Search

The authors make retrospective analyze of "outcome-based education" and “competence-based education” concepts evolution. National educational standards and curricula all around the world have gone through dramatic transformation over the last 20 years. New education models require new methodology for designing educational outcomes. In the paper, based on the analysis of international experience, a framework for designing outcomes is proposed. Authors analyze Canada, UK, Finland, Australia, USA experience. Also terminology of meta-subject and subject outcomes are discusses in the paper. The framework presented by the authors is applicable both for school and teacher curricula, and at the national level, when formulating standards or example currucula.

The paper analyses the problem of how health preservation is perceived by teenagers, adolescents and youths, demonstrating the need for research of students’ perceptions of individual health and its preservation at different stages of life. An empirical study conducted with 522 students of the Moscow Polytechnic University (3 age groups, average age 17, 19 and 21 years) used a custom questionnaire aimed at examining their perceptions regarding the greatest value of the health factor at different stages of life from infancy to elderly age. The study revealed an unfortunate downward trend of individual health value with respect to the age when systematic health problems appear. Some gender differences in attitude towards individual health were discovered; for instance, women place a higher value on it for every stage of life and attach greater importance to it in early ontogeny. Men were found to overestimate the age associated with the onset of system health issues. The paper shows the possibilities for practical application of obtained data.

The paper presents the results of studying the activities of technology clubs operating in different regions of Russia. Based on the materials of the All-Russian competition of technological clubs, the objectives, content and forms of organization of activities, the team of the circle, history and traditions, the nature of the interaction of participants and some other issues were analyzed. The characteristics of activity common to technological clubs are highlighted and illustrative examples are given. The concept of “joint consciousness of the club team” is introduced to describe a phenomenon that manifests itself in most effectively working technological clubs. From the point of view of the authors, the presence of a joint consciousness of the members of the club simultaneously affects the development of each participant and the group as a whole. Joint consciousness is a prerequisite for the formation of collective subjectivity. The collective subjectivity that arises in the understanding and reflection of the members of the circle club, in turn, changes the form of the organization of consciousness, in which ideal elements shred between all members of the club appear – goals, values, means of organizing joint activities, tasks to be solved. The authors of the article propose a program for further research of the phenomenon of joint consciousness as the basis of the shared membership in the club and the process of the emergence of collective subjectivity.

Time knowledge play an important role in the development of a child, helping him to organize and plan his or her daily activities, also being one of the structures of self-consciousness of a developing personality. The literature on developmental psychology describes in sufficient detail the formation of a child's ideas about duration and time sequences, but it is not completely clear whether the child's notions about time are related to his or her general age maturity or to the individual level of intellectual development. This paper describes the experience of using a modified Questionnaire of Children's Knowledge about the Time of F. Labrell et al. in the Russian-language adaptation, analyzing in detail the various aspects of the child's ideas about time. Additionally, the level of intellectual development of children according to the Raven test, the indicators of the formation of universal learning activities (ULA) of analysis and planning according to the PL-modified method were studied, and the age of children in months was also recorded. The study involved 57 normally developing students of grades 1-4 of Moscow schools (intelligence data were obtained for 31 students, and ULA data were obtained for 13 students). The results of the study demonstrate that the time knowledge can be considered as an indicator of a child's age maturity, independent of his intellectual abilities. Also the correlation between a child's knowledge of time and the formation of ULA of planning was found.

In 2021, a working group of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education developed a technique for developing student’s initial representations to scientific concepts based on the material of mathematics and natural sciences in primary school. The technique was refined and concretized on the material of the course “Natural sciences”. The paper presents the materials of a study in which students of the 3rd year of the bachelor's degree program of the psychological and pedagogical direction of training (21 people, who were divided into two subgroups: experimental – 11 people, control – 10 people. The average academic performance score of each group of students is 4,7 on a five-point scale) and students of the 3rd grade of primary school of Moscow (51 people, who were also divided into two groups: experimental – 28 people, control – 23 people). The level of science literacy of primary school student’s was measured using three-level thematic tasks (author E.V. Chudinova). The results of the study showed that the application of technique for the development of primary school student’s initial natural science representations in the preparation of future teachers affects the educational results of schoolchildren. It is noted that students who designed lessons using the technique for developing student’s initial representations to scientific concepts on the material of natural sciences in primary school paid special attention not only to the correct answers of students, but also to erroneous judgments. This helped them in organizing the educational discussion. It is emphasized that an erroneous judgment can become a tool for the mental development of a primary school student’s.

The paper presents a description of the software package (code name “Speech-Assistant”), intended for use in special education and testing of children with hearing and speech impairments, causing difficulties in mastering reading and writing skills. An attempt has been made to create a software package capable of sufficiently providing both the solution of various research problems and the expansion of opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of teaching and developmental lessons in practical application in the educational process. When designing it, the wishes of practicing special teachers (defectologists) and the results of studies of auditory perception and speech skills in children with hearing and speech disorders, carried out in the laboratory of speech psychophysiology of the Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS. The complex includes three thematic blocks: “Learn to listen”, “Learn to read”, “Exercises”. The programs of the complex provide the convenience of the teacher's independent preparation of didactic material for the planned lessons, the implementation of a wide range of educational tasks, and their preservation for repeated use. In the process of conducting lessons, objective indicators of assignments are recorded, a digital archive of the training or testing results is automatically generated in the database in the form of personalized excel and wav-files. The article presents materials that illustrate the capabilities of the complex when performing tasks from the above thematic blocks. The approbation of the complex working was carried out within the framework of training sessions in 5-9th classes of a specialized school.

Learning motivation is a complex structure, which includes not only motives, but also other components. Today, more and more researchers are studying the constructs included in the structure of learning motivation. The paper presents results of a study (N=342) aimed at exploration of the educational achievement goals (3x2 model of Elliot’s achievement goal theory) and personality orientation (L.I. Bozhovich conception) and their connection with learning motivation of older adolescents. The sample consists of school students (N=175) and college students (N=167), 140 males and 202 females. 3x2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire, Bass Orientation Inventory and Academic Motivation Scale for Schoolchildren are used. According to the results obtained the learning achievement goals and personality orientation are connected with other constructs of educational motivation of older adolescents. The desire to learn with pleasure, solve difficult tasks and to develop is most characteristic of students with task-based personality orientation. Amotivation, the desire to perform better than others, achieve respect from parents is mostly characteristic of students with self-based orientation. Interaction orientation has negative correlation with motivation for achievement, for self-development and with task-approach goals, task-avoidance goals, other-approach goals, other-avoidance goals. College students demonstrate higher learning motivation, achievement motivation and self-development motivation compering to school students. Males demonstrate higher level of amotivation than females.

This paper describes the correction of psychological defenses and anxiety of students through virtual training programs to optimize the educational process. The materials of an empirical study obtained on a sample of students of Smolensk universities are presented. The study involved respondents (N=63) aged 18 to 25 years (M=19.4, SD=0.25), of which 84% were male, 16% were female. The study was conducted in several stages. For the correction of mental characteristics were used, the test "Anxiety Research" was used (questionnaire of Ch.D. Spielberger-Yu.L. Khanina), the "Lifestyle Index" methodology, a virtual reality program to overcome nyctophobia. The reliability of the results obtained on changes in anxiety indicators and mechanisms of psychological protection of students was checked using the Fisher statistical criterion (F). The obtained results make it possible to say that the most sensitive to the effects of VR in the framework of the conversation were protective mechanisms: repression, regression, substitution, denial, which change the assessment of what is happening and the adequacy of behavioral and emotional reactions. Indicators for the "rationalization" mechanism in the control group and in the experimental group also underwent changes, but without significant results.

The problem of attitude to nature and especially to plants, despite a large number of works, remains still actual. This paper describes the study of gender and age aspects of the attitude towards nature among modern teenagers and youth living in a megapolis. An assumption was made that college students as compared with schoolchildren, as well as girls compared with boys, may have a more positive attitude to nature, and their connection with nature is stronger. The study used «Naturaphil» (S.D. Deryabo, V.A. Yаsvin) method and the questionnaire «People and plants» (S.K. Nartova-Bochaver, E.A. Mukhortova). 144 respondents were surveyed, 102 females and 42 males, including 72 collegestudents (Mage=20.56) and 72 eighth grade school students (Mage=14.0). The age- and gender-related characteristics are described of the attitude to nature, the structure of the attitude to nature and plants in teenagers and students is presented. The leading component in the structure of relations to nature in the entire sample is the perceptual-affective component; the less in intensity were the scales actional, practical, and cognitive. The results obtained indicate that in youth, the strength of connection with nature may appear higher than in adolescence. Certain gender differences were also established: the indicators of the questionnaire «People and plants» are significantly higher in the female group. Girls were characterized by a more positive attitude to the plant world: they obtained a higher overall score, as well as on the scales of Aesthetics, Connection with nature and Ecology.

The paper explores teenagers’ attitude towards protest demonstration and exremism. The analysis is based on the data of a questionnaire survey carried out by the staff of the Centre of Sociology of Education (Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education).The survey involved 4873 students of grades 7th–11th of schools located in 3 regions of Russian Federation: Zabaikalsky Krai, Tulskaya oblast’ and Smolenskaya oblast’. The data obtained in the research reveal specific gender and age differences. Male students choose active forms of protest whereas female students prefer discussions with friends and family or hiding their protest. The legitimate protest activity increases with age. The data showed that protest demonstration depend on student’s social status: those with high status among classmates tend to choose active protest forms like participating in public protest events, appealing to the authorities, going to court. According to the survey teenagers’ readiness to participate in active protest forms and involvement into extremist organizations’ activity are connected to their activity in social media and aggressive behavior on the Internet (p≤0,05 for all comparisons). The results allow us to conclude that teenagers’ protest activity and their involvement into extremist organizations’ activity and attitude towards extremism are a part of their overall life position and determined by personal characteristics.

The article presents the data of an anonymous monitoring questionnaire survey conducted by employees of the Information and analytical center of Russian Academy of education in 2019. The study involved students of post-graduate research organizations that train post-graduate students in the field of education Sciences, as well as pedagogical universities in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other regions of the Russian Federation. The paper examines the influence of socio-demographic, socio-stratification and socio-psychological factors on the emotional assessment of graduate students' prospects. Empirical data were processed using mathematical statistics methods. It is shown that the assessment of one's own life prospects associated with the influence of socio-demographic (gender, family status), socio-stratification (material status, educational status of the parents of a graduate student) and socio-psychological factors (the presence of formed plans, the presence of emigration plans).

The goal of the work is to study the dynamics of psychological changes unfolding during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper presents an analysis of the responses to the survey on the Internet, received from 03.22.2020 to 04.04.2020, when the spread of COVID-19 begins in Russia. The study was conducted on the Internet using Google Forms. Links to the survey were posted on social networks. The survey involved 430 people, including 188 people in Moscow, and the answers were divided into 3 groups with respect to the date when they were received: March 23–24 (79 people), March 29–30 (46 people), March 31–April 4 (63 people). The survey included a general block of questions and methods SCL-90-R, COPE, OKM97. Statistical processing was carried out with the SPSS statistical package. The results of the study show an increase in psychopathological symptoms (somatization, phobic symptoms, sleep disturbances), a decrease in the level of constructive thinking and indicators of emotional consciousness, an expansion of ideas about esoteric thinking, naïve optimism, categorical thinking, a turn to religion and a search for existential explanations for what is happening. In the Moscow sample, a V-shaped graphs were noted for the parameters of the level of depression, for the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, for the parameters for “turning to religion”, “esoteric thinking,” along with a constant increase in the level of anxious, phobic symptoms and somatization, which leads to the presence of the negation phase after the phase of shock and before the adoption of a situation. Conclusions: with prolonged situation a further increase in psychopathological symptoms is possible, which can have a wide range of negative consequences.

Article is devoted to a study of cognitive activity and creativity of junior schoolchildren with the high intellectual abilities. The paper presents the results of an empirical study of the special features of cognitive activity and creativity of junior schoolchildren with the high intellectual abilities, who are trained in the different educational environment (standard and innovation, enrichment). The hypothesis tested was that the intensity, cognitive level (depth) and latitude of the manifestation of the cognitive activity of the intellectually gifted junior schoolchildren were connected with such parameters of educational environment as cognitive complexity, classroom interaction, and the value of the creative activity of child. In a study participated the intellectually gifted junior schoolchildren of the 2nd and 4th classes (n=101). It was shown that the educational environment has an effect on the manifestations of cognitive activity and verbal creativity of the intellectually gifted junior schoolchildren. The intellectually gifted junior schoolchildren, who are trained in the educational environment, which is characterized by the high level of cognitive complexity, classroom interaction and values of the creative activity of child, reveal the reliably higher indices of verbal creativity, and also level, depth and latitude of cognitive activity, than their gifted peers, who are trained under the standard (traditional) educational environment.

The paper compares the role play of preschool children from 3 to 7 years with two different types of play material: play clothes and open-ended materials. The role is understood as a three-part process, including renaming, changing the appearance and playing actions. It is shown that role substitution depends on the object environment: children of the same age play differently in two different object environments. Children 3-5 years demonstrate more integral play in open-ended environment. They call themselves a role-name and their actions and changing the appearance often support it. In comparison children of this age often rename themselves, but rarely realize a new name in play actions in environment with play clothes. Role substitution of children of 6 years are different: children do not play in a open-ended environment, but they realize plots with varying degrees of complexity in play clothes' environment. It could be explained by the structured environment is much safer for this age group. It concluded that open-ended environment is more suitable for play needs of preschool children, because role substitution is accompanied by research, testing activity, which fill the role with emotionally content.

The article presents a comparative description of the concepts «self-awareness», «self-consciousness», «samosoznaniye» and «samopoznaniye» in English and Russian psychological literature. Reflected the results of scientific papers on various components of "I", compared the approaches to study these phenomena, given the characteristic of methods of their empirical study. As the basic approaches to understanding the studied phenomenon’s we took works of Silvia P. J., Duval T. S. (A theory of objective self-awareness), Fenigstein A., Scheier M. F., Buss A. H. (Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory), Rubinshteyn S.L. (Being and consciousness), Stolin V.V. (Self-awareness of personality), Сhesnokova I.I. (The problem of self-awareness in psychology). Established differences in understanding of these phenomena, which are considered to be contiguous. The author makes an attempt to interpret foreign terms and offers their translation. This work will be one of the steps towards the unification of psychological terms and theories.

The article studies the social interaction of gifted children with their peers. Understanding the educational environment and the nature of social interaction helps developing necessary interventions with the goal to make a gifted child adapted. The goal of the paper is the analysis of the foreign literature; representation of the results of empirical research of social status and social interaction of gifted children in elementary school hold in 2016 in Holland. The used instruments: sociometric questionnaire of Rodriguea and Morera; behavior analysis protocol OPINTEC-v.5. Out of eight participants, one was the most rejected among peers (5th grade), two became the most popular among peers (3rd grade). The gifted children chose gifted and non-gifted children for interaction and established close interactions with them. When working together, the gifted children interacted more with popular and neutral peers; when playing together — with neutral peers. With reference to social interaction of gifted children with peers, only patterns demonstrating social effectiveness and social correspondence were found out.

The aim of the research presented in this article is to study the role of the sense of composition in the structure of artistic imagination. Based on the analysis of different researches this article interprets the artistic imagination as an independent process aimed at creating an artistic image correlated with the material, anticipating genre, composition and stylistic features. This process includes such aspects as purpose, sense of material and sense of composition. The article presents the data of the first approbation of two methods which diagnose “sense of composition” (“Spot” and “Sheet of paper”). 33 students took part in the approbation (14 of them were students of the art faculty, 19 of them were a control group). As experts in the study participated 3 art сritics. The results of approbation of the methods of diagnostics of compositional thinking ("sense of composition") showed a significant connection between the compositional characteristics of the image and its expressiveness.

The paper reports the results of the research on the adolescents – Pokemon Go players. The hypotheses towards the role of the games with virtual and augmented reality within the modern society presented in the scientific literature are discussed. The aim of this research was to check the link between personal characteristics, the social situation factors (e.g. family context), young men images about him or herself, and meaning and personal value of the game. The results of the structured interviews with 44 adolescents playing Pokemon Go on the street are given; the players’ representations towards themselves, their social environment, and the game are discovered. The conclusions about the meaning of the virtual, geographic, and social realities integration and social and family environment influence on the game involvement are made. The psychological mechanisms of the involvement into the game and the role of the social and family environment are discussed. In this article was made the conclusions about the role of virtual, geographic, social reality integration, social and family role, and psychological mechanism to be involved in the game. Subjective space transformation and the changes in everyday city landscape meanings conditioned by the game are discussed. The game allows the adolescents and youth to see the reality out of the everyday routine.

The article is devoted to a study of the aged differences in creativity of junior adolescents. The paper presents the results of an empirical study of the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal (figural) creativity of the school children of the 4th, 5th and 7th classes. The hypothesis tested was that the creativity of the adolescents characterized by special features which are manifested in its qualitative uniqueness, but not in the quantity indicators of fluency, flexibility and originality. Within the framework study is proposed the original test of the study of verbal and figural creativity. In the study took part 147 school boys and girls at the age from 10 to 14 years old. It was shown that the dynamics of the indices of verbal and figural creativity at the teenage period has opposite direction: an increase in verbal creativity is accompanied by reduction in the figural (at the level of tendency). The special features of adolescent’s creativity are revealed in the qualitative uniqueness both of the verbal and nonverbal manifestations of the creativity.