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This article presents a research paper drafted within the framework of a pedagogical exercise which is part of the curriculum of the third year at the École nationale supérieure de paysage Versailles-Marseille intended to introduce students in landscape architecture to research in the landscape and landscape design. The paper focuses on the evolution in the way landscape architects and urban planners considered soils in landscape projects carried out during the 2020-2021 academic year in Marseille. The material presented came from interviews conducted with nine agencies focusing on soil in their landscape projects. The conversations collected are illustrated by the track record of the Ilex Agency and by two of its projects. These experiences highlight the need that has emerged over the last ten years to design landscape projects based on existing soils due to the growing awareness of the environmental and economic problems posed by soil resources globally. The soil becomes the starting point, leading landscape architects to collaborate with soil specialists throughout the design process to innovate in the reuse of the existing soil.

The Aboriginal people of the South East region of South Australia, together with local and state government and universities, have recently embarked on a series of cultural revival projects to strengthen their community and to celebrate the rich heritage and connections that they maintain with the land. This paper charts the process and development of a participatory mapping project, spanning various Aboriginal homelands (but with a focus on the Boandik homeland) that was undertaken by landscape architecture lecturers and students with the collaboration and participation of the South East Aboriginal Focus Group, and non-Aboriginal groups and organisations. The paper highlights how mapping the “unseen” or intangible qualities of Aboriginal homelands in creative ways can help to communicate and educate the non-Aboriginal community about Aboriginal connections to and knowledge of the land. Through an exhibition of the maps, the project has helped to advance discussions towards the creation of an Aboriginal cultural centre in the region.

The process leading to the first full academic curriculum for the discipline of landscape architecture in Germany being introduced in 1930 is relatively well-researched. Until then, garden design had been taught at special horticultural institutes. However, in the course of reform processes during the early 20th century, the subject of the garden was also introduced in different form and at different types of institutions of higher education as connected to architecture. This correlated with two subfields: architectural design and urban planning theory. The present paper’s first aim is to give a first overview over the variety of partly little-known curricula and courses that addressed open space design, respectively the personalities involved. By referring to a wide scope of sources, connections are disclosed between academia and some of the theoretical works addressing the garden. Within the profession of landscape architecture all the new educational options were known, which leads to the assumption that these options represented a source of inspiration for reforming landscape architecture education in the early 20th century.

The pioneers of landscape architecture invented this profession in a period of democratic, science and industrial revolutions that encouraged civil rights movements. However, before WWII the courses in landscape architecture were developed in only a small number of countries. Until the mid- seventies several new landscape architecture programs started in Western Europe. From the mid-seventies to the end of the eighties existing programs increased their number of staff members and students. The fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1989, resulted in the establishment of several new university degree programs in Eastern Europe. The hypothesis that there would be a correlation between the development of landscape architecture education and the political regimes is discussed in this paper. Different landscape architecture university programs worldwide are analyzed to see their history and the background of the institutions that provide them. Two reputable resources are used to support this analysis: the Democracy Index, and the Freedom House Report. According to this analysis about 88% of landscape architecture programs are offered in democratic countries, 82% are offered in free countries. A good association between the number of landscape architecture programs and democracy index is verified for former communist countries. The analysis showed that the progress of democracy institutions and civil rights create the necessary environment for the development of the landscape architecture profession.

The process leading to the first full academic curriculum for the discipline of landscape architecture in Germany being introduced in 1930 is relatively well-researched. Until then, garden design had been taught at special horticultural institutes. However, in the course of reform processes during the early 20th century, the subject of the garden was also introduced in different form and at different types of institutions of higher education as connected to architecture. This correlated with two subfields : architectural design and urban planning theory. The present paper’s first aim is to give a first overview over the variety of partly little-known curricula and courses that addressed open space design, respectively the personalities involved. By referring to a wide scope of sources, connections are disclosed between academia and some of the theoretical works addressing the garden. Within the profession of landscape architecture all the new educational options were known, which leads to the assumption that these options represented a source of inspiration for reforming landscape architecture education in the early 20th century.

The pioneers of landscape architecture invented this profession in a period of democratic, science and industrial revolutions that encouraged civil rights movements. However, before WWII the courses in landscape architecture were developed in only a small number of countries. Until the mid- seventies several new landscape architecture programs started in Western Europe. From the mid-seventies to the end of the eighties existing programs increased their number of staff members and students. The fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1989, resulted in the establishment of several new university degree programs in Eastern Europe. The hypothesis that there would be a correlation between the development of landscape architecture education and the political regimes is discussed in this paper. Different landscape architecture university programs worldwide are analyzed to see their history and the background of the institutions that provide them. Two reputable resources are used to support this analysis: the Democracy Index, and the Freedom House Report. According to this analysis about 88% of landscape architecture programs are offered in democratic countries, 82% are offered in free countries. A good association between the number of landscape architecture programs and democracy index is verified for former communist countries. The analysis showed that the progress of democracy institutions and civil rights create the necessary environment for the development of the landscape architecture profession.

This paper examines the influence that Landscape Urbanism has on the development of Landscape Architects’ professional practices in the French context. Ten years ago, in the United States, Charles Waldheim developed the theory of Landscape Urbanism, which positions the landscape architect as being the most capable profession of organizing the city by integrating ecological sciences at the very centre of urban design. This paper proposes an interpretative discourse analysis on Landscape Urbanism in parallel with similar theories and discourses in the French sphere. We suggest that Landscape Urbanism is a professional discourse that legitimates the expertise of Landscape Architects, and proposes a classification of emergent landscape design practices. We then show that Landscape Urbanism strengthens the discipline of Landscape Architecture in education and academic research. Will Landscape Urbanism, in the long term, acquire the status of critical theory, capable of provoking a mutation of the profession towards more innovative practices?

This paper is the result of a research program on rural gentrification in the American New West. It reports on an empirical and inductive research experience. In the discovery of its landscapes the New West appears more complex and heterogeneous than suggested in the literature. Based on qualitative interviews and field observations which made it possible to present a cross-section of landscapes from Montana to Colorado, the article re-examines this geography of the New West with the intention of sharing it with a French-speaking readership. In concrete terms, the New West is characterised by the omnipresence of nature sports in public and private spaces and essentially in the most attractive sites. The article also invites a social and critical interpretation of the landscape of the New West and its intrinsic inequalities thus establishing the hypothesis of a spatialised habitus. Through permanently installed facilities or through the visibility of more ephemeral practices, the practitioners of nature sports, through their behaviour and actions, integrate the latter in landscapes that have become socially distinctive and characteristic of the gentrification process.

This paper examines, through a historical perspective, the interrelations between the designing of new tourist resorts and the transformation of high mountain landscapes. Indeed, the creation of ski resorts is not only realised by the implantation of buildings and infrastructures at high altitudes. On the contrary, various components of the environment such as the forest, the morphology of the soil and the hydrography are modified. In addition, the biophysical and historical characteristics of the sites influence the design and construction processes of high-altitude resorts. We adopt as a perspective and a guide the professional career of the town planner and architect Laurent Chappis (1915-2013), thus allowing us to explore various case studies in the Franco-Italian Alps from the 1940s until the 1980s. We seek to understand the methods and tools used by the architect in defining resort plans and the elements that contribute to the construction of a landscape, and to comprehend how the architect's method and plans have evolved. By re-examining the past, we come to reflect on the relationship between project and environment in high mountain areas.

This paper will focus on how the thinking process in a research thesis is structured and the stages it undergoes. It will describe the ways in which hypotheses are formulated and evolve according to the state of the art and fieldwork. This development is closely connected with the range of questions related to several choreographic projects of collective walks on the intersection of wandering, choreography and bodily and sensory-motor experiences. The aim is to show how the interrelationships between these elements are at the heart of the research method.

The paper focuses on the integration of periurban agriculture issues into territorial planning, as such integration appears to be largely insufficient at present considering the importance role recognized to periurban areas. The paper analyses the urban-planning instruments of two Italian regions (Lombardy and Lazio), characterized by wide agricultural areas and important metropolitan areas, as Milan in Lombardy and Rome in Lazio, highlighting the “image” of periurban agriculture, which emerges from these plans. The aim is to propose a reflection on the integration of agricultural functionality in the planning tools. In some contexts, as the periurban ones, the protection of green spaces is carried on by the permanence of farming, the only economic activity that could take care of the landscape; instead, often this function is not recognized by the urban policy. Hence the need to recognized a central role to agriculture in the land management recovering the functional role relating to the productive, social, environment conservation and protection and development of the agrarian landscape spheres.

This paper tries to put in perspective a not much examined triptych: proximity, organic farming, and landscape. We analyse is divided into three stages which combine three epistemes which have structured academic geography - geography by «école à la française», critical geography, and geography of territoriality. This approach of transcription is the spinal column of this paper to a foucaldian geography based on the works of geographer Raffestin. This paper is based on epistemical thoughts with the example of organic farming in the Paris-region (in comparison with the mainstream agricultural model). Organic farming is a marginal activity in this region, it has just begun to carve landscapes which are inserted between intensive farming landscapes.

This paper presents a research whose aim is to develop a « metascience » of landscape. It recounts the origins of this program, focusing on the issue of landscapes transmission à hybrid legacy between nature and culture. It points out the non-scientific cha¬racter of the criticism in charge of qualifying the value of landscape and the inadequacy of an interdisciplinary approach to support this practice of expertise. This paper proposes to enlighten this ethical issue by a new science able to exceed the dichotomy between nature and culture, on which are based all the sciences of landscape. Developing this new science requires a critical history, or better, what we would call an epistemology of the « protosciences » of landscape (i.e. an analysis of landscape in all its components, human and natural). Lastly, this article considers the new paradigm implied by this metascience for the landscape disciplines as for the others disciplines addressing the nature/culture issue.

This paper presents feedback from fieldworks in the form of observations and questions relating to the appropriation of land space and air space by kites in Japan. Kites are intrinsically linked to the environment in which they fly and therefore land space, air space, and kites influence one another according to how kite flying is practised. We will discuss several issues, namely the influence of kite festivals on environmental management in the long term (the creation or maintenance of an adequate environment on the ground and in the air over the years) and in the short term (the transformation of space during matsuri days). We will also address the issue of the renewed perception and representation of the environment (the built or natural environment, in particular sites that are dangerous or off limits) through aerial kite photography.

This paper investigates the complexity and diversity of landscape contexts and associated tree canopy dynamics. We use the example of wooded areas dominated by the Robinia pseudoacia in the Sauternes region of France. Introduced in France in the 17th century, the expansion of the species, although diffuse and unobtrusive, has nonetheless been rapid and spectacular. In order to apprehend the diversity of landscapes associated with Robinia groves, we highlight the various inconsistencies between the recent socio-ecological dynamics of the groves and their official recognition via classical methods of mapping and listing, either from above or below the forest canopy. The proposed combination of approaches (spatial analyses and photographic surveys, supplemented by interviews and archival sources) offers a more detailed interpretation of the modalities of these forest transitions and the contradictory assessments of the landscapes associated with the “acacia”, largely overlooked in public initiatives.

This paper presents an outline of the cultural and eco-systemic context of the wetlands (humedales) of the savannah (sabana) district of the city of Bogota situated at an altitude of 2,600 metres with a surface area of 1,800 square kilometres. Based in one of these wetlands, the Juan Amarillo humedal which is more than 6 km long with a width varying within just a few hundred metres, the aim is to demonstrate the current challenges involved in their development as landscapes and in their proposed uses for a population of close to 2 million inhabitants. These ecological challenges became urban and technical challenges during the 20th century with the channelling and containment of the many rivers (rios) which course through the savannah, causing the loss of the area’s function as a filter and buffer zone for the rainwater and the rios that flow down from the mountains and the paramos. As a result of the intense urban pressure of the last twenty years, these wetlands are in very poor condition and have become even more vulnerable. It is therefore necessary to prevent their degradation and to protect them as areas ensuring an ecological balance (plants, fauna and flora, with the lake waters as a transition area), to make them accessible for leisure activities (walks, games, sports) and to use them for environmental education and for the dissemination of knowledge about local the pre-colonial culture which remains embedded in these areas. The aim is to restore these wetland areas and adapt them to the current urban situation as much as possible, taking into account the knowledge and good use of the natural elements.

The contribution we propose takes as a starting point doctoral research that does not focus specifically on the landscape but rather on the impact of development and conservation on the social and spatial organization of Vezo fishermen in South-Western Madagascar. In our study we conduct our analysis from the perspective of the landscape and use the thinking of Augustin Berque as a guiding principle. The Vezo space is mobile (Retaillé, 2005) and external interferences have tended to divide it into zones of which a marine reserve is one of the latest illustrations. After the presentation of the Vezo way of life followed by the presentation of the development-conservation approach imposed from the outside, we conduct a detailed analysis of the creation of the nature reserves in Andavadoake by an English NGO and bring to light the contradiction between the sensory world of the fishermen and the intangible world of scientists in biodiversity. Since the Vezos have no word for landscape we consider the notion of a cosmophany (Berque, 1998, 2019). The observation of socio-spatial transformations takes the form of an ethno-geographic immersive study and interviews over time that reveal the establishment of protected marine areas as being an ontological disruption. At the Aquapa conference in Tours in January 2019, following the presentation of our paper, Augustin Berque put forward the notion of cosmocide to describe the socio-spatial impact of conservation policies on the Vezo. We are studying this proposition.

Based on research conducted during three years as part of the Ittecop programme (French Ministry of Ecology and French Agency for the Environment and Energy - ADEME) this paper presents a study of the landscapes of the Hénin-Carvin grouping of municipalities (in French, Communauté d’agglomération d’Hénin-Carvin - CAHC) located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais mining area. After presenting the methodological issues involved in an analysis of the landscape dimension in regional planning projects, the article describes the landscape dynamics of projects in this part of the mining region which combine the mining heritage, environmental issues and the recent development of economic activity in the freight transport sector. At the heart of the debate is the notion that the continuous process of the production of landscapes has less to do with the implementation of a project than with the successive inter-meshing of regional development projects supported by different interacting stakeholders. These stakeholders may not always be politicians but they are, however, mainly focused on economic development issues. In this particular case, the stakeholders consider landscape issues relating to different historical levels and providing links on different scales to be of secondary importance.

In his book, L’Art du jardin et son histoire, seeking a theory on garden design, Hunt explains the vision of the garden in the XVIIth century. Based on the theory of imitation, gardens used to play an intermediary role in giving society a better understanding of nature. This aim was achieved by a balance between human intervention and the natural element. The paper shows how this way of thinking of the garden has been reconsidered, especially in the context of modernity, but also how it has been maintained in a few minor currents. Today, though issues (environmental issues) and contexts are different, the concept of the garden as described by Hunt seems to reassert itself. Hence, this study infers that there is a continuity in this way of designing gardens and puts forward the idea that the notion of garden is one possible approach for studying the place of plants in urban development.

This paper proposes to consider the garden as a spatial system giving rise to an intimacy experience of vision and retranscription of time. That exploratory study is illustrated by the case of La Petite Escalère, a sculpture park located at the French Basque country. Using previous studies about space and time, it is shown that this spatial system can be compared with an autobiographical writing practice. That exploration relies on the fact that, in the case of the owner of the garden, literary and garden spaces, which were designed and layed out simultaneously, are deeply interconnected.

This paper studies the geomorphic component of “landscapes artialisation” by studying the major landforms in landscapes’ representations. Landforms are considered here as landscapes patterns constituting the "geographical basement " for landscape painter, holding a cultural aspect emanating from a new field of research, cultural geomorphology. As patterns, landforms also participate in the pictorial and lyric composition of artistic works and show themselves as driving elements of the construction of western landscapes models.

In this paper we are explaining the noticed fluctuations in management of public spaces such as urban parks. First of all, we treat the constraints met by the actors of the management. Some constraints are due to the user’s behavior. Then, we illustrate the role of the public policy and its effect on management practices directly through the financing and indirectly through creation and distribution of these spaces within the urban environment. Finally, the present text shows the adding value of private companies and international cooperations to the quality of the contribution in the management of parks and public gardens.

During the period of Dutch overseas expansion (1600-1800) two trading companies, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded a large number of cities. These overseas settlements show many resemblances in set-up and lay out. In particular, similarities exist in the chosen locaDtion and functional organisation of the newly established settlement, which aimed to maxi mise the possibilities offered by the surrounding landscape. Unlike Spanish colonisers, for instance, who by using a fixed model with a rigid grid structure largely disregarded the existing terrain, the Dutch favoured flexibility to fully utilize the natural features of the landscape in the needs of the newly founded city. This paper discusses the determinant role of landscape in the planning of Dutch settlements overseas from 1600 to 1800. It first sets out to explain how in general natural elements, traditionally an integral part of the planning process in the Netherlands, were utilised to guide the establishment of colonial cities. ln the second part of the article the argument is further developed and illustrated through the case study of Cape Town in South Africa. The settlement's foundation and development from 1652 onwards is described and analysed utilising seventeenth and eighteenth century Dutch maps as primary sources. It underlines the importance of the surrounding landscape and the large vegetable garden of the Dutch East India Company in guiding the planning, design and development of the city for the next 150 years. Finally, the conclusion considers the implications of this particular planning process for contemporary urban conservation, planning and design. Pointers to further research involving the integration of natural and culturallandscapes in and around Cape Town are appended.

Our doctoral research, which focuses on space experience of mountain hikers, rests on the premise that both landscape and tourism experience are privileged entrances to understanding human relationship with space. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical and methodological framework of this doctoral research. Our theoretical framework is built on three main concepts: geographical consciousness, spiral and landscape as a social construction. Once defined these three concepts, we can identify key features of hikers’ landscape experience. Then, we propose a qualitative and phenomenological method that allows us to collect hikers’ testimony and to understand the meanings they attribute to visited landscapes.

In peri-urban areas, the level of integration with the urban areas, the spatial organisation of the city and surroundings and the functions of agricultural system determine specific features of agricultural landscapes. The management of these areas is becoming increasingly important in order to guide the evolution orienteering the development in a perspective of spatial and functional - integration. In Europe, some experiences of territorial planning as agricultural parks, agriurbain projects, agricultural districts, agriurbain pacts, pacts between city and countryside, are been developing. The success of these experiences, which often are expression of a new meaning of "rurality" are based on a strong participation and cohesion between the stakeholders thanks to practices of co-construction of space. The purpose of this paper is to present two experiments of co-construction of agriurbain territories : the agricultural and cultural district of Milan (Lombardia) and the agriurbain pact of Umbrian Valley (Umbria), analysing the construction of the model, the intervention scales, the socio-economic actors involved and considering the role of policies implemented to manage these areas.

This paper’s goals are twofold. It introduces and explores, through a step-by-step demonstration process, a fundamental hypothesis, concerning the possibility of reading the everyday landscape of energy as an infrastructural device, able to support different ways, for social actors, researchers and professionals, of experimenting with new forms of interaction between geographic and socio-political scales. Complementarily, the article proposes the contextualization of this hypothesis within the debate which originated after the publication in February 2010 of the second issue “Landscapes of Energy” of the Harvard GSD journal New Geographies (editor-in-chief: arch. Rania Ghosn). Introducing the scientific hypothesis of “thinking energy spatially”, and discussing the provocative statement “energy is a spatial product”, the various articles collected in this journal propose different approaches to the historicization of “the dialectical relation between energy and society.”

These paper focuses on defining a research project related to the history of Italian geography in the first half of the 20 century. Focusing especially on the period between the two World Wars, this study will fill the gap in current italian literature about the relations between geography, nationalism and imperialism. The aim is to compare Italian geography with other European schools in a transnational perspective, through the methodological approach of Histoire Croisée. Beside the analysis of the most important geographical works (particularly prominent is the research project on the Italian country house), this research will mainly use archive sources, to understand the complex cross of ideas, methodological approaches and scientific communication involving scholars of different countries.

This paper aims to consider the fondamental role of liminality in the elaboration and motivation of a relational landscape architecture. Articulated around three mutually implicated components - the body, the world, the threshold – the article is an invitation to profoundly re-evaluate our understanding of humankind’s inscription on Earth as well as Earth’s inscription on humankind - on the way to their reconciliation. In light of this dynamic involvement, the discussion leads to a renewed idea of landscape ethics – in perpetual motion between the here and there, the mind and the flesh, the self and the other, the inside and the outside, the animate and the inanimate.

Urban planning includes strategies on territorial development that can shape the landscape. The evolution of the regulatory framework and the implementation of the european landscape convention contribute to the renewal of the landscape expert’s practice. Actually, this context points out the place of the landscape and the professionnals in the actor’s strategies when urban plans are built. From the teaching of landscape policy evaluation in an urban plan, this paper presents this new context and the questions suggested by the weight of the landscape evaluation in the territories projects building.

This paper deals with the archive of Emilio Sereni, recently classified and opened to researchers. We draw here the main lines of a research that will deal with these documents, focusing on the reconstruction of the Sereni’s references about the definition of the idea of landscape, namely in the geographic field. What is the relevance of this corpus for an “archaeology” of the Serenian concept of landscape? What is the role of the Italian and French geographers that he reads, in the construction of his agricultural landscapes? We start here to interrogate his archives.

This paper inquires about what is not concerning art in the gardens. It considers the idea that if gardens are accustomed to borrow from the other arts – painting, theater, etc. – there is not a specific garden art. Then it develops two hypothesis: in the heart of garden, wouldn’t it nature, or sciences and techniques that avoid the influence of art? According to the limits of these two possibilities, it establishes that it is outside the garden that something escapes the power of art: it seems that it’s the landscape. It deduces a definition of garden founded in gardening which, different from landscape planning, would be a specific garden art.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the notion of landscape can be understood only in a phenomenological manner, since a disinterested look devoid of any practical or theoretical intention alone can open us to the pure appearance of what is. This is what defines the painter’s attitude in regard to nature, in so far as he wants to let the things appear from themselves. The human being’s relation to space reveals therefore itself to be of an existential and affective nature. But this implies that the landscape can no longer be connected to a mere visual experience, but that it requires also the mediation of the other senses. The restitution of this at the same time corporeal and configurative experience of landscape has become a task for modern painting.

Valleys are subjected to significant environmental issues (flood, biodiversity) which are now in centre of planning questions. In this context, the aim of this paper is to measure the place public policies dedicate to landscape dimension in the regards on environmental ones. In particular, the consequences of environmental policies on visible forms of landscape are observed. The study is conducted from the example of the Orne valley which presents an original gorge valley landscape in Normandy. The part of Orne valley named Suisse Normande is a local famous tourist and leisure area. Planning policies analysis shows the predominance of environmental policies to landscapes ones. More generally, it reveals difficulties of the articulation of ecologic issues and amenities development.

It is estimated that by 2050, 75 % of the world population will live in urban areas. From now on biodiversity has become a major challenge for new strategies of urbanization. The aims of this paper are to study the impact of users’ practices on plant communities of public green spaces on the one hand, and help developing a model explaining the use of public green areas in relation to users’ practices and representations, on the other hand.

Based on a corpus of atlases published in France from 1989, this paper analyses several general trends related to the development and the evolution of regional atlas, in parallel to the decentralization process. During the last ten years, thematic specialization has been operated on these territory atlases, in which the landscape has become one of the most mentioned subjects, through the expression : landscape atlas, (often available on line). Conceived as main piece of the landscape policy, in reference to the European landscape Convention, these landscape atlases cover today most of the national territory. The Landscape is today a more important issue than the notion of heritage even if it remains quite important in the content of these atlases.

This paper focuses on the management of green open spaces of Assisi town. Since 2000 the influx of more than one million tourists each year and the inscription at “World Heritage List” have played a role in the way of considering and managing open spaces. The green open spaces inside or outside Assisi town are a part of a global planning project, enhancing cultural, heritage and landscape value. Three examples are used to figure out : the first, which involves the planning of natural and open spaces around the town, the second, which interest a project of green space inside the city and the third, which considered the management of olive tree in the Regional Park of Subasio Mountains. The richness of this case study is that it combines two viewpoints on the landscape. On the one hand the development of standards and best practices to follow (such as "Guidelines of the landscape") to promote landscape conservation, on the other hand the revert to the ancient landscape considered common heritage to project new spaces.