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This paper is structured in two directions. The first one presents issues related to technical losses within a construction project. The second one analyzes the integration of technical losses resulting from building materials in a circular economy, as they occur from 2 projects. Each project assesses costs and specific situations for each type of material based on the profile of each presented project. Benefits of technical losses management from building materials and waste are identified as they can be engaged into the circular economy, exemplified for the 2 analyzed projects. In the case of concrete, we bring to the attention of readers that its casting in the elements of site's evolution must be closely correlated with the casting of the elements of the site organization, for the 2 budgets to overlap and only one expense is made. For concrete steel it is important that its optimization is made from the shaped iron fasteners as they are part of the purchase cost, therefore they do not represent a supplementary cost for the project's budget. The importance of finding the optimal solution for reuse of used materials or technological losses brings us to the point in which the construction industry needs to change its approaching strategy on materials consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil obtained from linoleic sunflower hybrids grown mainly by Romanian farmers shows a low oxidation stability. In the period 2021-2023, high oleic and high oleic high stearic sunflower hybrids were cultivated experimentally in the western part of Romania. A good climatic and pedological adaptability was observed both in the intensive conventional culture and in the biologic one. The fatty acid profile showed the same characteristics. The oil obtained from linoleic sunflower hybrids grown mainly by Romanian farmers shows a low oxidation stability. Oils were extracted from the obtained products by different methods: cold pressing, hot extraction, microwave extraction. The fatty acid profile of the oils was determined by gas chromatography. The oxidation stability testing of the oils was done with the Oxitest aparatus, under conditions of accelerated oxidation at different temperatures, from the values of the induction periods until the appearance of the oxidation products, determining the shelf life of the oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) are fruits rich in bioactive substances, especially compounds with antioxidant characteristics. Tomato fruits are a source of vitamin C, having beneficial properties for health. Current indications lead us to the conclusion that tomato fruits are potential candidates for the study of bioactivity, as well as for functionally developed fruits. The activity of these bioactive compounds is to combat the activity of free radicals. Tomatoes are the most popular vegetable crop in the world. These vegetables are important due to their high contribution to human health and nutrition. The attractive colour and flavour of tomato have made it a dietary staple in many parts of the world One of the most popular options for consuming tomatoes is tomato juice. Raw tomato juice is known as a good energy drink, tasty, and filled with health benefits. The motivation, in this case, was to obtain food products with superior taste and nutritional properties that fall within the scope of food engineering. The main objective of our study was to obtain and reveal some physicochemical and nutritional properties of some varieties of raw tomato juice with the addition of green chillies and horseradish. These additions increased the antioxidant content of the juice and also improved the sensory characteristics of the two types of juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical, chemical and rhelogical characteristics of vegetable milk of soybean (soymilk homemade prepared, and some types of soymilk purchased from Romanian supermarkets). Soymilk is an alternative to dairy products and it has long been a traditional drink in China, Japan and other parts of Asia. The soybean (Glycine max) is the most important bean in the world, providing a wide range of vegetable proteins. Soybean is an important source of many bioactive compounds, which are important for the health benefits conferred. Soymilk is a colloidal solution obtained in the form of water extract from swollen and ground soybeans. Soymilk is rich in protein, calcium and has no saturated fat. It is low in calories, being the perfect alternative for people with lactose intolerance. This kind of drink is especially used for vegetarian people, people with lactose intolerance, and those who hold religious fasting. The soymilk has been prepared from analyzed grains and then some chemical and physical characteristics of milk have been assessed. We investigated moisture and total dry content substance (TDC), total mineral content-ash content, macronutrients content (fat, protein and carbohydrates content) for soybeans and soymilk samples. For soymilk, we established total solid content (brix grade), pH, sensory evaluation, and some rheological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any terrestrial area, but especially in the case of mountainous areas, the spatial distribution of vegetation is conditioned by a series of natural factors such as relief, climatic factors or soils. From another point of view, the distribution of vegetation is different, depending on the phenophases, implicitly on the observation period, during the growing season. In this context, the aim of the work was to analyze the vegetation coverage of the grasslands in the Poiana Rusca Mountains, by applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), in five different periods. Five satellite images from the months of March, May, July, August and October were used, on which NDVI was applied, later reclassified according to the obtained values. Quantitatively, the changes produced from one time interval to another were calculated, based on the matrix of transitions, and thus, the changes produced were highlighted. It was found that the highest degree of vegetation coverage of the grasslands was in July, the "peak" of the vegetation season. The application of NDVI for the analysis of vegetation distribution has several advantages: it complements measurements in the field, it is expressed in the form of thematic maps that can be integrated with other geospatial data, it allows the location of "problematic" or risky areas, in terms of vegetation cover.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genuine and urgent need is to prevent and treat bacterial diseases primarily caused by germs that have developed antibiotic resistance. These factors led to several studies focusing on alternate or supplementary antimicrobial methods. With the expectation that, unlike antibiotics, they will be effective without causing resistance, researchers are becoming increasingly interested in antimicrobial substances made from natural resources, such as plant extracts, essential oils, and peptides. The present study investigated the antimicrobial behaviour of Citrus lemon essential oil against S. pyogenes (ATCC 19615), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), H. influenzae type B (ATCC 10211), C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and C. parapsilopsis (ATCC 22019). The microdilution assay demonstrated good antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil with variable MIC values depending on the microbial species. The chromatographic analyses by GC-MS were performed because the antimicrobial activity is correlated with the chemical composition. The results revealed 24 compounds, with D-limonene (66.67%) and beta-pinene (12.39%) as the predominant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urtica dioica L. is a multi-functional plant commonly known as stinging nettle, which has been used as wild vegetable for centuries. Stinging nettle is a highly nutritious vegetable due to its increased use in different food products and its health-promoting properties. Nettles are highly adaptable occurring in most common areas from unpolluted to highly polluted areas, along stream banks, farmland and also in highly disturbed areas. In hot areas, they prefer sites in partial shade, but accept to grow also in full sun, mostly in moist soils alongside streams or in drains. U. dioica develops easily while under stressful conditions of drought; reducing light absorption and ensuring carbon assimilation through light energy conversion efficiency. The aim of this study is to evaluate the moisture content and antioxidant properties of nettle plant components (root, leafs and stem). Evaluation of moisture contents, total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol contents in ethanol nettle extracts is important in regard to the potential applications in various fields, such as environment, medicine and industry (food/feed, cosmetics, textiles etc.). The experimental studies were performed on nettle plants collected from three different counties from the western part of Romania and the obtained results were compared to various literature data. Due to the fact that one of the main characteristics of Urtica dioica L. is the resistance to drought, because of the thin leaves and their cuticle and the low percentage of epidermal cells, the study of evolution of leaves and roots moisture content as well as antioxidant capacity can give important information regarding the influence of climate change on plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union stands apart through its ambitious blueprint to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Playing a pivotal role within this process, the energy transition in EU is challenged by the trilemma of supply security, competitiveness and sustainability. Historical contingencies and contextual factors trigger different evolutionary trajectories in terms of temporalities and geographies. Testing the club convergence hypothesis, studies addressed the heterogeneity of EU member states either from energy or environmental perspectives. Our study relying on two streams of research on club convergence and core-periphery model is set to provide: (1) an up-to-date assessment of energy transition pathways pursued by EU members; and (2) a comprehensive outlook based on multiple variables to capture the economic, environmental, energy, social and policy dimensions of energy transition. We employ time-series data issued by EUROSTAT at the level of EU-27 national economies from 2015 (Climate Paris Agreement) to 2021 (European Green Deal). The analysis is based on the measurement of absolute, conditional and relative convergence to test the assumption that EU member states are organized into convergence clubs along core-periphery patterns. Absolute and conditional beta convergence, as well as sigma convergence have been confirmed by data, and five convergence clubs have been identified. However, their membership does not confirm the core-periphery theory in its classical tenets; it rather reflects multiple energy transition paths. We intent to contribute to the scholarship on climate and energy aiming to endorse informed policy across EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the prevalent misconceptions surrounding animals and their interactions with humans in Romania, with the primary goal of fostering a more accurate understanding and dispelling commonly held myths. A widespread misconception among many individuals is the erroneous belief that all animals inherently pose harm or threats when encountering humans. Our aim is to illuminate the reality that animals exhibit diverse behaviors and intentions, and in most cases, they prefer to avoid confrontations with humans. Within the article, alongside expert insights and scientific viewpoints, readers will find practical advice on coexisting safely with wildlife. This advice encompasses general precautions and behaviors that individuals can adopt to reduce the likelihood of conflicts or accidents in encounters with animals. Furthermore, the article equips readers with essential techniques and strategies for peacefully coexisting with potentially unpredictable animals. These practical tips guide individuals on the appropriate actions to minimize risks when interacting with animals in various settings. In conclusion, this paper presents a valuable initiative directed at enhancing awareness, dispelling unfounded fears, and nurturing a deeper appreciation for the animal kingdom in Romania. Through education and heightened awareness, readers gain valuable knowledge on achieving harmonious coexistence with wildlife while minimizing potential risks. This comprehensive approach plays a pivotal role in rectifying misconceptions and contributes to the development of a society that respects and values its natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction and synchronization of estrus during non-breeding season is the most frequently used biotechnological method of assisted reproduction in sheep. Synchronization of estrus in sheep is a very important breeding technique as it can effectively improve the reproductive performance of sheep, minimize the effects of seasonal factors on sheep reproduction, extend the breeding season of sheep, shorten the estrus interval, increase the gestation rate, increase the birth rate, it can also lead to the shortening of the time between generations. The study proposes a method of inducing and synchronizing estrus during non-breeding season in Turcan sheep, which uses vaginal sponges with FGA (20 mg), supplemented by the administration of PGF2a (0.20 mg) and GnRH (7 µg). The analyzed parameters were: sponge loss rate, vaginitis onset rate, total percentage of ewes in estrus and gestation rate. The results obtained for the induction rate and synchronization of estrus during non-breeding, the reproductive period in sheep from the Turcana breed of 88.88%, respectively for the rate of pregnancy deception of 81.25% indicate that the method used was an efficient one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen an increase in microbial resistance, which has led to great challenges for the medical community in terms of treating diseases and the food industry in terms of contamination and the loss of shelf life. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum against the following reference strains: Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Haemophilus influenzae type B (ATCC 10211), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19114), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876) Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124), Candida parapsilopsis (ATCC 22019) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The chemical analysis revealed 24 GC-MSidentified compounds using a Shimadzu QP 2010 Plus apparatus (Columbia, SC, USA) equipped with an AT WAX 30 m 0.32 mm 1 µm capillary column. The antimicrobial activity and MIC evaluation using the microdilution method suggested a higher efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi than Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the exploration and mining industry, fixed and mobile machines use hydraulic drive systems (HDSs) involving hydraulic cylinders powered at high pressure rates. Such cylinders operate in heavy and high-magnitude dynamic load regimes, e.g., as part of mobile crusher buckets, excavators and mini excavators, hook-lift trailers, or mobile hydraulic jacks. In this context, there are two solutions for generating high pressure rates in HDSs: (1) by using high-pressure pumps, or (2) by using hydraulic power units consisting of low-pressure pumping units and oscillating hydraulic pressure intensifiers. The second solution is often used in static applications, such as burst tests of pipes and tanks, and dynamic applications involving short displacements of hydraulic cylinders, such as in hydraulic tools and presses. This solution proves to be more efficient in terms of energy and economically. To assess the efficiency of this type of hydraulic drive in the field of exploration and mining, the authors developed a test stand. The stand made it possible for the highpressure hydraulic cylinder to be loaded with heavy and high-magnitude dynamic loads, using a step ramp-like configuration with different slopes for the two displacement directions. Next, the cylinder was supplied from a low-pressure pumping unit equipped with a minibooster, and tested under these load conditions. Test results pointed out that the tested hydraulic cylinder moves continuously and safely over the entire forwardand-return stroke. Low-pressure pumping units equipped with miniboosters are an efficient solution for driving hydraulic cylinders in the field of exploration and mining, especially in the case of heavy and high-magnitude dynamic loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a common understanding, tailings dumps are represented as categories of engineering constructions where mined underground rocks are stored together with the useful rock represented by underground coal. And the position of tailings dumps, ordinarily, is on the land around the mining operations. For their location, land is chosen that determines the minimum impact on the environment and requires some of the lowest waste disposal costs. Considering that our world is in a continuous ascension, new techniques and methods are present in many fields of engineering, presenting themselves as a modern approach to the conservation, and the greening of the affected areas. In order for greening to be found in the main purpose of the study, it is necessary to arrange, geometrize, weed, and forest the storage area on the studied surface of 3.68 ha. Thus, for better coordination of the works, for aerial determinations a UAV type equipment, namely a Phantom 4 drone, and for ground determinations of the outline of the tailings dump and reference points, a GPS equipment, model Leica GS08, RTK method was used. Such a combination between satellite and photogrammetric methods; led to the creation of a 3D model as true to reality as possible that will be fundamental in the process of afforestation of the tailings dump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional drugs has required scientists to discover new sources of biocides with a broad spectrum of action. Since ancient times, plants and plant derivatives such as essential oils have been used in traditional medicine. In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts (leaves and stem) of Thymus pulegioides were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria, Gram+ bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively Gram-bacteria Escherichia coli. The antibacterial potential was tested by the bacterial cell viability test, the spectrophotometric method. The results of the performed tests indicate a different antibacterial effect depending on the type of vegetative organ from which the extract was made, the concentration tested and the bacterial strain studied. A decrease in the antibacterial potential of the extracts is identified as the concentration decreases, the effect exerted being bacteriolytic or bacteriostatic, at some concentrations the values recorded being almost non-existent. The antibacterial potential of Thymus pulegioides extracts were more evident in Gram+ bacteria compared to Gram-bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are agents with different and complex chemical structures, with toxic effects for humans and animals. They can be present in feed and food, although in very small quantities, mycotoxins have a negative effect on the health of animals and people. Ochratoxins are mycotoxins intensively studied in recent years due to their toxicity on the animal and human body; these toxins show nephrotoxic, immunotoxic and myelotoxic, neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Thirty male rats of the Sprague-Dawley breed were divided into 3 groups who received through feed doses of of ochratoxin A (OTA): 0.5 mg OTA/kg BW, 1 mg OTA/kg BW and non OTA (control group). The blood samples collected on the anticoagulant were subjected to the analysis of the main components: hemoleucogram and biochemical parameters. The variations of the determined biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartat aminotransferase, serum creatinin, serum urea and blood urea nitrogen) indicate changes in the kidney and liver function in the animals from the experimental groups compared to the control group. The parameters of the hemoleucogram count also register variations depending on the administered dose of OTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the possibility of floating photovoltaic farms on the reservoirs of the Olt river in Romania. For the analysis, a database with the solar irradiance evolution for one year in the four possible locations was created, using the PVGIS-SARAH2 database. The locations were chosen according to the surface area of the reservoir, geographical position, and possibility of connection to the national energy system. After the analysis, it was observed that during the cold season, the solar irradiance is higher in locations 1 and 2, while locations 3 and 4 show higher irradiance during the warm season. Simulations of electricity production were carried out for the location of solar farms, with an installed capacity of 1 MWh, with a southern positioning of the panels having different tilt angles of: 0, 15, 30 and 45 degrees. The paper continues with a statistical analysis of the monthly and annual electricity production when installing solar farms in the analysed locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conveyance of goods and travelling of persons through the tunnels of mines or subway is done on railways of narrow or normal gauge. In interventions in case of accidents, hydraulically operated installations with small dimensions are used for lifting and rerailing the derailed rolling stock. They include hydraulic jacks (double or single acting hydraulic cylinders), supplied with low flow rates at high pressures. Feeding of hydraulic cylinders for lifting and relocating the derailed rolling stock is usually done by means of high-pressure pumps, manually operated or driven by electric / thermal motors. The authors propose the use of a more cost-effective pumping unit with low-pressure pump and oscillating hydraulic pressure intensifier for this kind of applications - and for similar ones that involve interventions in narrow workspaces. Such pumping units are usually used in applications designed to achieve and maintain high pressures, either in the volumes of enclosed spaces (endurance tests for pipes and tanks) or at the active stroke end of hydraulic cylinders (hydraulic presses). The authors demonstrate, on an experimental test bench, that the displacement of a highpressure hydraulic cylinder, with constant load over the entire stroke, can take place safely even if a low-pressure pumping unit, equipped with oscillating hydraulic pressure intensifier powers it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the preliminary results obtained for the determination of some nutritional parameters of homemade chocolate fortified with nettle powder (NP) obtained from young nettle leaves grown in spontaneous flora, in pollution-free areas. 4 types of homemade chocolate with the addition of 2.5 - 10 % NP and a control chocolate (without the addition of NP) were prepared. Samples were analyzed from the proximate composition and mineral content point of view. The obtained preliminary results show that the chocolates fortified with nettle leaf powder contain important amounts of nutritional principles, which vary according to the percentage of NP added: 10.51 (chocolate with 2.5% NP) - 10.68% (chocolate with 10% NP) protein; 44.22 (chocolate with 10% NP) - 44.81 % (chocolate with 2.5% NP) carbohydrate; 20.30 (chocolate with 10% NP) - 22.05 % (chocolate with 2.5 % NP) fats; 2.87 (chocolate with 2.5% NP addition) - 3.66% (chocolate with 10% NP) minerals. In comparison with the control sample, chocolates with added NP contain higher amounts of minerals and slightly reduced fats. The concentration of essential microelements, determined in chocolates with the addition of NP, increases with the increase of NP percentage in the case of iron and manganese: 2.32-4.54 mg/100g Fe, respectively 0.42-0.79 mg/100g Mn and decreases slightly in the case of zinc: 2.15-2.20 mg/100g Zn. The copper concentration does not undergo obvious changes with the increase in the mass of added NP: 0.51-0.58 mg/100g Cu. Compared to the control chocolate (without the addition of NP), the chocolates with the addition of NP contain higher amounts of Fe and Mn; in the case of Zn and Cu, the differences are insignificant. Therefore, it can be stated that, compared to homemade chocolate, chocolates with added NP contain higher amounts of Fe and Mn and slightly lower amounts of Zn. Fortifying homemade chocolate with nettle leaf powder, in quantities that do not affect the aroma, flavor and taste (7.5%, in this experiment) can be a method of improving the nutritional qualities of homemade chocolate: it increases the mineral content, decreases the fat, and the carbohydrate contents do not undergo visible changes. In addition, thanks to the biologically active substances (polyphenols, flavonoids, etc.) contained in nettle powder, chocolates fortified with nettle powder have antioxidant properties closer to dark chocolate and a longer shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the fact that by fortifying chocolate, more nutritious and healthier chocolates are obtained, in this work we set out to obtain an assortment of milk chocolate with the addition of chicken eggshell powder and to evaluate its mineral intake. Practically, the purpose of this experiment is the superior valorization of eggshell waste from household activities as a mineral fortification for milk chocolate. Four types of milk chocolates were prepared with the addition of 0, 1, 2 and 4% chicken eggshell powder, which were analyzed from the point of view of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The results obtained from the analysis of chocolates show an increase in the mineral concentration of milk chocolate with the increasing addition of eggshell powder: 265 - 1.724 mg/100g Ca; 124-140 mg/100g Mg; 2.947 - 3.231 mg/100g Fe; 0.569 - 0.612 mg/100g Mn; 2.407 - 2.460 mg/100g Zn and 0.940 - 0.988 mg/100g Cu. Under the conditions of the present experiment, a consumption of 50 g of chocolate with 1 - 4% eggshell powder covers a good part of the recommended daily mineral requirement: 31.47 - 86.20% Ca - for women and men; 15.21 - 22.66% Mg for women and men; 8.19 - 20.19% Fe - for men and women; 12.46 - 17.08% Mn - for women and men; 10.97 - 15.38% Zn - for men and women respectively; 52.50 - 54.89% Cu - for women and men. A possible increase in the mass of eggshell used for the mineral fortification of chocolate is possible, but this may decrease the sensory quality of the chocolate, especially in terms of texture and taste. The obtained results confirm the fact that milk chocolate fortified with 4% eggshell has a higher mineral intake than nonfortified chocolate, especially from the point of view of Ca and Mg content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way of land use and implicitly the spatio-temporal distribution of plant species are subject to quantitative and qualitative changes, under the influence of natural and/or anthropogenic factors. Appreciation of the spatio-temporal "mobility" of vegetation can be done through different work protocols, some of which are geomatic methods applied to satellite images. In this context, the purpose of this study is to analyze the trends in the dynamics of vegetation and land use, over a period of approximately 35 years, based on Landsat images and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), at the level of the southwest area of Romania. The obtained results provide an overview of the land use/land cover at the level of the entire study area, but also highlight the aspects related to the vegetation cover. The research results draw attention to the transformations that have occurred in the vegetation cover of the area of interest, through the reduction or loss of the areas of some plant species or their territorial "inversion", which can produce effects on the biodiversity of the study area. On the other hand, such studies can be considered a starting point in local or regional management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal teas are a popular beverage, that can be prepared very easily (by pouring hot water on various dried herbs). It is very important to monitor and develop a screening methodology for detecting the metal content of both tea plants and herbal tea. A variety of bioactive phytochemicals in the human diet are from f plant-based foodstuffs. Due to their minor side effects, the medicinal plants are widely used to treat many human diseases. Polyphenols, the most abundant components in tea, determine the quality and health function of tea. There are a variety of methods for the analysis of total polyphenols content from tea and medicinal plants, which range from the traditional titration method, to the widely used spectrophotometry based on the color Folin-Ciocalteu reaction. Natural products from medicinal plants, from the old foundations of traditional medicine, play today a vital role in the discovery of new active therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to establish the total content of polyphenols of herbal of tea (medicinal plant) grown in different regions of Romania. In our work we collected herbal teas from county Gorj. These herbals are rosehip (Rose canina), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), peppermint (Mentha piperita), marigold (Calendula officinalis), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and perforate St John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum). The content of total phenols from medicinal plants were estimated by the Folin Ciocalteu method, a spectrophotometric method. The content of phenols in medicinal herbs shows significant variations determined by the nature and type of herbal tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the role played by different wastewater treatment technologies in the dairy industry in the context of the challenges of sustainable development: water scarcity and conservation of water resources, the constant growth of the population and the costs of wastewater treatment in centralized systems, increasing constraints and stricter environmental protection regulations. In this sense, the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants belonging to a number of 8 factories was determined. The studied factories were divided into three groups according to the type of wastewater treatment technology, namely: the first group uses only the pretreatment stage; the second uses the mechanical-chemical and biological treatment stages with biogas production; the third group has an aerobic biological treatment coupled with a reverse osmosis module. Water samples were taken weekly from the influent and effluent of each wastewater treatment plant for 6 months (March-August 2022). A number of 8 quality parameters were analyzed for both waste water and treated water, in accordance with the national regulations. The results highlighted the fact that the values of chemical oxygen consumption (COD), five-days biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphorus (PTotal), respectively total nitrogen (NTotal), and ammonium nitrogen for all wastewater samples far exceeded the limits of admissibility provided by the national wastewater quality standards. Instead, the pH values and the chloride content were within acceptable limits. The apply of mechanical and biological wastewater treatments determined the decrease of COD, BOD5 and TSS concentrations by more than 95%, respectively by more than 85% in the case of PTotal. The efficiency of the reverse osmosis module was over 95% in the case of ammonium nitrogen elimination. As a result of the onsite implementation of these technologies for the treatment of wastewater from the dairy industry, the values of the quality indicators of the effluents were in accordance with the regulations regarding the discharge of treated water into natural receivers or into the urban sewage network without affecting the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Crișul-Alb River springs from the Apuseni mountains, and its course crosses many rural and urban towns. In the Crișul Alb hollow, there are several tributaries that have a significant contribution to the volume and water flow of the Crișul Alb River. Due to the abundant precipitation combined with the melting of the snow during the spring period, high levels of water flow are created, endangering human settlements and other goods isolated by their flooding. The aim of the paper was to present a topographic study that would be the basis for the subsequent preparation of a complex hydrological study. This is the basis of a project to repair the breach as a result of the rupture of the body of the dam, following the high levels of flowing water. By optimizing the flow at high flows, the color of the flow is created through measures to reduce the roughness, to highlight the active erosions from the banks, in the minor bed or in the major bed of the Crișul Alb River. The paper also presents the method of carrying out some topographical measurements in the bed of the Crișul Alb River, in the area located north of the town of Țipari, between the CSA terminals with numbers 5 and 43, and the processing of the respective measurements in order to draw up transversal profiles through the bed and a longitudinal profile on the respective portion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using aerial vehicles without pilot (UAV-unmanned aerial vehicle) or Drone has seen a rapid development, over the last decade, in order to obtain spatial information of the Earth's surface. This scientific paper was realized for the Hydrotechnical Node of Costei, from Timis County and has as purpose the processing of aerial images, obtained from a Phantom4 Pro device, which is capable to capture video at 4K resolution at 30 frames per second and Full HD 1080p at 120 frames per second for a slow motion with a Sony EXMOR camera that can take photos at 12 megapixels, with a maximum flight speed of 20m/s. The device is equipped with positioning equipment, which connects to both GPS and GLONASS, allowing it to connect faster to satellites and position itself with high accuracy in the air. Phantom 4 automatically records the details of each flight made, so you can check your previous flights. In order to achieve the 3D model, were used oblique and vertical images with the highest accuracy. Nadir imaging was performed at an average height above ground (AGL-Above Ground Level) of approx. 140m. The imaging data was processed with the AgiSoft PhotoScan program using a number of 112 aerial images. For image processing, the software proposes for each processing stage, different parameters that determine the precision and time of the final processing of the Costei Hydrotechnical Node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure projects can be the source of multiple environmental impacts, such as roadkill, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation. Specialty studies have shown that almost 194 million birds and 29 million mammals may be killed each year on European roads. Infrastructure projects can be the source of multiple environmental impacts, such as roadkill, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation. Specialty studies have shown that almost 194 million birds and 29 million mammals may be killed each year on European roads. In our country, the dense network of national roads often causes roadkill events, with the following possible impact forms: reduction of wildlife species populations, damage to population fitness, changes in the spatial distribution and migration routes. At the same time, the presence of an animal on the road can also lead to a degree of discomfort and endangerment for traffic participants. At the same time, highways have their fair share of roadkill events. In Romania, the highway network includes only about 961 km built, the investments in the field of infrastructure being made mainly to connect the east (the Black Sea coast) with the west (the connection with other countries from the European Union). Nowadays, highway networks are being built to become mobility lanes to other regions of the country and exits to other neighboring countries. Recently, there is an increased focus on the environmental component for large infrastructure projects at national level, with solutions that can be implemented from the feasibility study phase. The paper deals with wildlife roadkill findings, associated with different infrastructure projects throughout the country, correlated with the proposal of measures to stop or reduce such negative events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residues of pesticides and HM, used in bees care or in crop fields, have negative effects on the health of bees and humans and of the antimicrobial properties of the honey. Investigation of HM and pesticides is vital, since the use of chemical solutions has "rise up" significantly. Our aim was to investigate whether the level of contaminants in honey (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, As, using GC/ECD and GF-AAS) and pesticides: α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, DDE, DDD, and DDT, alpha -Endosulfan, carbofuran, pirimicarb (by gas chromatography with electron capture determination). Iron (max. 0.76725 mg / kg), Zinc, Lead Copper Cadmium, Arsenic have lower values than the maximum allowed; 0.01 mg/kg is the maximum allowed for pesticides; exception is max. 0.05 mg / kg for DDD, DDT, DDE, Carbofuran and Pirimicarb. The average of the resulting values exceeds the maximum allowed in many cases to four decimal places, as follows: Alpha HCH (max. 0.0158mg / kg), Beta HCH and HCH (by 10-15%), Aldrin (double), alpha endo-sulfan (three times than maximum). Endrin was not detected in any honey samples. Organochlorines in the pp DDE range were below the maximum (0.05 mg / kg). The pyrimicarbon showed lower values. The values determined are not dangerous for the human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a solution for solving the problems of eco-efficient combustion of pelletized or chopped and dried agricultural and forest residual biomass, using the Top-Lit UpDraft (TLUD) gasification process. By using this solution, thermal energy is produced, and about 10...20% residual charcoal, not transformed into gas, called biochar, too. Biochar is a good amendment for agricultural soils and reduces the concentration of CO2 in the environment by capturing carbon in the soil for long periods. Biochar acts in the soil like a sponge that can absorb up to five times its own weight; it stores water and nutrients and allows microorganisms to settle inside its pores. A bench for testing combustion in TLUD gasifiers, developed in is equipped with a data acquisition program, designed in LabView, with a user-friendly our laboratory, is presented; it graphical interface that displays all acquired parameters and the related graphs in real time for various operating modes and for various types of biomass. The production temperature and the amount of air in the gasifier are the main factors that impinge on the physico-chemical properties of the biochar. The data acquired from two combustion tests carried out with a primary air / secondary air ratio of 1/3 and 1/2, respectively, are presented, from which it turns out that that gasification (in our case, gasification of pellets) with lower speed results in a larger amount of biochar, hence a more eco-efficient combustion, with significant benefits for the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of the work aimed to present a model of drawing up and carrying out a drawing work for collective constructions in order to build a building with a ground floor + 1st floor + attic. This project has been approved by the City Hall of Timisoara, Romania. The purpose of the work was to identify and execute a topographic elevation, to draw and track the horizontality and verticality of the building for each level (ground floor, floor, attic). The work was completed with the preparation of a cadastral documentation that includes the tabulation of the construction and the division into apartments of the building, being a collective dwelling with several beneficiaries. It was designed to be a construction type with a height regime GF+1F+A included in the land book 441649 from the database of the municipality of Timisoara. The building will have 4 housing units per level: ground floor, 1st floor and attic, each with 4 apartments. The structure of the building is made of 25 cm brick, with an exterior insulation of 10 cm, and the roof will be made on a wooden structure covered with metal tile. Due to the small tolerances admitted by the builder in drawing the axes and bolts, it was absolutely necessary to perform specialized works to identify the land, to execute the topographic elevations in order to draw up the situation plan and, subsequently, to place the future construction according to the distances approved by the urbanism certificate and building permit. This type of works requires a large volume of work both in the preliminary phase and in the execution phase: measuring large areas of land and raising all the details of planimetry and relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the occupational risk expressed the possibility of ending up in a (possible) danger of injury and/or occupational illness, it can represent a criterion of qualitative appreciation of the accomplishment of a human action, indicating how it may produce undesirable effects, materialized by human and material damage. The risk associated with a human action is determined by a multitude of risk factors, both of internal nature (manifested by human error) and of an external nature (technical equipment and related protection systems), which manifest themself in an organizational framework in which the executor carries out his activity, where the problem of risk perception has a dual character: the executor's own risk versus the risk associated with human error. The human reasoning behind an action is generally based on at the mental level by each performer, the situation of a risky, complex or foreseeable damage action requiring a preliminary assessment of the occupational risk associated with that action. The paper highlights the results obtained based on the assessment of the risk associated with human error in the application of the framework method of exploitation with undermined coal bank, using a grapho-analytical model to estimate and assess the degree of global impairment (the severity of the maximum predictable consequence) and the corresponding probability, as a result of the verifying compliance of the conformity of the technical prescriptions for safety and health at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context, in which the analysis of the failures by infrared thermography for the hydraulically operated machines is an increasingly widespread internationally method, starting from the year 2016, in Romania, at INOE 2000 - IHP Bucharest the first thermographic analyzes were laid made on hydraulic equipment. It is known that by maintaining normal limits of variation of the temperature and viscosity of the hydraulic oil in the actuation plants, are created the conditions of the productivity increase and the decrease of the energy losses. The authors of this paper have therefore welcomed to the "20-20-20" Program (http://arpee.org.ro/strategia-europa-2020-programul-20-20-20/) which refers to the 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) compared to 1990, the final energy consumption reduction by 20% compared to 2005, by increasing the energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewable sources in the total energy mix to a minimum 20% until the year 2020. The method of infrared thermography, applied in predictive maintenance is a practical solution in the direction of the present requirements for reducing the CO2 mark and for protecting the environment because it is non-polluting, non-invasive and has a low energy consumption. In the paper, in the current state of researches, the authors gave as an example the application of the infrared thermography method to hydraulic pumps and cylinders on mobile or fixed machines. Using a special infrared thermal imaging camera, in general, it was possible to make correct assessments on the degree of wear and functionality on the analyzed volumetric machines, by studying the resulting thermal images, called thermograms. However, when measurement errors occurred, it was found, that these assessments became inadequates. For this reason, the authors of the paper are focused their researches towards the optimization of the above mentioned method, by developing of an innovative, non-polluting technology for thermographic investigations that aimed to eliminate these errors, based on a practical methodology for applying and accurate interpretation of the results thermograms, able to describe punctually the procedures to be followed by the maintenance activities involved staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Volinian Adâncata sandstone (Lower Sarmatian) is exploited from the northwestern part of the Moldovian Platform, which represents the continuation of the great East- European Platform and which lies in front of the Eastern Carpathians (in Eastern Romania). Adâncata sandstone is a slightly micaceous carbonate sandstone that has been exploited since the Middle Ages to the present, with some temporal syncopes after the Second World War. The current exploitation of the sandstone levels is made in two quarries located in the area named locally Poiana Odăii, area situated administratively in the suburb of Burdujeni district on the territory of Suceava municipality. Adâncata sandstone is a building material of local interes, being used since the Middle Ages in the construction of the major historical buildings, including the Sunday of-All the Saints church in Hânțești (15th century) and all the other churches from Hânțești, Adâncata, Mitocul Dragomirnei villages (Suceava county). Adâncata sandstone is an important stone material used nowadays for modern constructions, but also in the reconstruction and restoration of historical buidings and monuments. The exploitation of the sandstone deposits is made by soil scraping and rock extraction. The small sandstone pieces resulting from the operation, which can not be marketed are mixed with the stripped soil forming a mixic anthropogenic material subsequently used to cover the areas from which the rock extraction was made. This technique changes the structural qualities and the textural and chemical properties of the soil, which from an initially arable land becomes a grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All wind turbines have their main components (the rotor, mechanical transmission, generator) housed in a nacelle, supported by a pillar (large-sized) or a prop (small or medium-sized). Such a prop can be a guyed, a free standing, or a hydraulic one. While the former types of props require a lifting device for turbine installation and maintenance, the third type is provided with its own hydraulic system, which performs these operations. The hydraulic prop, which may have a height of 12...30 m and support wind turbines of 3...50 kW, includes two segments: one at the base, short, embedded in a reinforced concrete foundation, and the other, mobile (the prop itself), which is fastened to the first one through a "hinge" and can be lifted or lowered. The purpose of this research is to establish the schematic diagram of the hydraulic drive system, able to ensure: complete safety of load (prop and nacelle) movement; load holding at any desired position or if the hoses are broken; control of the load lifting and lowering speed, regardless of the positioning of its center of gravity towards the hinge geometric center. The following techniques have been used for this goal: an analysis of hydraulic lifting equipment, which swings the load around a joint; developing a schematic diagram of the hydraulic drive system, including a dual overcenter valve for a wind turbine prop; customization of the diagram to a specific case, by practically implementing a hydraulic drive system, with standardized components; demonstration of system functionality by using it to lift and lower a medium-power wind turbine. Tests under real operating conditions have validated experimentally the schematic diagram of the hydraulic drive system, namely: safe load movement; speed control of the load movement for both directions; safe load holding at any desired height, between the hinge elevation relative to the ground and the maximum prop elevation. Experimental validation of the hydraulic drive system developed should produce a change in the use of wind turbine props, in the direction of a large use of hydraulic props and less use of guyed or free standing props. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ”20-20-20” program provides a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) compared to 1990, ie a 20% reduction of the final energy consumption compared to 2005, by increasing of the energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewable sources in the total energy mix to at least 20% until 2020. Starting from this European directive, the authors propose to develop a method of assessing the wear and operating status of hydraulic pumps, rotary hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders, without necessity to remove them from the hydraulic drive systems they belong for testing them on high-energy laboratory stands. To achieve of the proposed goal of expanding the infrared thermography in the field of hydraulic drive systems, three directions of action are addressed: the infrared thermography of the main families of volumetric machines (pumps, rotary motors and hydraulic cylinders) without wear; making thermograms of the same volumetric machines with different degrees of wear; comparative analysis of the two sets of thermograms. The authors have developed an incipient data base, which they intend to develop in the future, containing the witness thermograms of the non-worn volumetric machines, made on laboratory-stands, respectively the thermograms of the volumetric machines with different wear degrees, resulting from the simulation on the stands of some causative wear operating modes. It is intended to develop this database by: raising of the volumetric machine manufacturers' in the direction of inclusion the standard thermograms in their product catalogs; raising the beneficiaries of hydraulically operated machinery and equipments in the direction of periodic control, by making thermograms of the volumetric machines operating state from those drive systems. The authors express their opinion that by attracting of the two mentioned factors and by developing of some interpretation methods / comparative analysis "standard thermogram" vs. "real thermogram", the infrared thermography method may have a in the field of hydraulic drive systems, a similar success to that from medicine (the human body is a much more complex system than a hydraulic drive system) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an exploratory study that analysis the factors that influence the intention to use smart meters that measure electricity consumption. The authors used the technology acceptance model as a starting point for their research, taking into consideration other eight external variables: social influence, familiarity with smart meter technology, task-technology fit, compatibility, the level of trust in companies that supply electricity, price awareness, energy conservation intentions, and perception of the environmental problems. In this regard, it was developed a questionnaire that was applied to homeowners from a 5-year-old residential complex, from Bucharest, Romania, data being processed and analysed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicated that one of the most important factors that influence the intention to use smart meters is the compatibility with smart meter technology. Also, this study highlighted that price awareness and task-technology fit are also variables that strongly influence the attitude toward using a smart meter in the case of apartment owners from the residential complex. On the other hand, the intention to buy or attitude to use smart meters were not influenced by the level of trust in companies that supply electricity, and familiarity with smart meter technology, the homeowners being more concerned about energy conservation or environmental issues. Based on the results of this pilot study, at the end of the paper, the authors presented indications regarding the future research they will carry out to determine the most complete model of the factors that influence the use of smart meters in residential buildings in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air pollution monitoring is an important activity toward a more clean air for indoor environments as most of people spend a lot more time in such environments (as e.g. at home, at their workplace or at kindergarten/school/university). The quality of indoor air can have a strong impact on human health, due to longer exposure, especially when ventilation is poor. So far, some solutions were proposed for solving this problem, starting from simple stationary sensors, to more complicated mobile sensing networks and single or multi-robots systems. Intelligent robots either alone or in cooperation with other robots can collect environmental data from specific indoor environments in order to build a map of indoor air pollution, to analyze the air pollution degree or to perform a more detailed analysis of air pollution in the monitored indoor areas and to identify and propose some air pollution reduction measures to be taken by the decision factors. In this paper we propose an indoor air pollution monitoring system, based on the Internet of Things (IoT) concept that can monitor an indoor environment such as a workplace or a living place(residence) using intelligent mobile robots equipped with air pollution monitoring sensors. Robots follow the same path that people follow and offer a more accurate image of the pollution that affects people every day. The robots are equipped with GPS and WiFi data connection and send data using TCP/IP protocol to an environmental SCADA system that records and builds pollution maps of the place that is monitored. Based on these maps, the SCADA system can automatically start the ventilation system or forbid access in areas where pollution is too high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine pruning is one of the most essential tools to ensure grapes quality and efficient yields of vineyards. Vine horticultural performance and leaf physiology of grapevine are influenced by viticultural practices. One of these practices is represented by pruning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pruning system on leaf physiology and vine performance. Currently, viticulture as a sector of agriculture is a priority sector for national and European Union policies that receive support and funding to ensure the competitiveness of wine-growing and the quality of wine products. In this context, the management of vineyard is essential to ensure the competitiveness of viticultural farms. The experiment was carry out on field conditions in a Stefanesti non-irrigated mature vineyard for two grapevine Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. The grapevines were represented by two Romanian table grape varieties: Vitis vinifera L. cv. Argessis and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Augusta. The training system used for grapevine was represented by Cazenave bilateral and cordon spur pruning with 14 buds per vine cordon. Effects of the pruning system on leaf physiology and vine performance were expressed using the following parameters: leaf area, photosynthesis rate (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) in leaves, the relative water content (%) in leaves, respiration rate (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), coefficient of relative and absolute fertility, relative and absolute productivity index. The coefficient of absolute fertility had a higher value for Augusta under the influence of cordon spur pruning and Argessis cultivar under the influence of Cazenave pruning. The highest value of photosynthesis rate was determined in Argessis for Cazenave pruning (7,643 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1). Grapevine canopy management by pruning is essential to select the best pruning method taking in consideration the local environment and grapevine cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most essential tools to protect nature, environment and biodiversity is to ensure the proper policy and environmental legislation in the creation of protected areas. Nowadays, green economy and environmentally friendly technologies play a major role for sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed picture of the Romanian policy and environmental legislation regarding biodiversity and protected areas and to outline the importance of the institutional framework, global approach of the environmental issues, international and European law and the legislation and policy of national state in order to promote the establishment of protected areas. In this work, we included a documentary synthesis and an analysis of legal and institutional frameworks for biodiversity and protected areas. Romania is the only state in the European Union having five biogeographical regions (alpine, Black sea, continental, steppic, pannonian). Taking in consideration that Romania has a rich biodiversity and more than 22% Romanian territory is under Natura 2000's ecological network, institutional framework, policy and environmental legislation are the most important instruments to protect species, habitats and ecosystems and to maintain biodiversity. In the last decade the terrestrial and marine protected areas has increasing mainly under the influence of European environmental directives. The Romanian Natura 2000 network is composed of 435 sites under the Habitats Directive (Sites of Community Importance, SCIs, and Special Areas of Conservation, SACs) and 171 sites under the Birds Directive (Special Protection Areas, SPAs). Romania currently counts 19 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites), with a surface area of 1,156,448 hectares and three Biosphere Reserves including the Danube Delta, Europe's largest natural wetland. As a European Union member, Romanian environment legislation and policy is strongly influence by European law. European legislation in the field of nature protection has been compatible at national level mainly with the adoption Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007 on protected natural regimes, natural habitats, wild flora and wild fauna, approved with amendments by Law no. 49 of April 7, 2011. In order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of nature in Romania through legal instruments is necessary to create: an institutional framework in line with the new environmental protection requirements; sustainable use of natural resources; access to financial support; monitoring, evaluation and control of activities with environmental impact; public-private partnership, institutional and cross-border cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Romanian agriculture is essential to promote products based on natural extracts. Seaweeds extracts, humic acids, and other natural compounded often enhancing growth, development, abiotic stress tolerance or ability to tolerate plant disease. Many articles show results of using seaweed extracts as biostimulants to improve tolerance to drought or salinity. Most products are extracted from marine algae belonging to the Ascophyllum nodosum species. In our research, we tested the role of SuperFifty® 0-0-8 in reducing the oxidative stress produced by copper increasing in the culture medium of sunflower seedlings. Two levels of copper have been studied (300 μmol L-1 Cu+2 and 1300 μmol L-1 Cu+2), compared with variants that contained a combination of copper and seaweeds extract (1:1000). For each variant, 50 sunflower seeds were placed in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes. As a germination support, filter paper was soaked with solution corresponding to each variant. Experiments were conducted in three repetitions. The germination of sunflower seeds was not significantly influenced by the tested doses of copper and by the administration of seaweeds extract. Concentration of 1300 μmol L-1 Cu+2 produced a decrease in root size, and the seaweeds extract caused a significant reduction in physiological stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed extracts have many uses. Growth stimulation results obtained from different plant species are mentioned. Also, algae extracts are used to reduce biotic and abiotic stress. Salt stress is one of the most important factors decreasing the productivity of plants. High soil salinity can have a negative effect on major physiological processes. In our work, we investigated the response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'Berggold' plants treated with SuperFifty solution (1:1000 and 5:1000), under salt stress conditions (100 mM NaCl). SuperFifty® 0-0-8 is an organic fertilizer from brown marine alga - Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. It is a highly concentrated product: 500 g dry mass per liter. After seeds germination, the plants were grown in the plant growth chamber. Been plants have been influenced by salt stress at the end of vegetative growth period. The plants were sprayed with SuperFifty solution. Three replicate pots per each variant were used. Sodium chloride, in tested dose, caused inhibition of the following physiological parameters: plant height, foliar area, relative water content. The seaweed extract contained in the Super Fifty product can help reduce the physiological stress caused by salt. The lowest tested concentration of SuperFifty (1:1000) has shown its effectiveness in reducing saline stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are plenty of facilities, machinery and equipment, either stationary or mobile, which require hydraulic operating power, generated by low-flow pumping systems at high pressures. Such systems can be met in stationary applications, in which energy efficiency is important, while the pulsating nature of flow does not disturb, and also in dynamic applications, in which both energy efficiency and flow rate regularity are important. The first category of applications includes: static pressure tests on deepwater drilling pipes, ovens, tanks and pressure vessels, railway and road tankers; drive of the clamping devices of cutting machines, in which the operations are performed at different clamping pressure rates on the semi-finished product, and these rates must be steady throughout the duration of each operation, and so on. The second category of applications includes: drive of hydraulic cylinders, with two working speeds on the active stroke, for press machines; drive of hydraulic cylinders, at low and uniform travel speeds, coupled to high loads; cleaning and cutting parts by high-pressure water jet, mixed with abrasive material; applications of mobile hydraulics in the drive systems of construction machinery; drive of hydraulic tools, and so on. Hydraulic pressure intensifiers solve the issue of energy efficiency of high pressure generators at low flow rates, but do not handle the issue of flow regularity. Hydraulic intensifiers, supplied with high input flow rates at low pressures, provide pulsating low output flow rates, at high pressures. Even small flow pulsation found in double action hydraulic intensifiers negatively influences the uniformity of the hydraulic cylinder travel speed. High pressure hydrostatic pumps can deliver low and relatively uniform flow rates at high pressures, but they are expensive and have high energy consumption. What we propose, for dynamic applications, is a modular pumping system, consisting of a low pressure pump, which supplies three hydraulic pressure intensifiers that differ in working phase, and one of these intensifiers is constantly in the compression phase. What we demonstrate, by numerical simulation in AMESim, is that the proposed pumping system simultaneously solves the issues of energy efficiency and flow regularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrostatic transmissions create compliance between rigid functional parameters of a power-machine, e.g. an electric motor, and flexible functional parameters of the work machine, e.g. a crane hoist. Hydrostatic transmissions equip fixed or mobile machinery and guidance systems for: aviation, artillery, wind turbines, hydraulic turbine blades, etc. Any hydrostatic transmission includes at least two positive displacement machines: a pump, called transmission "primary" and a motor, called transmission "secondary". Hydrostatic transmissions with fixed-displacement pumps and motors are ineffectual as regards energy consumption; primary control (pump displacement control), secondary control (motor displacement control) and mixed control (pump and motor displacement control) improve energy efficiency of hydrostatic transmissions. Mixed control is the most energy-efficient; it requires finding solutions to simultaneously achieve reduction of: - speed variation at the positive displacement motor in the secondary, depending on its load variation; - flow discharged through the safety valve of the pump in the primary, main cause for dissipation of hydraulic energy into heat. An experimental model of a hydrostatic transmission has been optimized as regards energy and functionality; it allowed for primary, secondary or mixed control, through the next two solutions: - for secondary control: the solution of introducing an electronic PID (Proportional Integrative Derivative) controller in the motor speed control loop; - for mixed control: the solution of equipping the pump with pressure regulator and introducing an electronic P (proportional) controller in the motor speed control loop. The analysis performed used as methods mathematical modeling and numerical simulation in AMESim. Results showed: - for secondary control: reduction of about 50% in hydraulic motor speed variation, depending on its load variation, when using the PID controller, against using the P controller; - for mixed control: cancellation of flow conveying through the pump safety valve, if the pump in the primary is equipped with pressure regulator, against transmission with secondary control. There has been achieved a case of hydrostatic transmission control with energy and functional optimal behavior, based on displacement control in both positive displacement machines: it was when the pump was equipped with pressure regulator and a P type electronic controller was introduced in the positive displacement motor speed control loop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic hazard studies of the last 30 years have been largely carried out taking into account the needs of the construction engineers, by linking the specific quantities of soil movement with the physical parameters determined instrumentally, namely, with the maximum values of soil acceleration. At present, interest in the results of hazard studies has increased and has extended to other areas such as insurance or design companies, environmental protection, etc. A fundamental element in the estimation of seismic hazard is the variation of the amplitude of the movement of the soil according to the distance, magnitude and local conditions. To understand and prevent the effects of the strong Vrancea earthquakes in the dam sites located in the South West of Romania, we study the seismic waves attenuation relations using the accelerations recorded by the national network of K2 accelerometers, following the moderate Vrancea intermediate earthquakes. The study area includes the largest agglomeration of dams in Romania, with almost 100 dams out of the 250 large dams. One of the most important specific requirements towards dams' safety is the seismic risk and hazard assessment and the computation of attenuation relationships is one of the most important steps of the work. The main objective of the present work is the evaluation of the specific attenuation relationships of the seismic wave propagating from Vrancea subcrustal focus toward south-west, with direct application for the dams situated in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of this study is to obtain antimicrobial textiles, useful in various skin infections with different bacterial strains, due to the unique properties of contained essential oils, such as: antimicrobial and antiinflamatory effects. Four different matrices of biologic active systems in forms of stable emulsions were used in this study, namely: bee wax – essential oil, chitosan – agar – essential oil, xanthan gum – essential oil, xanthan gum – gelatin – essential oil and four different types of essential oils: lavender oil (Lavandula Angustifolia), mint oil (Mentha Piperita), rosemary oil (Rosmarinus Officinalis) and thyme oil (Origanum Onites). After recipes optimization from the point of view of emulsion stability, the selected variants of biologic active systems were tested in vitro, before being impregnated on textiles, in the terms of activity on different bacterial strains involved in various cutaneous infections, such as: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans. Certain samples were tested also on Escherichia coli, a strain being known to produce wound infections. Emulsions having certain, moderate or even weak antimicrobial activity, were then tested before and after impregnation on textiles from the point of view of dermal toxicity, by using human reconstructed derm, testing protocol In Vitro EpiDerm™ Skin Irritation Test, in order to assess the potential adverse effects on the skin. The values obtained for relative viability highlighted the irritant and non-irritant biologic active systems. This study revealed that the matrices used for the entrapment of the essential oils clearly influence the level of antimicrobial activity, for the same type of essential oils being obtained different size of the inhibition zone. The results allowed the selection of viable bioactive systems from the point of view of antimicrobial activity and the remaining alternatives from the dermal toxicity view point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oltenia Mining Basin extends, intermittently from west to east, from the Danube to the Luncavat Stream, Valcea County. It is located as a fan shape at the contact area between the Getic Plateau and the Mehedinti Plateau, to the west of the Motru River and the Subcarpathian Depression of Oltenia, to the east of the Motru River, with the mention that most mining objectives are to the south of the contact area or in the immediate vicinity nearby.The surface mining operations in the Oltenia basin have affected large areas of land, causing radical changes to the soil.Subsoil, geomorphology and landscape, coal deposits, waters, climate, vegetation, human communities, economic and social development have undergone substantial changes.All of this generates significant changes in the natural aspect of the area, resulting in anthropic relief inversion areas.Under the influence of the pedogenic factors acting in the Oltenia mining area, the following units were formed as initial soils: preluvosoil, luvosoil, albic luvosoil, eutricambosoil, vertosoil, regosoil, stagnosoil and aluvisoil.Through open cut mining, the impact on the soil was very tough, through the process of removing or overburden dumping, the soil disappeared either by inseparable mixing with the overburden or by being deposited separately.Instead of the disappeared initial soils, at present there are lithological materials very different from a physical and chemical point of view, of different ages that are heterogenously mixed and forming the technosolis. Technosoils were formed by depositing lithological materials in heaps over 50 cm without prior selection of excavated materials. From this point of view, we cannot talk about well-defined horizons, but only about sections of different thicknesses. The sections, irrespective of their number, show different colors and their unstructuredness is obvious. Each section of the technosol has different texture; the humus content is different on the depth of the section, in smaller percentages on the surface and the higher in depth. Most times, technosols provide enough edafic volume for the development of the root system of crop plants; instead they are devoid of life without the essential characteristic specific to an evolved soil, namely fertility. All these aspects explain the disturbance, the destruction of soils through open cut mining operations. It can be concluded that a natural organism, a living body, formed in time, with all its properties, primarily fertility, which provides a favorable environment for plant development dissapeared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the functionalization by pad-dry-cure method of 100% cotton fabrics with colloidal dispersions based on TiO2:N and SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in different molar ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2). For the preparation of colloidal dispersions the chitosan was used as stabilizing agent. Self-cleaning performance of the functionalized samples was qualitatively assessed based on Methylene Blue and Brilliant Green stain removal ability under UV radiation. Stain photodegradation efficiency was performed by measuring the color difference of the irradiated samples in comparison with the non-irradiated samples. The treatments durability of the functionalized samples was qualitatively assessed by determining the photocatalytic activity after being subjected to 1 and 5 washing cycles and 1000 abrasion cycles, respectively. Also, scanning electron microscopy was employed to investigate the distribution of TiO2:N-SiO2 mixtures on the surface of cotton fabrics before and after washing and abrasion cycles. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was performed in order to evaluate the stoichiometry and the thickness of the deposited photocatalytic layer. Coated fabrics were also analyzed from ultraviolet protection properties point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, emulsions have been increasingly studied due to their application in different fields such us cosmetic, agriculture, pharmaceutical, paint and oil industries. Essential oils were widely used in the cosmetic industry as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This study investigated essential oil entrapment in beeswax in order to prolong its biological activities as oil in water (O/W) emulsion. Moreover, one of this work aim was to achieve stable beeswax-essential oil (extracted from Rosmarinus Officinalis, Origanum Onites, Mentha Piperita and Lavandula Angustifolia) emulsions that could be used in cosmetic industry for topical applications. Beeswax-based O/W emulsions were prepared with different concentrations of beeswax (1.3, 2.7, 4.0 and 5.3 % w/v) and essential oils (4, 5.4, 6.7 and 8 % v/v). All prepared emulsions were stored at 23°C for 5 days. The stability of emulsions is a critical parameter for its further use in cosmetic industry. Therefore, in this study physical parameters (pH, conductivity) and emulsions stability (by analyzing stability index, turbidity and emulsifying activity index) were determined. Multi-wavelength UV-VIS spectroscopy for the characterization of prepared emulsions was utilized too. The results obtained from this study proved that the prepared emulsions’ stability depends on the interfacial surface, corresponding to the volume fraction of oil from emulsions, the nature of the essential oil, and also beeswax : essential oil ratio. The lowest stability presents the emulsion containing 1.3 % (w/v) beeswax and 4% (v/v) essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The garlic crop is made by planting bulbs and they can easily pass through many herbicides that are applied to the soil due to the vigor of the garlic emerging seedlings. However, some weeds, especially those with large seeds, can also pass through the superficial layer of herbicide so that they can cause great damage to the crop. These weed species, such as cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) or velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti) can be controlled in postemergence with Goal 4F herbicide. Other herbicides, as Lontrel (clopyralid) can be applied on garlic crop but it only controls a narrow spectrum of weeds families. This, first, includes Compositae family as well as leguminous family (pulses). Moreover, a high concentration of clopyralid herbicide active ingredient can cause harmfull effects (phytotoxicity) on garlic plants, consisting of bendings of the base of the plant and the slowing of growth. The effect of this herbicide consists on the burning of the green part of the weeds, including the apical bud. Nevertheless, being a contact herbicide, in high concentration it can affect young onion plants directly sown or garlic plants. That is why the purpose of the trial was to find a suitable concentration to destroy the weeds in the early stages of vegetation, cotyledons or the first true leaves but not to affect the crop plants. Onion and garlic have wax on the leaves and can support this herbicide on vegetation. Nevertheless, garlic has less wax and the concentration applied on onion destroys garlic plants. Our experiment has shown that on garlic can be applied a maximum of 10 ml of Goal 4F in 10 liters of water, while onion can withstand 15 ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is the world's fourth largest food crop, being cropped in 140 countries on an area of 19 million hectares, with a total annual production of 322 million tons and an average production of 40 tons per hectare. Perennial dicotyledonous weeds represent a real danger to potato culture because they cannot be controlled after the potato has emerged. Such weeds are: Canadian thistle (Cirsium arvense), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis ) and hoary cress (Cardaria draba). Herbicides that are applied upon the soil or in early preemergence do not control these weeds because they have vigorous underground organs that can pass through any applied herbicide on the soil. In order to control these weeds we have organized an experiment with several treatments of herbicides applied upon the soil and on vegetation, as follows: V1 - Stomp 330 CE 5 l/ha, V2 - Dual 960 CE 1.2 l/ha + Goal 4F 1l/ha + Roundup 4 l/ha as preemergent treatment against perennial broadleaves weeds spots + Killer Super 5 EC against grass weeds on post-emergence, V3 - Surdone 0,8 kg/ha, V4 – no herbicide. The best results have been given by V2 treatment, where perennial weeds were radically controlled on preemergence and post-emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development has been conceived as a solution to the ecological crisis caused by the intense industrial exploitation of resources and the continuous degradation of the environment and seeks primarily to preserve the quality of the environment. Sustainable development also brings to the forefront a new set of values that will guide the future model of economic and social progress, values that focus on man and his present and future needs, the natural environment - protecting and preserving it, and mitigating the current deterioration of ecosystems. Thus, the transfer of water between river basins can develop energy activities with major economic impact, protects flood-related areas, creates places work in hydro-technical constructions, etc. at the same time, financial resources are consumed which can affect investments in other economic and social sectors. Water policy has to be integrated with national economic policy and national sectoral policies whose impacts on the environment in general and water in particular need to be highlighted through specialist studies. The water resource planning and development programs produce important macroeconomic effects. The paper aims to highlight both the principles and the concept of integrated water resources management of the Romanian Mures hydrographic basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of computer science in recent years has enabled researchers in the field of hydraulic drive systems to address the concept of “digital hydraulics”. Digital hydraulics refers to systems that use binary parallel-connected components or switching control elements which have discrete input values and can actively control the system. The concept of “digital hydraulics” implies that the operation of digital hydraulic devices is based on the on/off principle, meaning that active area or nominal opening are discretized, divided sections can have two states: active or inactive (0 or 1), and the combination of sections and states produces an active speed / rotational speed or force / torque output control. Digital hydraulics is a newly developed alternative replacing actuation with servo valves or proportional directional valves, devices which are expensive and compelling as to the hydraulic oil contamination degree. Digital hydraulics results in hydraulic systems that have at least one hydraulic component ensuring discrete, accurately and actively controlled outputs. To meet these challenges, the authors of this paper have found through experimental research that, for an active cylinder control, when speaking of digital hydraulic cylinders it is more convenient to vary the piston surface than the pressure or flow. Piston surface is divided into several concentric different-sized working areas which are, individually or cumulatively, supplied with constant pressure, generating levels of force, which can be actively controlled by selecting area combinations according to system requirements. The test results were obtained on an experimental model of a digital cylinder and a specialized stand, developed by the authors at INOE 2000 – IHP, comprising: a power station, a distribution block, data acquisition board and LabVIEW- programmed virtual instrument software with embedded control logic for supplying the digital hydraulic cylinder chambers and the system that performs data acquisition for the measured signals (force, displacement, pressure, flow rate). The digital hydraulic cylinder under laboratory tests, having its piston surface divided into three functionally independent annular areas, has been supplied with constant pressure, and by selecting the combinations of active areas seven levels of force resulted; they could be controlled using a distribution block and dedicated software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]