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Although the independent within-person association between physical activity and sedentary behaviour with valence in daily life has been extensively studied, few studies have used compositional data analysis to examine how different movement behaviour compositions are related to valence in daily life. This study aimed to examine the within-person association between wake-time movement behaviour compositions with affective valence and the extent to which replacing time spent sedentary with physical activity was associated with valence within individuals in daily life. A 7-day ecological momentary study design was used whereby 94 Canadian university students (M age = 19.45, SD = 2.21, 78.7 % female) reported on affective valence using an adapted version of the Feeling Scale at 7 randomly timed prompts each day. In addition, activPAL accelerometers were worn continuously by participants on their right thigh for the duration of the study to determine time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and physical activity. Compositional data analysis with isotemporal substitution models were used to examine the within-person association between movement behaviour compositions and affective valence. The within-person association between movement behaviours and affective valence was weak (r2 = 0.013). Nevertheless, engaging in less sedentary time than usual and instead engaging in physical activity was significantly related to more positive affective valence. Considering light intensity physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) separately, replacing time spent sedentary with time engaged in MVPA and LPA both had a significant positive association on affective valence, although the association with MVPA was stronger than the association with LPA. The results provide unique insights into how replacing sedentary time with physical activity in daily life, especially MVPA, may be associated with more feelings of pleasure. These results may be useful to help inform the development of just-in-time adaptive interventions. • Replacing time sedentary with physical activity related to positive valence. • Replacing sedentary time with MVPA has stronger association with valence than LPA. • Breaking up sedentary time with physical activity may be an effective strategy to promote positive affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a grounded theory of how to promote personal development in high-performance sport environments. Individual interviews were conducted with 32 members of the Canadian junior and senior national biathlon teams, including 18 athletes (9 women, 9 men, M age = 20.8 years, SD = 2.9), 5 coaches (1 woman, 4 men), 3 technical leaders (2 women, 1 man), and 6 parents (3 mothers, 3 fathers). Follow-up interviews were conducted with five key participants. Straussian grounded theory methodology was used. Analytic techniques included open coding, constant comparison, questioning, memoing, diagramming, and theoretical integration. The grounded theory is based on the core category that personal development is a continual and individualized process. Three propositions represent how to promote athletes' personal development process. Proposition 1: Athletes use realistic self-evaluation and goal setting. Proposition 2: Athletes experience different situations and reflect on their areas for personal development. Proposition 3: Athletes perceive and receive social support. The grounded theory portrays propositions that can be used to promote athletes' personal development in high-performance sport environments. It may inform future applied research and the delivery of sport psychology support to high-performance athletes. • We developed a grounded theory of how to promote personal development in high-performance sport environments. • The grounded theory is based on a core category and three propositions that represent how to promote athletes' personal development process. • Proposition 1: Athletes use realistic self-evaluation and goal setting to promote their personal development. • Proposition 2: Athletes experience different situations and reflect on their areas for personal development. • Proposition 3: Athletes perceive and receive social support that benefit their personal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-performance sport, an athlete's ability to overcome setbacks and sustain their pursuit of long-term goals is essential for success. Grit (i.e., passion and perseverance over long-terms) has been linked to success in a variety of domains but is often critiqued for its limited predictive utility when compared to other psychological variables including self-control, conscientiousness, and mental toughness. The purpose of this study was to examine whether grit predicted important athlete outcomes (i.e., various measures of sport performance and athlete well-being) beyond other determinants of success. Data from 214 collegiate student-athletes (111 women, 103 men; M age = 21.02, SD = 2.26) from Western Canadian universities were analysed. When predicting performance, the addition of the grit subscales (i.e., consistency of interests, perseverance of effort, adaptability to situations) explained an additional 11% of variance (R 2 = 0.37, F [7, 203] = 7.16, p <.001) beyond self-control, conscientiousness, and mental toughness in subjective sport performance perceptions; however, grit did not add unique variance when entered into models predicting athlete goal achievement perceptions or highest level of competition. When predicting well-being, addition of the grit subscales added 18% of unique variance (R 2 = 0.43, F [7, 203] = 21.43, p <.001) beyond other determinants of success in eudaimonic well-being, and 5% (R 2 = 0.17, F [7, 203] = 6.95, p <.001) in satisfaction with sport, but did not add any unique variance to the model predicting mood. The partial support of the predictive utility of grit illustrates the complexity of forecasting success in sport and offers evidence that grit should continue to be studied as a motivational disposition in the domain of sport. • Grit subscales (PE, CI, AS) added unique variance to models predicting performance and well-being. • PE was a significant predictor of some measures of performance and well-being, while CI was not. • A new grit subscale—AS—was a significant predictor of some measures of performance and well-being. • Mental toughness was the most consistent predictor of our six performance and well-being. • Conscientiousness and self-control did not significantly contribute to regression models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To develop and test the utility of a domain-specific physical activity efficacy scale in adolescents for predicting physical activity behaviour. Design Two independent studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of a newly constructed Domain-Specific Physical Activity Efficacy Questionnaire (DSPAEQ) and study 2 tested the utility of the scale for predicting leisure- and school-time physical activity. Methods In study 1, descriptive physical activity data were used to generate scale items. The scales factor structure and internal consistency were tested in a sample of 272 adolescents. A subsequent sample of Canadian ( N = 104) and New Zealand ( N = 29) adolescents, was recruited in study 2 to explore the scale's predictive validity using a subjective measure of leisure- and school-time physical activity. Results A principle axis factor analysis in study 1 revealed a 26-item, five-factor coherent and interpretable solution; representative of leisure and recreation, household, ambulatory, transportation, and school physical activity efficacy constructs, respectively. The five-factor solution explained 81% of the response variance. In study 2 the domain-specific efficacy model explained 16% and 1% of leisure- and school-time physical activity response variance, respectively, with leisure time physical activity efficacy identified as a unique and significant contributor of leisure-time physical activity. Conclusion Study 1 provides evidence for the tenability of a five factor DSPEAQ, while study 2 shows that the DSPEAQ has utility in predicting domain-specific physical activity. This latter finding underscores the importance of scale correspondence between the behavioural elements (leisure-time physical activity) and cognitive assessment of those elements ( leisure-time physical activity efficacy ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this project was to explore the acculturation challenges of Aboriginal athletes (14–26 years) from Canada as they moved off reserves to pursue sport within non-Aboriginal (Euro-Canadian) communities. The project was also aimed at contributing to the acculturation literature in sport psychology through an Indigenous decolonizing methodology. Design: University academics partnered with Aboriginal community researchers from one reserve to facilitate an Indigenous decolonizing methodology rooted in practices from the local culture. The project was articulated as a form of cultural sport psychology. Methods: Mandala drawings were used to facilitate conversational interviews with 21 Aboriginal athletes about their experiences relocating off reserves and the acculturation challenges they faced as they attempted to pursue sport within Euro-Canadian contexts. A local Indigenous version of an inductive thematic analysis was then conducted. Results: The acculturation challenges of Aboriginal athletes coalesced into two major themes: (a) culture shock (which occurred in relation to the host culture), and (b) becoming disconnected from home (which occurred in relation to the home culture). These themes illustrated how the athletes’ sense of identity and place were challenged and changed, as they (re)negotiated meaningful positions for themselves in and between two cultural realities. Conclusion: This project centralized a culturally resonant mode of knowledge production embracing local Aboriginal ways of knowing. This approach facilitated deeper insights into athletes’ acculturation challenges, which contextualized the complexity and fluidity of the acculturation process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Researchers have increasingly focused on the mental health of elite athletes. However, there remains a paucity of research on the mental health of elite Canadian athletes, and the prevalence of mental disorders among this population is unknown. This study evaluated the prevalence of symptoms of mental health disorders, specifically depression, anxiety, and eating disorders (EDs), among elite Canadian athletes, and identified the relationship between components of the stress process model (stress, social support, coping, and self-esteem) and athletes' symptoms of mental disorders. Canadian national team athletes who were training for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games completed a survey in December 2019. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations. Canadian athletes (N = 186) were included in the analytic sample. Based on the descriptive results, 41.4% of athletes met the cut-off criteria for one or more mental disorders. Specifically, 31.7% of athletes reported symptoms of depression, 18.8% reported symptoms of moderate (12.9%) to severe (5.9%) general anxiety, and 8.6% reported scores indicating high risk of an ED. Stress was a statistically significant correlate of depression, anxiety, and EDs. Training load was a statistically significant correlate of depression and anxiety, but not of EDs. Depression, anxiety, and EDs were significantly correlated. This study presents the first data on the prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders among elite Canadian athletes and demonstrates that they may be at an increased risk of experiencing a mental disorder compared to the general population. • Some of the first prevalence data on mental disorders of elite Canadian athletes. • Elite Canadian athletes may be at increased risk of experiencing a mental disorder: • 41.4% of athletes met the cut-off criteria for one or more mental disorders. • Stress and training load were significant predictors of depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to validate a version of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) adapted for youth with intellectual disabilities (ID). A sample of 362 youth with mild to moderate ID (61.0% boys, M = 15.80 years) from Australia (N = 240) and Canada (N = 122) respectively completed English and French versions of the TEOSQ-ID twice over a one-year interval. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the validity and reliability of the a priori two-factor structure of the TEOSQ-ID, as well as the weak, strict, and latent variance-covariance invariance of this factor structure across linguistic versions. The results also supported the strong invariance of a majority of the TEOSQ-ID items across linguistic versions, and revealed latent mean differences showing that English-Australian youth tended to score lower on the TEOSQ-ID factors than French-Canadian respondents. The results also supported the measurement invariance of the TEOSQ-ID over time, and revealed a lack of differential item functioning (i.e., measurement bias) as a function of youth's age, body-mass index, ID level, sex, and frequency of sport involvement. Meaningful latent mean level differences were observed on the TEOSQ-ID factors in relation to body-mass index, ID level, and frequency of sport involvement. Finally, our results supported the convergent validity of the ego and task factors in relation to a measure of perceived physical abilities. • The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire was adapted. • The factor structure was supported among youth with intellectual disabilities (ID). • Higher Body Mass Index is positively related to ego motivation orientation. • Youth with moderate ID present higher ego and task motivation orientations. • Youth involved in sport present higher ego and task motivation orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although social identity has been linked to moral behaviour in past research, we know less about how the identity-enhancing behaviours of athlete leaders may relate to the experience of prosocial and antisocial behaviour between youth sport teammates. This study examined the relations between perceptions of athlete identity leadership and moral behaviour in social situations outside of training and competition. Participants were 130 competitive male and female youth ice hockey players (M age = 13.45 years, SD = 1.82, range = 10–17) from nine teams in a Northeastern Ontario city in Canada. Measures of identity leadership and moral behaviour were completed concurrently within the final three weeks of the regular season. Using structural equation modeling, results demonstrated a significant positive association between identity leadership and both engaging in prosocial behaviour toward teammates (β =.37, p =.003) and receiving prosocial behaviour from teammates (β = 0.40, p <.006), accounting for 34% and 51% of the variance in each prosocial outcome, respectively. Although the relations with antisocial behaviour (engaged and received) were in the expected negative direction, the path estimates were not significant (p s >.23). These findings further our understanding of identity leadership in youth sport generally, offering insight into the relations between identity-enhancing athlete leader behaviours and moral behaviour. The findings also extend past moral behaviour research to consider the social situations in which teammates find themselves outside of training and competition. • Investigated identity leadership and teammate moral behaviour in social situations. • Identity leadership positively predicted prosocial behaviours among teammates. • Identity leadership was not significantly associated with antisocial teammate behaviours. • Consistent results for both engaging in, and receiving, moral behaviour from teammates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate intercultural understanding by centralizing forced immigrant youths' voices in the knowledge development phase of a community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) project. The aim of this paper is to reveal the role of sport in forced immigrant youths' acculturative journeys in different communities. We utilized 'get-to-know-you' arts-based conversational interviews (m time = 38 min) held at the onset of a community-based participatory action research project. A polyphonic (i.e., multi-voiced) vignette is used to portray an interpretive account of the stories told by 22 refugee and asylum seeking (i.e., forced immigrant) youth (m age – 13.4 years) developed through a reflexive thematic analysis. The three-scene polyphonic vignette stories the role sport has played, and continues to play, in forced immigrant youths' life journeys. The opening scene brings to light stories related to home country sport involvement. The second scene depicts how sport was engaged in during their journey to their current host community. The third scene completes the story focusing on how youth engage in sport during resettlement in their host Canadian community. The meaning of sport, and what it means to be safe in sport, changes over the course of forced immigrant youths' acculturative journeys. Feeling safe in sport offers a unique opportunity for youth to feel a sense of sharing their acculturative journey with those around them. • We examined the role of sport during forced immigrant youths' acculturative journeys. • We (re-)present sport-related stories from pre--, during, and post-resettlement.. • The benefits of E−, ethno-centric, informal, and formal sport contexts are examined.. • We discuss how meaning attributed to safety and engagement in sport changes. • The sharing of cultural values through storytelling approaches is proposed.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this inquiry was to explore Canadian competitive athletes' perspectives on their mental health care experiences using a sequential multi-method design. The overarching aims of the study were to explore athletes' self-reported reasons for seeking mental health care, their awareness of their clinician's knowledge of sport, and the importance they placed on their clinician having knowledge of the sport context. A sequential mixed methods design was employed in which two studies were conducted to address these aims. In study one, 70 current and former Canadian athletes completed a short survey assessing basic demographics, athletes' reasons for seeking treatment, and the importance they placed on their clinician having sport knowledge for effective care. In study two, ten athletes participated in individual semi-structured interviews in which similar topics were explored. Fifty-six percent of surveyed athletes reported that their clinicians' knowledge of sport did not impact their treatment experience, however only 29% reported being aware of their clinician having such knowledge. Thematic analysis of the interview data suggested that the connectedness of athletes' mental health issues and sport participation played a role in the importance they placed on their clinician having sport knowledge. Key components of a successful therapeutic alliance included the clinician validating the importance of sport, normalizing athlete mental health challenges, and understanding the demands of the competitive sport culture. Conclusions of this inquiry include that assessing how inter-related an athlete perceives their mental health challenges and sport participation to be, and demonstrating an understanding of the importance of sport in competitive athletes' lives, are likely helpful strategies in working clinically with this population even if a clinician does not have specific experience with the sport context. • Clinician sport knowledge was relevant when mental health and sport were intertwined. • Successful treatment was possible when providers did not have sport knowledge. • Clinicians validating the importance of sport strengthened the therapeutic alliance. • Clinicians should assess the role of psychological symptoms in sport functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High school sport is considered a suitable context in which to develop life skills, yet most coaches are not equipped with the knowledge/tools needed to deliberately teach life skills. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Coaching for Life Skills online training program in helping coaches create environments conducive to the teaching of life skills. Randomised controlled trial using a concurrent multiple baseline across groups design. A total of 1,238 (58.8% male) Canadian high school coaches completed baseline testing examining coach-athlete relationship, coach interpersonal behaviours, and life skills teaching. Participants were then randomly assigned to an experimental, waitlist, or control group. A final sample of 285 (59.7% male) participants completed the trial (i.e., 36 experimental, 58 waitlist, and 191 control). Data were analysed using 3 x 3 repeated measures factorial analyses. Across the three constructs assessed, there were no significant within-subject main effects for time, group, or for the interaction between time and group. Although the results were not statistically significant, visual analysis indicated positive directional changes for all three dependent variables, with increases in mean scores observed for both experimental and waitlist group participants following their completion of the Coaching for Life Skills online training program. Findings have implications for the design of online coach training programs aimed at helping coaches teach life skills through sport. • A randomised controlled trial design was used to evaluate the Coaching for Life Skills online training program. • The first study to evaluate a self-directed online coach education program using a randomised controlled trial design. • Results suggest positive directional changes in coaches' perceptions following program completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]