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In addition to protein-protein docking, this CAPRI edition included new challenges, like protein-water and protein-sugar interactions, or the prediction of binding affinities and ΔΔG changes upon mutation. Regarding the standard protein-protein docking cases, our approach, mostly based on the pyDock scheme, submitted correct models as predictors and as scorers for 67% and 57% of the evaluated targets, respectively. In this edition, available information on known interface residues hardly made any difference for our predictions. In one of the targets, the inclusion of available experimental small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data using our pyDockSAXS approach slightly improved the predictions. In addition to the standard protein-protein docking assessment, new challenges were proposed. One of the new problems was predicting the position of the interface water molecules, for which we submitted models with 20% and 43% of the water-mediated native contacts predicted as predictors and scorers, respectively. Another new problem was the prediction of protein-carbohydrate binding, where our submitted model was very close to being acceptable. A set of targets were related to the prediction of binding affinities, in which our pyDock scheme was able to discriminate between natural and designed complexes with area under the curve = 83%. It was also proposed to estimate the effect of point mutations on binding affinity. Our approach, based on machine learning methods, showed high rates of correctly classified mutations for all cases. The overall results were highly rewarding, and show that the field is ready to move forward and face new interesting challenges in interactomics. Proteins 2013; 81:2192-2200. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Structural prediction of protein-protein complexes given the structures of the two interacting compounds in their unbound state is a key problem in biophysics. In addition to the problem of sampling of near-native orientations, one of the modeling main difficulties is to discriminate true from false positives. Here, we present a hierarchical protocol for docking refinement able to discriminate near native poses from a group of docking candidates. The main idea is to combine an efficient sampling of the full system hydrogen bond network and side chains, together with an all-atom force field and a surface generalized born implicit solvent. We tested our method on a set of twenty two complexes containing a near-native solution within the top 100 docking poses, obtaining a near native solution as the top pose in 70% of the cases. We show that all atom force fields optimized H-bond networks do improve significantly state of the art scoring functions.

The study of protein-protein interactions that are involved in essential life processes can largely benefit from the recent upraising of computational docking approaches. Predicting the structure of a protein-protein complex from their separate components is still a highly challenging task, but the field is rapidly improving. Recent advances in sampling algorithms and rigid-body scoring functions allow to produce, at least for some cases, high quality docking models that are perfectly suitable for biological and functional annotations, as it has been shown in the CAPRI blind tests. However, important challenges still remain in docking prediction. For example, in cases with significant mobility, such as multidomain proteins, fully unrestricted rigid-body docking approaches are clearly insufficient so they need to be combined with restraints derived from domain-domain linker residues, evolutionary information, or binding site predictions. Other challenging cases are weak or transient interactions, such as those between proteins involved in electron transfer, where the existence of alternative bound orientations and encounter complexes complicates the binding energy landscape. Docking methods also struggle when using in silico structural models for the interacting subunits. Bringing these challenges to a practical point of view, we have studied here the limitations of our docking and energy-based scoring approach, and have analyzed different parameters to overcome the limitations and improve the docking performance. For that, we have used the standard benchmark and some practical cases from CAPRI. Based on these results, we have devised a protocol to estimate the success of a given docking run.

The two previous CAPRI experiments showed the success of our rigid-body and refinement approach. For this third edition of CAPRI, we have used a new faster protocol called pyDock, which uses electrostatics and desolvation energy to score docking poses generated with FFT-based algorithms. In target T24 (unbound/model), our best prediction had the highest value of fraction of native contacts (40%) among all participants, although it was not considered as acceptable by the CAPRI criteria. In target T25 (unbound/bound), we submitted a model with medium quality. In target T26 (unbound/unbound), we did not submit any acceptable model (but we would have submitted acceptable predictions if we had included available mutational information about the binding site). For targets T27 (unbound/unbound) and T28 (homo-dimer using model), nobody (including us) submitted any acceptable model. Intriguingly, the crystal structure of target T27 shows an alternative interface that correlates with available biological data (we would have submitted acceptable predictions if we had included this). We also participated in all targets of the SCORERS experiment, with at least acceptable accuracy in all valid cases. We submitted two medium and four acceptable scoring models of T25. Using additional distance restraints (from mutational data), we had two medium and two acceptable scoring models of T26. For target T27, we submitted two acceptable scoring models of the alternative interface in the crystal structure. In summary, CAPRI showed the excellent capabilities of pyDock in identifying near-native docking poses.