and MSM was conducted. Using guidelines established by the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence‐Based Practice Rating Scale published research articles were categorized and evaluated using these guidelines. Results: The critical appraisal identified nine intervention studies that met all inclusion criteria. The critical appraisal of these interventions highlighted strengths and weaknesses of these interventions which should be considered when developing future interventions to decrease high risk sexual practices among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and MSM. Conclusion: While several interventions have been created to specifically address HIV infection among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and MSM, these interventions were varied. Suggestions for future intervention development to decrease high risk sexual behaviors among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and MSM based on the findings of the critical appraisal of the literature are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) families with young children are less likely to seek out healthcare services in comparison with the mainstream population. A lack of appropriate access and engagement with public health nursing (PHN) service contributes to major health disparities for CALD mothers. Aim: To describe and synthesize the available literature on the factors that promote or hinder CALD mothers' access to and engagement with PHN services and in particular sustained nurse home‐visiting (SNHV) programs. This paper identifies gaps and new areas of needed research inquiry to support best provision of PHN for CALD mothers. Method: A narrative review of the literature was conducted. Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus with year of publication between 2000 and 2020. Results: Of 463 total articles, 12 met inclusion criteria. The key barriers and facilitators identified were grouped in three major themes. These include mother‐related issues, experiences with interpreters, and program and program delivery related issues. Discussion: The review demonstrates that CALD mothers with limited English proficiency (LEP) are experiencing multiple challenges in accessing and engaging with PHN and SNHV services. More research is needed to understand nurse‐mother‐interpreter relationships and policy and practice issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this integrative literature review is to document and synthesize the available evidence on school nurse asthma care coordination challenges and explain the components of asthma care coordination/case management at schools. Design: The Whittemore and Knafl guidelines were followed for this integrative literature review. Sample: Twelve diverse primary sources—one qualitative study, eight quantitative studies, and three mixed‐method studies—were used for the review. Measurements: Data were analyzed using the matrix method. Results: A total of 12 papers met the inclusion criteria. The initial group categorization was based on variables, patterns, and conceptual classification. Results were divided into two categorizations of asthma care coordination program components and asthma care coordination challenges at schools; subthemes were identified under the categorizations. Conclusions: The results showed that care coordination was key for students with chronic diseases including asthma. Asthma care coordination has many challenges, but school nurses can drive effective asthma care by including the essential components of care coordination. Successful asthma care coordination may prevent health care fragmentation, emergency room visits, hospitalization, and school absenteeism, and can increase asthma knowledge and the quality of life for students and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nurses are well positioned to play an integral role in the mitigation of climate change and climate‐driven vector‐borne diseases, however, they lack awareness and knowledge about their role. The purpose of this scoping review was to map existing literature on nurses' perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with vector‐borne diseases, specifically Lyme disease and West Nile virus. Design: A scoping review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology. CINAHL, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Premium, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and Web of Science were searched for English‐language publications. The PRISMA‐ScR was used. After initial screening as per study protocol, a total of 33 items were reviewed independently by four reviewers. Results: Thirty‐three articles, including seven sources from grey literature, met the criteria for this scoping review. Results were mapped according to the five domains of the Guidelines for Undergraduate Nursing Education on Climate‐Driven Vector‐Borne Diseases. Conclusions: Findings from the review indicate that nurses play a role in climate‐related health effects and should be knowledgeable about vector‐borne diseases. However, scant literature exists on nurses' knowledge, perceptions, attitudes toward vector‐borne diseases, and practice readiness, signifying a need for further research on this emerging topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The coordination and integration of health care is compromised by complex challenges related to transitions between care settings, greater prevalence of chronic health conditions, and older individuals with increasing levels of dependency. Transitional care incorporates a broad range of services designed to provide care continuity. This systematic review aims to synthesize and present findings regarding the relevance of transitional care interventions to community nursing. Design and Sample A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted as part of a larger review to identify evidence-based interventions to support a model to guide nursing and midwifery in the community in Ireland. All relevant empirical studies published in English between 2010 and 2015 were included. Measures Studies were assessed based on inclusion criteria. The Cochrane Risk of Bias and AMSTAR tools were used to assess the methodological quality of studies. Key themes and concepts were extracted and synthesized. Results Transitional care interventions had significant positive effects in reducing all-cause readmissions, mortality, and heart failure-related rehospitalizations. Conclusion Effective transitional care requires excellent communication between acute and primary care providers. This has implications for integration and organization of care across settings and nursing competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since 2010, more than 527,000 refugees have resettled in the United States (US), most from Asia, fleeing war, violence, and persecution. However, there is little research that integrates findings about health among Southeast Asian refugees (SEAR). Design: We conducted an integrative review of studies that examined health status, risk factors, and barriers to healthcare access among SEAR in the US. We synthesized findings of studies published from 1980, when the Refugee Act was enacted, to 2022 using five databases. We reviewed 20 articles and data were extracted into a table for synthesis. Results: Participants were from Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Burma and the Thailand‐Myanmar border. Hypertension (12%–64%), hypercholesterolemia (37%–39%), diabetes (0.6%–27%), heart disease (7%), bone and muscle problems (23%–50%), and chronic pain (8%–51%) were most common physical health problems; and PTSD (45%–86%) and depression (20%–80%) were the most common mental health problems. Trauma, resettlement stress, lack of community or religious engagement were associated with mental health problems. Language differences, transportation, and lack of health insurance were the most significant obstacles to receiving healthcare. Conclusion: SEAR experienced worse physical and mental health than the general US population. Different patterns of disease were identified depending on gender, time settled in the US, and ethnic group. Qualitative and longitudinal studies will elucidate refugees' experience and should guide interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social distance practices are crucial for outpatient clinics during disease outbreaks and are an effective preventive measure for reducing influenza transmission during such pandemics in people with poor health. Methods: This study applies an evidence‐based practice (EBP) approach to confirm the effectiveness of social distancing in healthy individuals during an influenza pandemic and employs the induced ordered weighted averaging model to confirm the effectiveness of EBP. The study design, validity, reliability, results, and generalizability focused on discussing three systematic reviews and two cohort studies via the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). First, by introducing the patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) question; second, by establishing the five steps of EBP; third, by utilizing the CASP checklist for the appraisal; and finally, by presenting a conclusion. Results: According to the hierarchy of evidence, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses retrieved five articles for addressing the PICO question. All the evidence demonstrates that social distancing is valuable during influenza pandemics among non‐infected individuals. Precise, timely, and robust social distancing implementation can reduce the spread of infection, delay the epidemic peak, and ease the pressure on healthcare resources. Gatekeepers are responsible for guiding individuals through the implementation process for reducing influenza transmission, particularly in densely populated areas. Conclusions: Social distance is crucial for outpatient clinics during an epidemic and effectively reduces the spread of infection, delay epidemic peaks, and eases pressure on healthcare resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the existing global literature examining the relationship between altitude and suicide. Method: Using the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsychInfo published articles in English that addressed the relationship between altitude and suicide as a primary or secondary aim, and included human subjects, where identified. Studies were assessed for quality based on methodological approach and data relevance on a three-point scale (strong, moderate, or weak). Results: Of the 19 studies related to the purpose and aims, 17 reported evidence of a positive correlation between altitude and increased suicide. Vast design differences were employed within the literature, individual-level suicide data was identified as the preferred level of analysis. Discussion: The relationship between altitude and suicide is an evolving science with a small but growing body of literature suggesting altitude is associated with an increased risk of suicide. This review identifies the need for additional studies examining both individual-level suicide data and improving geographic precision. Public health nurses have a responsibility to carefully examine the quality of studies and the strength of the evidence when addressing variables associated with suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies analyze the medication errors in the hospital setting, but the literature involving the home care setting seems scarce. The aim of this study is to identify the main risk factors that affect the genesis of medication errors and the possible solutions to reduce the phenomenon in the home care setting. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The critical analysis of the literature shows that medication errors in home care occur mainly during transitional care. The main risk factors related to transitional care are poor interprofessional communication, lack of a standardized process for medication reconciliation, the widespread use of computerized tools, and the inadequate integration of the pharmacist into the care team. The strategies to reduce the risk of errors from therapy at home are the implementation of the pharmacist in the health team to ensure accurate medication reconciliation and the use of computerized tools to improve communication between professionals and to reduce the dispersion of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this integrative review was to explore how adolescents and young adults used the social determinant of the built environment, specifically greenspace, as a potential point of intervention to address overall well‐being, specifically mental health symptoms. Method: The approach used strategies described by Whittemore and Knafl. Peer‐reviewed, published research articles in English were identified using electronic databases CINAHL, PubMed, and EMBASE. Seventeen research reports using qualitative or quantitative methods with adolescents and young adults. Each article was evaluated for quality using a critical appraisal tool by Hawker et al. Data were analyzed and then synthesized using the Matrix Method. Findings: Three themes related to the purpose and aims were extracted: elements of greenspace, activity variation, and amenities. All themes shared a common element of quality, which influenced the perception of safety and greenspace use. Discussion: The science of urban greenspace and adolescent‐young adult well‐being is still relatively new. Public health nurses can incorporate social determinants of health, such as the built environment in research, to understand how greenspace is to be used as an alternative health strategy to possibly reduce mental health symptoms and improve well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An often under addressed and tragic legacy of genocide is the conception of children from rape. While the experience has been documented from their mothers' perspective, the perspectives and needs of individuals born of genocidal rape has been under‐studied. Methods: We conducted an integrative review of all peer‐reviewed articles that reported on studies conducted among individuals born of genocidal rape published through 2020. We used an inductive process to identify and describe the themes from those studies. Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Ten articles reported on youth born of genocidal rape in Rwanda aged between 16 and 21 years, and two articles represented the perspective of adolescents in the former Yugoslavia aged 1416 years. Four themes were indentified: (1) birth origin stories associated with the crime of the father, (2) fractured sense of belonging to the victim‐mother, perpetrator‐father, their families, and the community at large, (3) intergenerational legacy of trauma and family identity, and (4) strategies to move forward including knowing the truth about one's origin, mental health, and peer support. Conclusion: These findings suggest that understanding increased risk of adverse health outcomes of youth born of genocidal rape could inform the design of evidence‐based interventions for these and similar populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inequities in maternal mortality in the United States are a form of structural violence against Black women. The concept of reproductive justice has been employed in the social sciences for almost 30 years, yet nursing has been slow to adopt this concept in promoting maternal‐child health. Objective: To analyze the concept of reproductive justice as used in peer‐reviewed publications with the aim of reframing black maternal health in public health nursing scholarship, research, practice, and advocacy. Design: We conducted a systematic review of the social science literature. We analyzed selected articles though a principle‐based concept analysis focusing on epistemological, pragmatic, linguistic, and logical principles. Sample: Eight articles were selected from a pool of 377. Results: Race was identified as a source of power for understanding reproductive justice through individual knowledge, collective knowledge, and praxis. Pragmatically, reproductive justice is a social justice‐oriented platform that bridges the pro‐choice/pro‐life divide; aids coalition building; and promotes inclusion. Linguistically, the concept is distinct from both reproductive health and reproductive rights. Reproductive justice is logically situated within intersectionality theory and the cumulative embodiment of oppressions Black women experience based on race, class, and gender. Conclusion: Reproductive justice reframes public health nursing actions for Black women by focusing on uncovering systems of oppression, recognizing past historical injustices, and advancing cultural safety in health promotion. Multilevel interventions are needed to simultaneously address these injustices particularly in the areas of preconception health, maternal health, infant and child health, and Black family well‐being across the reproductive lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While cervical cancer is a major cause of mortality, its progress and survival rate can be improved through screening. Yet despite their wide availability, women's participation in cervical cancer screening (CCS) programs is often suboptimal, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Besides demographic and organizational characteristics, screening uptake is influenced by psychological factors, most of which are included in health behavior theories. This systematic review compared different health behavior theories in terms of their capacity to explain CCS uptake and inform CCS promotion campaigns. Methods: A comprehensive search and analysis of published intervention and non‐intervention (observational) studies that applied at least one health behavior theory to CCS participation. Results: After quality screening, 48 observational and 21 intervention studies were identified that applied the Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Transtheoretical model (TTM), Social‐ecological Model (SEM), and/or Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) to CCS. The HBM was most frequently used to explain behavior, whereas the TPB was better at explaining screening intentions. Tailored intervention studies focusing on all theoretical constructs were most effective in modifying perceptions and increasing CCS uptake. Conclusions: Despite their inconsistent use, health behavior theories can explain CCS intentions and behavior and contribute to the development of targeted interventions to promote screening uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Falls among older people are preventable through exercise‐based programs. However, scientific evidence must be translated into practice to support professionals who implement such programs. Aim: This study aimed to identify physical exercise interventions for fall prevention and to determine the best practice for implementing them in local community‐dwelling older adults. Method: We used a narrative synthesis method to produce Effective, Sustainable, and Transferable Preventive Interventions. We reviewed guidelines, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials (RCT) to find the best evidence supporting physical exercises to prevent falls, followed by discussing the evidence with clinical experts to evaluate the best strategy for implementing them into the local context. These steps resulted in the development of a user manual. Results: We included two guidelines, one systematic review with a meta‐analysis, and one RCT. The developed draft manual includes activities, methods, infrastructural resources, human capital, stakeholders, frequency, and duration of the intervention, information, and educational materials, and implementation models. Our discussion of the intervention with a panel of experts considered resources, barriers, and similar experiences to ensure effectiveness and economic, social, and time sustainability. Conclusion: The developed manual could be implemented in the local context and adapted to the needs of the population while considering available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study synthesized current research on the relationships between type of insurance and emergency department usage for children with asthma in the United States. Thematic analysis is in the context of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). A systematic mapping review yielded 20 articles published in the last 10 years on topics of insurance, emergency department usage, and pediatric asthma. Analysis indicates continued trends of increased emergency department use among asthmatic children since enactment of the ACA, running counter to the goal of fiscal efficiency for the healthcare system and reduction of health inequities. Barriers to care persist, particularly among communities of color, despite provisions to improve access to primary and preventive care. Inadequate access to primary care is associated with poor adherence among asthmatic children with public insurance. Those with health insurance through their parents' employer experience barriers due to cost‐sharing expenses. This leads to increased asthma severity and low medication adherence, resulting in the need for emergency care. A disconnect between increased health insurance coverage and utilization of primary care in some populations implies unmet service needs that warrant further investigation. Findings inform policymakers and public health leaders of persistent health inequities resulting in preventable emergency department usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore factors associated with the impact of COVID‐19 on the Latinx population, a Scoping Review of literature was undertaken. Design: A systematic review was conducted utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis Scoping Review (PRISMA ScR) guidelines. A search of databases PubMed, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO was conducted and included studies through November 23, 2020. Sample: Selected articles were limited to English language, included population data from the US, were specific to the topic of COVID‐19, Latinx community findings significantly addressed, and added significant information to the developing narrative not covered elsewhere. Results: Sixteen studies in the final selection included meta‐analyses, community‐based assessments, and electronic health records reviews of hospital systems and local/state/national public databases. This review describes the prevalence of COVID‐19 in the Latinx population, social factors related to disease burden, and the economic implications and disproportionality of COVID‐19. Conclusions: The impact of COVID‐19 on the Latinx population is multi‐factorial. More research is needed to examine each of these factors in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The mandate of the United Nations Relief and Work Agency in the Near East (UNRWA) includes education and health services of registered Palestinian refugees in Jordan and other countries. UNRWA is facing limited funding because of unstable political circumstances. This review aims to spotlight the importance of UNRWA's role in promoting Palestinian refugees' health inside and outside camps in Jordan. Method: This systematic review was conducted through iteratively searching electronic research databases for original, recent, full‐text literature regarding the health and social outcomes of Palestinian refugees in Jordan. Results: The 12 reviewed studies showed that UNRWA's programs through its clinics and schools have a crucial role in improving Palestinian refugees' health outcomes such as adolescents' cigarette smoking prevalence, infant mortality, non‐communicable disease management, health‐related quality of life, mental/psychological health services, and reproductive health. Access to UNRWA's health services may account for better or comparable health outcomes among Palestinian refugees. Conclusion: Despite the short funding and political pressures, UNRWA has provided aid and services to Palestinian refugees inside and outside refugee camps in Jordan. UNRWA's role is crucial in maintaining decent health outcomes in this vulnerable, underserved population. The further limiting of UNRWA funding may jeopardize the health of millions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with mental illnesses (MI) benefit from incentives to promote tobacco cessation. "Quit and Win" contests are community‐based approaches that incentivize cessation. However, little is known about "Quit and Win" contest effectiveness among people with MI. Aim: To examine the utility of "Quit and Win" contests among people with MI. Method: This study had two phases: (a) a systematic literature review to explore the potential effectiveness of "Quit and Win" contests for people with MI and (b) a pilot feasibility study of implementing a "Quit and Win" contest among people with MI from a community mental health program (CMHP). Results: In phase 1, no reviewed study specifically included people with MI in their sample. Of the four cohort and five randomized controlled studies in the review, the mean reported participant quit rates at the end of "Quit and Win" contests were 76.8% and 28.3%, respectively. In phase 2, within a CMHP, four out of seven participants completed a "Quit and Win" contest, and one individual achieved cessation. Conclusion: People with MI may benefit from incentive‐based tobacco cessation programs. Implementing a "Quit and Win" contests within a CMHP is important and requires more studies to determine feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Home and environmental hazards modification for fall prevention among the elderly. Topics discussed include Older adults lose autonomy (Milat et al., 2011), experience a decrease in quality of life, and have increased nursing home admissions; and research has long shown that home assessment and modification is an effective intervention to prevent falls and fall-related injuries.

Objective: To describe types of strategic actions nurses take to promote environmental justice (EJ) through research, education, advocacy, and practice (REAP) reported in peer‐reviewed literature. Design and Sample: A scoping review of literature was conducted that described EJ nursing strategies and included nurses listed as authors, subjects, partners, or organizational members. The sample consisted of 35 articles, representing 24 primary research studies and 11 nonresearch articles. Data were separately analyzed by research and nonresearch articles for a clearer understanding of evidence‐based strategies within domains of REAP. Results: Articles in the sample highlighted the importance of authentic community partnership and represented diversity of nursing strategies that addressed a range of environmental exposures and subsequent health and racial inequities. Climate justice, a concept that emerged from the EJ movement and intersects with planetary health, is a recent focus in professional nursing. Conclusions: This scoping review establishes an understanding of the extent of nursing knowledge and research in EJ and lays the groundwork for further research on effective EJ nursing strategies. Community‐Based Participatory Research/Participatory Action Research methods are fundamental for EJ research, and further theoretical development is needed to guide evaluation of EJ nursing strategies for education, advocacy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To synthesize the best available qualitative evidence on the perceptions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (hereafter, respectfully referred to as Indigenous Australians) toward participation in cardiovascular primary prevention programs. Background: In 2017, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of premature mortality in Indigenous Australians, accounting for 11.5% of all deaths. Health risk behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and obesity largely contribute to this burden of disease. Methods: A search using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, MedNar, ProQuest and Index to Theses for published and unpublished studies was conducted in January 2020. The methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Data extraction and meta‐aggregation were conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. Results: Eleven studies were included. Three synthesized findings were developed (a) social and community support affect participants' experiences of prevention programs; (b) structural drivers and social determinants influence Indigenous Australians experiences and participation in prevention programs and health risk behavioral change; and (c) a personal desire to change behaviors and participate in prevention programs requires development of knowledge regarding healthy lifestyles and creation of new social norms. Conclusions: Indigenous Australians participation in primary prevention for cardiovascular risk factors and adoption of a healthy lifestyle are influenced by social support, social determinants, and personal desire. Future programs need to tackle the structural drivers and facilitate a supportive environment to assist in health risk behavior change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Race is a barrier and source of inequality affecting ethnic minorities in nursing practice and education. Purpose: This integrative review study aimed to determine whether racism and institutionalized racism are explicitly named in the titles and abstracts of peer‐reviewed publications on nursing education, leadership, and the nursing profession, and to explore the depth of discussion of racialized concepts in peer‐reviewed nursing literature. Method: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review approach was used to review 23 studies published in nursing journals published from 2008 to 2020. Findings: Four themes were extracted: the context of racism discussions in the literature; consequences of experiences of racism; emotional and physical effects of racism on nurses and students of color; and scholars' recommendations. Discussion: Nursing must start to openly acknowledge the issue of racism within the profession, and to address it by providing safe spaces for authentic dialogue in academic and practice settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine methods and results of studies assessing self‐collection of cervico‐vaginal samples for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing by immigrant women for insights into how future research using this method with unique subpopulations of women may improve the rates of cervical cancer screening (CCS) compared to current strategies. Data Sources: Four electronic databases were systematically searched through March 2020, with no limits applied. A manual review of reference lists was also completed. Study Selection: The search resulted in 63 articles. After removal of duplicates, 36 were reviewed against inclusion criteria. A manual review of reference lists yielded two additional studies. The final sample included 15 relevant publications representing 13 unique empirical studies. Data Extraction: Data related to study methodology and empirical results were extracted into table form. Data Synthesis: The methods of the studies were summarized and synthesized, including diversity of participants, community engagement, including collaboration with public health nurses or community health workers. In addition, methods and findings related to the educational components of the studies, and empirical findings related to various cultural groups, were described. Conclusion: To reduce health disparities in CCS, researchers should focus on diverse groups, such as immigrant women, to understand important individual and group‐specific factors that may influence screening, including whether self‐collection of samples for HPV testing along with appropriate education and support for follow‐up will address these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization declared 2020 the Year of the Nurse and the Midwife well before the world was plunged into a pandemic response to SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19). Worldwide, nurses are advancing critical research and policy efforts to achieve all 17 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Nursing is best positioned to ask and answer how to achieve the SDGs over the next decade, and in this COVID‐19 era. In this article, we summarize the state of the nursing and midwifery literature about the SDGs. Twenty‐four publications met criteria for inclusion, with nearly half published in 2019. Findings emphasize a need for: (a) nursing curricula and training revisions to include SDG content and strengthen development of a future nursing workforce comprised of global citizens; (b) innovative and disruptive nursing research documenting advances toward achieving the SDG 2030 agenda; (c) nursing practice that operates within a SDG framework; and (d) responsive and proactive nursing policy development that foresees what is needed to achieve the SDGs. When the urgency of COVID‐19 response subsides, the world will adjust to a new normal and nursing must be positioned to lead and contribute to micro‐ and macro‐level efforts toward achieving the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenness such as trees, plants, and shrubs may positively influence mental and physical health, but the relationship between greenness and asthma is poorly understood. Because asthma is the most prevalent child respiratory disease internationally, elucidating the role of greenness may substantially benefit public health. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize findings related to effects of greenness on asthma in children. Following PRISMA guidelines, six databases were searched for international publication of primary research results relevant to the relationship between greenness and child asthma. Of 82 initial results, seven articles remained after removal of duplicates and applying exclusion criteria. Six reported no direct association between greenness and child asthma, while one found increased greenness protective for asthma. None found a negative direct association between greenness and child asthma. Evidence supported benefits of greenness on child asthma through mediation of factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, high traffic volume, and difficult family relationships. Even without a direct association, greenness can be considered a public health asset as it may mediate other factors contributing to asthma in children. Public health nurses can use these findings to educate clients and partners while advocating for policies to protect greenness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review of literature include: (a) describe the intervention strategies; (b) examine the outcomes as they pertain to the child (individual level), families (interpersonal level), and community or culture (organizational level); and (c) develop a foundation of interventional approaches that specifically target obesogenic behaviors in Hispanic preschool‐aged children. Design: A systematic review of literature was performed. The theoretical framework was the Socioecological Model. Sample: Twenty‐four total articles were used for this review. Measurements: The method used was the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Results: Of the 24 studies reviewed, 36% focused on the individual, 56% were interpersonal (focused on parents), and 9% focused on the organizational level. Conclusion: Interventions that are culturally competent, directed at families, and include healthy dietary intake along with a physical activity component are most effective at lowering obesity in Hispanic preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of mobile phone intervention in promoting a healthy lifestyle among adolescents. Methods: Six databases were used for literature searches: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, KoreaMed, and Research Information Sharing Service. The keywords used were "adolescents," "mobile phone," "smartphone," "mHealth," "application," and "text message." The search was restricted to intervention studies using randomized controlled studies and pre‐ and post‐control group studies targeting adolescents, all written in English and Korean. Results: Eleven intervention studies, including 1,472 adolescents, were included. Included studies published between 2013 and 2018 used various mobile phone features: four studies utilized phone call and text messaging, whereas seven studies used health applications. Methodological quality was assessed and the overall quality of the studies was mid to low. The pooled data favored intervention in improving physical activity and reducing sugar‐sweetened beverage intake and screen time. In a pooled data analysis, the effectiveness of mobile phone intervention on body mass index and weight loss was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study provided evidence that mobile phone intervention improved physical health and fitness among adolescents. More beneficial effects can be guaranteed when interventions involve informative and motivational messages. Strategies to ensure the durability of such interventions are needed to promote active and continuous engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this scoping review was to determine the extent and focus of published environmental health nursing research. Design and Sample: The search was limited to peer reviewed, English‐language environmental health nursing research with at least one nursing author, published between 1995 and 2015 in a nursing journal, and catalogued in CINAHL. Results: Publication of the 548 identified articles occurred in 118 different nursing journals. Annual number of publications increased from nine articles in 1995 to 50 in 2013 and 2014. Most (63%) of the studies occurred in the Unnited States; the remaining studies took place in 33 other countries. Three primary focus areas were identified: disasters/disaster preparedness, occupational health, and the home environment. Other focus areas included environmental exposures, environmental risk perception, secondhand smoke, and environmental health education. The primary populations studied were nurses/nursing students (40%) and adults (26%). Most common research designs employed were cross‐sectional (42%) and qualitative methods (20%). Conclusions: Findings from this scoping review support a global expansion of published environmental health nursing research addressing a variety of environmental health topics. Additional studies are needed that use more complex research methods and address timely topics such as climate change and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The purpose of this realist review was to examine PHN interventions and their outcomes during the period preceding the Affordable Care Act (1990-2010), to determine what types of interventions demonstrated effectiveness, and whether these were related to target population or setting. Design and Sample The review focused on PHN interventions with data support documented over 20 years. A search of the published literature using CINHAL, PubMed, and ancestry methods resulted in 64 articles meeting the search criteria. The researchers reviewed each article for the relevant variables; achieved consensus for each variable; and summarized results using descriptive statistics. Results Documented PHN interventions targeted vulnerable populations. Interventions included health education, behavior change, and screening. There was evidence of effectiveness of PHN interventions in a number of studies; however, the study limitations and variety of intervention types make overall conclusions about PHN effectiveness challenging. Conclusions Despite the long history of PHN working in communities to promote and maintain the health of vulnerable populations, practice outcomes have not been well documented. Further work is needed to: strengthen the methods for documenting effectiveness of PHN practice; focus on promising PHN interventions via multisite studies; and translate evidence-based PHN interventions to practice settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The purpose of this systematic literature review was to assess the relationship between malnutrition and respiratory and diarrheal infections among children aged five and under living in Asian countries. Design and Sample The design was adapted from the PRISMA method to include case-control, cross-sectional, ecological, and experimental studies. A review of electronic databases identified 144 articles of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were studies of malnourished children under the age of five with respiratory and/or diarrheal infections, admitted to hospitals or residing in villages throughout countries in Asia, and published between 2005 and 2015. Measures Infection was defined as the presence of a respiratory or diarrheal illness. Malnutrition was predominantly measured by WHO standards. Results Malnutrition is associated with respiratory and diarrheal infections. Children have higher rates of mortality when both malnourished and experiencing a respiratory infection. Conclusion Further research needs to examine the synergetic effect of diarrheal and respiratory infections in malnourished children and rates of mortality. Public health nurses ( PHNs) play a critical role in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition and infections in community and national systems. Obtaining better data will allow PHNs to provide critical care in the most underserved areas throughout Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]