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Background: "Juego de Llaves" [Set of Keys] is a universal school-based prevention program for adolescents aged 12-15. It is aimed at reducing drug use and other addictive behaviors. This paper describes the full protocol for the evaluation design, instruments, randomization procedure, follow-ups, and primary outcomes. Method: Non-Randomized Control Cluster Trial in a set of Spanish secondary schools, with follow-ups at 12-, 24-and 36-months. Participants will be allocated to an experimental or control group. Using a digital application designed for the study, a battery of instruments will be used to assess addictive behaviors, sociodemographic variables, school climate and other transdiagnostic psychological variables. Results: A pilot test will be carried out to test the implementation protocol and to calculate the sample size needed for outcome evaluation. After implementing the program, longitudinal statistical approaches will be used to report intervention efficacy and potential moderators and mediators. Conclusions: There is a lack of assessments on the effectiveness of school prevention programs, and this paper is expected to improve monitoring and ongoing evaluation in prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delay discounting (DD) and cigarette demand contribute to an understanding of nicotine reward and dependence. However, no prior attempt has been made to examine the effect of a history of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) on DD and tobacco demand in current smokers. This study sought to compare DD and cigarette demand in smokers with and without a history of AUD. Methods: The sample comprised 43 smokers with a history of AUD and 49 with no history of drug use. Participants completed the DD task and the 19-item version of the Cigarette Purchase Task. Mazur's equation and the Koffarnus et al. model were used to derive the discounting rates and elasticity of demand, respectively. Results: Smokers with a history of AUD discounted delayed rewards more steeply (Mlogk= -1.77, SD=1.46) than those without such a history (Mlogk= -2.32, SD=1.04). No statistically significant differences in cigarette demand emerged between groups. Conclusions: The excessive preference for immediate rewards in smokers with a history of AUD suggests that impulsive choice persists even after alcohol abstinence. As DD constitutes an important marker of poor treatment outcomes, targeting this specific facet of impulsivity in broader clinical interventions might be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence suggests that delay discounting may change following effective interventions. Nonetheless, previous studies that assessed the effect of contingency management (CM) on delay discounting are scarce, and their results are mixed. The current study assessed whether CM in conjunction with a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for smoking cessation was associated with changes in delay discounting at end-of-treatment and at 6-month follow-up compared to CBT alone. Method: One hundred and sixteen treatment-seeking smokers were randomly assigned either to CM + CBT (n = 69) or to CBT alone (n = 47). Participants completed delay discounting assessments at the intake, at end-of-treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. We evaluated CM's effect on discounting with parametric and nonparametric methods. Results: Between-group analyses showed that none of the interventions changed delay discounting from intake to end-of-treatment or to 6-month followup. Nonetheless, some within-group analyses showed that the CM + CBT condition evidenced some degree of reduction. Conclusions: The current results suggest that CM intervention is not robustly associated with delay discounting changes. Future studies should address treatments that may potentially change delay discounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review., Background: Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults., Method: Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders., Results: The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The review indicates the existence of certain fields of intervention that need further investigation., Conclusions: Based on this selective review, psychology professionals will be able to have rigorous, up-to-date information that allows them to make informed decisions when implementing empirically based psychotherapeutic procedures based on the characteristics of the people who require help.