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The original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (oRST) proposes two systems of approach (BAS) and avoidance (BIS) motivation to underpin personality and behavior. The revised‐RST (rRST) model separates avoidance motivation into passive (BIS; anxiety) and active (FFFS; fear) systems. Prior research has attempted to map RST onto lateralized frontal asymmetry to provide a neurophysiological marker of RST. The main aim is to examine the relationships of the o/rRST scales with trait (baseline) and state (manipulated through experimental paradigms) frontal asymmetry. A systematic review was conducted, resulting in 158 studies designated to neuroimaging research. In total, 54 studies were included in this review using either frontal asymmetry or spectral power. The results were split into three main categories: resting frontal alpha asymmetry (N = 23), emotional induction and state‐related frontal alpha asymmetry (N = 20), and spectral analysis (N = 16). Findings indicated that BAS was associated with enhanced left frontal asymmetry at baseline and during state‐related paradigms. Findings for BIS were more inconsistent, especially at rest, suggesting that BIS, in particular, may require active engagement with the environment. Only 9 of the 54 papers included used the revised RST model, highlighting the need for more rRST research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypovigilance represents a major contributor to accidents. In operational contexts, the burden of monitoring/managing vigilance often rests on operators. Recent advances in sensing technologies allow for the development of psychophysiology‐based (hypo)vigilance prediction models. Still, these models remain scarcely applied to operational situations and need better understanding. The current scoping review provides a state of knowledge regarding psychophysiological models of hypovigilance detection. Records evaluating vigilance measuring tools with gold standard comparisons and hypovigilance prediction performances were extracted from MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and Inspec. Exclusion criteria comprised aspects related to language, non‐empirical papers, and sleep studies. The Quality Assessment tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) and the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) were used for bias evaluation. Twenty‐one records were reviewed. They were mainly characterized by participant selection and analysis biases. Papers predominantly focused on driving and employed several common psychophysiological techniques. Yet, prediction methods and gold standards varied widely. Overall, we outline the main strategies used to assess hypovigilance, their principal limitations, and we discuss applications of these models. We conducted a scoping review on psychophysiological models of hypogivilant state. Studies reviewed relied either on diagnostic or machine learning approaches. Induction methods and levels of hypovigilance varied importantly between studies. Hypovigilance detection mainly relied on electrocardiography (ECG),photoplethysmography (PPG), electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), and eye tracking. Results can help to develop user‐tailored systems to mitigate hypovigilance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide guidance for the organization and implementation of EEG studies. This work was inspired by our experience conducting a large‐scale, multi‐site study, but many elements could be applied to any EEG project. Section 1 focuses on study activities that take place before data collection begins. Topics covered include: establishing and training study teams, considerations for task design and piloting, setting up equipment and software, development of formal protocol documents, and planning communication strategy with all study team members. Section 2 focuses on what to do once data collection has already begun. Topics covered include: (1) how to effectively monitor and maintain EEG data quality, (2) how to ensure consistent implementation of experimental protocols, and (3) how to develop rigorous preprocessing procedures that are feasible for use in a large‐scale study. Links to resources are also provided, including sample protocols, sample equipment and software tracking forms, sample code, and tutorial videos (to access resources, please visit: https://osf.io/wdrj3/). Large‐scale EEG studies are desirable given their statistical power and generalizability; however, their preparation and implementation are a non‐trivial challenge. In this paper, we provide recommendations for efficiently collecting high‐quality data from large numbers of participants (which are applicable to smaller studies as well). In Section 1, we focus on recommendations for before data collection has begun. In Section 2, we focus on recommendations for once the study is underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a widely used method for monitoring the load during training, as it provides insight into the subjective intensity of effort experienced during exercises. Considering the role of brain in monitoring and perception of the effort, several studies explored the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on RPE in different populations. The aim of current study is to review the studies that investigated the effect of tDCS on RPE in three groups including healthy untrained people, physically active persons, and athletes. Nine databases were searched for papers assessing the effect of tDCS on RPE. The data from the included studies were extracted and methodological quality was examined using the risk of bias 2 (ROB2) tool. Thirty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria. According to the meta‐analysis, active a‐tDCS significantly decreased the RPE compared to the sham stimulation. The a‐tDCS could decrease the RPE when it was applied over M1 or DLPF. Regarding the measurement tool, Borg's scale 6–20 and OMNI scale could show an improvement in RPE scale. A‐tDCS is a promising technique that can decrease the RPE. M1 and DLPFC are suggested as the target area of stimulation. From the tools that measure the RPE, Borg's RPE 6–20 and OMNI scale could better show the effect of a‐tDCS. This study demonstrates the impact of tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) on RPE (rating of perceived exertion) and addresses the effect of population, tDCS protocol, and measurement tools on the intervention. The most promising outcomes were the use of M1 (primary motor cortex) and DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) tDCS in athletics. In addition, Borg's scale 6–20 and OMNI (overall monitoring of the neuromuscular intensity) were the most effective measuring tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Society for Psychophysiological Research and accompanying journal, Psychophysiology, have increasingly incorporated diversity and inclusion into their posted values, conference programming, and science. Much of this focus on equity, diversity, and inclusion work has occurred since 2010. The current review content analyzed the articles published in Psychophysiology from 2010 through 2020 to determine if SPR and Psychophysiology's commitment to diversity and inclusion has resulted in changes to reporting and analysis of participant demographics. Demographic reporting practices were compared to APA reporting standards and the use of demographic variables assessed according to the guidance proffered in the introduction to Psychophysiology's 2016 Special Issue on Diversity and Representation. Results of the content analysis indicated near perfect reporting of biological sex and frequent reporting of average age. Age range and educational attainment were reported in over half of studies, while race or ethnicity were reported in only 17%. Socioeconomic status, income, gender identity, and sexual orientation were almost never reported. In over 60% of studies at least one major demographic variable was reported, but was not used in preliminary, main, or supplementary analyses as a covariate, moderator, or otherwise. SPR and Psychophysiology should continue advocating for increased reporting of major demographic variables and ethical analysis of demographic modulation of various psychophysiological mechanisms. We provide a preliminary template of reporting standards and call for the inclusion of more open science practices by psychophysiologists. Content analyses can help a field understand the impact of its policies or stated values. This paper outlines the reporting and use of demographic variables in articles published in Psychophysiology to trace the impact of SPR's commitment to DEI. Results indicate continued efforts are needed to diversify samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of psychological theories propose that deception involves more cognitive control than truth‐telling. Over the last decades, event‐related potentials (ERPs) have been used to unravel this question, but the findings are mixed. To address this controversy, two meta‐analyses were conducted to quantify the results of existing studies reporting N2 or medial frontal negativity (MFN) associated with deception. In total, 32 papers consisting of 1091 participants were included, which yielded 32 effect sizes for N2 and 7 effect sizes for MFN. We found that deception was associated with a more negative N2 and MFN than truth‐telling with medium and large effect sizes (r =.25 and.51, respectively). We also found that the deception paradigm modulated the results (p =.043), but found no evidence for publication bias. Our findings indicate that deception involves more cognitive control than truth‐telling. Our review also identifies gaps in this literature, including a need for more ERP studies using spontaneous deception. The neural basis of deception has received considerable attention from the media, private companies, and scholars from widely different fields. One of the most debated questions is whether deception involves more cognitive control than truth‐telling. The present two meta‐analyses showed that deception is associated with more negative N200 and MFN than truth‐telling, indicating that deception involves more cognitive control than truth‐telling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pupillometry has a rich history in the study of perception and cognition. One perennial challenge is that the magnitude of the task‐evoked pupil response diminishes over the course of an experiment, a phenomenon we refer to as a fatigue effect. Reducing fatigue effects may improve sensitivity to task effects and reduce the likelihood of confounds due to systematic physiological changes over time. In this paper, we investigated the degree to which fatigue effects could be ameliorated by experimenter intervention. In Experiment 1, we assigned participants to one of three groups—no breaks, kinetic breaks (playing with toys, but no social interaction), or chatting with a research assistant—and compared the pupil response across conditions. In Experiment 2, we additionally tested the effect of researcher observation. Only breaks including social interaction significantly reduced the fatigue of the pupil response across trials. However, in all conditions we found robust evidence for fatigue effects: that is, regardless of protocol, the task‐evoked pupil response was substantially diminished (at least 60%) over the duration of the experiment. We account for the variance of fatigue effects in our pupillometry data using multiple common statistical modeling approaches (e.g., linear mixed‐effects models of peak, mean, and baseline pupil diameters, as well as growth curve models of time‐course data). We conclude that pupil attenuation is a predictable phenomenon that should be accommodated in our experimental designs and statistical models. Pupillometry is used widely to investigate perception and cognition, but researchers typically do not account for systematic physiological changes over the course of an experiment. The present study advances current knowledge by examining potential interventions to prevent fatigue of the pupil response, and suggests solutions for modeling across‐experiment physiological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we implement joint modeling of behavioral and single‐trial electroencephalography (EEG) data derived from a cued‐trials task‐switching paradigm to test the hypothesis that trial‐by‐trial adjustment of response criterion can be linked to changes in the event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited during the cue‐target interval (CTI). Specifically, we assess whether ERP components associated with preparation to switch task and preparation of the relevant task are linked to a response criterion parameter derived from a simple diffusion decision model (DDM). Joint modeling frameworks characterize the brain‐behavior link by simultaneously modeling behavioral and neural data and implementing a linking function to bind these two submodels. We examined three joint models: The first characterized the core link between EEG and criterion, the second added a switch preparation input parameter and the third also added a task preparation input parameter. The criterion‐EEG link was strongest just before target onset. Inclusion of switch and task preparation parameters did not improve the performance of the criterion‐EEG link but was necessary to accurately model the ERP waveform morphology. While we successfully jointly modeled latent model parameters and EEG data from a task‐switching paradigm, these findings show that customized cognitive models are needed that are tailored to the multiple cognitive control processes underlying task‐switching performance. This is the first paper to implement joint modeling of behavioral measures and single‐trial electroencephalography (EEG) data derived from the cue‐target interval in a cued‐trials task‐switching paradigm. Model hyperparameters showed a strong link between response criterion and the pre‐target negativity amplitude. Additional parameters (switch preparation, task preparation) were necessary to model the cue‐locked ERP waveform morphology. This is consistent with multiple cognitive control processes underlying proactive control and points to the need for more nuanced models of task‐switching performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aimed to synthesize the various triggers of the diving response and to perform a meta‐analysis assessing their effects on cardiac vagal activity. The protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42021231419; 01.07.2021). A systematic and meta‐analytic review of cardiac vagal activity was conducted, indexed with the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in the context of the diving response. The search on MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, ProQuest and PsycNet was finalized on November 6th, 2021. Studies with human participants were considered, measuring RMSSD pre‐ and during and/or post‐exposure to at least one trigger of the diving response. Seventeen papers (n = 311) met inclusion criteria. Triggers examined include face immersion or cooling, SCUBA diving, and total body immersion into water. Compared to resting conditions, a significant moderate to large positive effect was found for RMSSD during exposure (Hedges' g = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.82, p <.001), but not post‐exposure (g = 0.11, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.36, p =.34). Among the considered moderators, total body immersion had a significantly larger effect than forehead cooling (QM = 23.46, df = 1, p <.001). No further differences were detected. Limitations were the small number of studies included, heterogenous triggers, few participants and low quality of evidence. Further research is needed to investigate the role of cardiac sympathetic activity and of the moderators. In the first meta‐analysis on this topic, the diving response has been found to be moderately to largely effective in increasing cardiac vagal activity during exposure. Face immersion and total body immersion caused stronger effects than forehead cooling and should be further investigated as potential interventions in psychotherapy and stress management in the work place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is considered to be a reliable marker of affective processing and psychopathology. Traditionally, the magnitude of alpha is calculated by taking the average over a nomothetic fixed frequency window (e.g., 8 to 13 Hz). Alternatively, methods have been proposed to extract individualized alpha frequency (IAF) peaks and windows in hopes of improving the reliability and validity of signal detection. However, no study has compared the nomothetic to IAF approaches to examine the reliability and validity of resting FAA in a large well‐characterized data set. In this study, we assessed the psychometric performance of the standard fixed window approach, a PZ‐alpha based IAF approach and a global‐alpha based IAF windows detection approach on a previously collected EEG data set (8 recordings per subject collected on four occasions across two weeks). Our results revealed that resting FAA calculated with these three different methods are highly correlated at all frontal regions (mean r =.98). The stability across the 8 recordings over the two weeks also showed no substantial difference between approaches as indicated by intraclass correlations. Moreover, internal‐consistency reliability, validity with respect to measures of emotion and emotion‐related psychopathology and state–trait Structure equation model (SEM) fitting were evaluated and yielded no significant differences across methods. Our results supported the overall reliability and validity of two different IAF approaches to assessing resting FAA but fail to find any incremental advantage over nomothetic approaches to defining alpha bands. Guidelines for methods selection for future research are provided. Frontal EEG asymmetry has been proposed as a marker of risk for psychopathology, especially depression. In the spirit of precision medicine, individualized alpha frequency (IAF) measures for frontal EEG asymmetry might have value for better identifying those at risk for MDD and understanding mechanisms by individually adjusting the alpha band to each individual's peak alpha frequency. This is the first paper to directly compare frontal EEG asymmetry as a marker of risk for MDD using the nomothetic approach versus two IAF approaches. In a large (N = 306) sample of depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed individuals, we found that IAF is reliable, and as good as, but not better than, the standard method in differentiating individuals on the basis of a history of MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this systematic review was to examine past literature focusing on the potential relationship between exercise (or physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF]) and functional brain connectivity in healthy adults. Among the studies meeting this purpose, we also evaluated studies investigating whether, and how, functional connectivity may influence the exercise–cognition relationship. A systematic review was employed through several electronic databases (PsychInfo, PubMed, and Google Scholar) in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The literature search identified 656 records, and a total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among these 12 studies, there were 4, 7, and 1 study, respectively, examining the relationship between exercise and frontal lobe connectivity, temporal lobe connectivity, and whole‐brain connectivity. Also, 7 studies examined the relationship between functional connectivity and cognitive performance across multiple brain regions as a function of exercise. Existing literature suggests that CRF, habitual physical activity, and varying intensities of acute exercise can strengthen functional connections among a wide variety of regions and subcortical structures of the human brain. These exercise‐induced functional connectivity changes within and between specific brain structures/networks supporting cognitive processing may improve various domains of cognitive function. Given these complex associations, a thorough understanding of how functional connectivity plays a mediating role in the exercise–cognition interaction is needed in future studies. This paper demonstrates the effect of exercise on cognition and how exercise‐induced changes in brain functional connectivity influence this effect. These findings have important implications on improving cognition and identifying mechanisms of the exercise‐cognition interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, characterized by reduced vagally mediated Heart Rate Variability (HRV), has been associated with Attention‐Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the dynamic vagal modulation of cardiac output in response to shifts in environmental demands in children and adolescents with ADHD, with and without a comorbid anxiety disorder. High‐frequency HRV (HF‐HRV) measures were obtained from 46 children and adolescents ranging from 6 to 17 (M = 9.38; SD = 2.31) years old, during three successive experimental conditions: a baseline recording followed by a sustained attention task, and a post‐task recovery period. Findings support the reliability of the d2 Test, a cancelation test of attention and concentration, to induce parasympathetic withdrawal and extend prior work on "vagal flexibility". Further, these findings suggest a pattern of group differences in ANS functioning in children with ADHD, with and without a comorbid anxiety disorder. Only the ADHD without comorbid anxiety group showed a normative autonomic response to the cognitive challenge (reduced HF‐HRV). The participants did not display an adaptive process of restoration following the cognitive challenge; the HRV suppression was prolonged during post‐task recovery period, suggesting that ANS responded as if the cognitive stressor was still present. The current paper covers and discusses theoretical implications for the abnormalities in neurophysiological functioning and the different physiological responses in the two ADHD subtypes. In the first study to assess ANS functioning through three systematic levels of CVC analysis in children with ADHD—rest, reactivity, and recovery—we found a pattern of group differences in ANS functioning depending on the presence or absence of a comorbid anxiety disorder. These findings support the idea that ADHD with comorbid anxiety may represent a distinct "subtype" of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various papers have detailed an analysis of behavioral restraint that provides suggestions regarding fatigue influence on inhibitory control. A well‐known limited resource model by Baumeister suggests that fatigue should directly impair it. By contrast, the behavioral restraint analysis suggests—first—that fatigue might affect control indirectly by impacting the intensity of restraint. Second, fatigue should impair control consistently only when it leads people to withhold restraint effort. We evaluated these suggestions in an experiment that presented participants a task designed to induce low‐ or high‐ mental fatigue and then challenged them to maintain a neutral facial expression while watching a more‐ or less emotionally evocative film clip. As expected, cardiovascular assessments during the facial restraint period revealed interactional response patterns indicative of opposing fatigue influence on restraint intensity under low‐ as compared to high‐evocativeness conditions. Also as expected, fatigue combined with evocativeness to produce a three versus one pattern of inhibitory control operationalized in terms of the duration of non‐neutral facial displays. Control failure increased with evocativeness only when fatigue was high and increased with fatigue only when evocativeness was high. Findings support the restraint analysis suggestions, extend results from previous research, and bear out the promise of the restraint analysis for advancing understanding of inhibitory control. A recent conceptual analysis suggests that fatigue might (1) affect inhibitory control indirectly by impacting the intensity of restraint, and (2) consistently impair control only when it leads people to withhold restraint effort. We obtained cardiovascular and behavioral evidence for these suggestions in an experiment that exposed participants to a mental fatigue manipulation and then challenged them to maintain a neutral facial expression while watching a more‐ or less emotionally evocative film clip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]