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Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in most countries of the world. The objective of my study was to assess the correlation of clinical findings of perinatal asphyxia with cranial sonography in full term babies. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Children's Hospital Multan. Period: January 2016 to October 2016. Material and Methods: 100 full term babies having history of delayed cry were scanned within three days of birth in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Children's Hospital Multan. Clinically findings including full term babies, birth weight, grunting, cyanosis history of mode delivery, resuscitation history, delayed cry and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) grades were taken from baby's hospital file record and standard images including coronal and sagittal plans were taken by Ultrasound machine probe of frequency 3-5 MHz. Findings were recorded on data collection sheets and spread on EXEL sheets. Correlation was found by using SPSS software. Result: Out of 100 neonates 63 were male and 37 were female with birth weight (2.4-3.6) having mean ± SD 3.08 ± 0.53. HIE grades (mild, moderate and severe) were found in 12, 83, 5 babies respectively and ultrasound grades 0 (normal/ mild echogenic), grade 1 (moderate echogenic) and grade 2 (severe/generalized echogenic) were found in 32, 52, 16 neonates respectively with r= 0.37 and P-value < 0.05 showing moderate positive correlation. Conclusion: Cranial ultrasound is a good screening tool to evaluate asphyxiated neonatal brain. It has a moderate positive correlation with clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective was to determine accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ureteric calculi confirmed on non-contrast Computed Tomography among patients with acute ureteric colic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Emergency Department of Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: 11-07-2012 to 10-01-2013. Materials and Methods: 100 consecutive patients presenting with acute severe ureteric colic and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled for the study from the emergency department of Nishtar Hospital Multan. Ultrasonography was done in all patients and USG findings were recorded for the presence or absence of hyperechoic shadows in the ureteric. All the patients underwent CT scan to confirm or refute the findings of Ultrasonography. Result: Mean age of the patients was 37.85 + 12.60 years. Males were 53 (53%) while females were 47 (47%). Mean duration of pain before presentation was 14.81 + 6.20 hours. Mean severity of pain on visual analogue scale was 9.40 + 0.8. Overall 79 patients were diagnosed as having ureteric calculi. Ultrasonography detected the ureteric stone in 75 patients and was all found to have stone on CT scan and represented true positives. Among 25 patients in whom ultrasound did not demonstrate any stone, 4 were found to have ureteric stone on CT scan thus representing false negative whereas 21 (84%) were confirmed on CT scan not to have any stone, thus representing True negatives. The sensitivity of USG for detection of ureteric stone was found to be 94.9%, the specificity was 100%, and positive predictive value was 100% while negative predictive value was 84%. There was no significant effect of age or gender on the accuracy of ultrasound. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a readily available, non-invasive and reliable investigation in patients presenting with acute flank pain to diagnose ureteric stones with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity approaching 95%. Thus it is recommended that it should be used routinely for the evaluation of patients presenting with acute flank pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]