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The research, which is carried out in cooperation with the Technical University of Liberec, the Klokner Institute of the Czech Technical University in Prague and the company Červenka Consulting s.r.o., deals with the use of 3D printing of cement composites in architecture and construction. The research develops original equipment for 3D printing of mixtures with cement-based binders, including the original design of printing mixtures and original software for printing data processing and machine control. The ambition of the project is to develop equipment that can be used for in-situ printing of building elements and to develop such procedures that would enable the implementation of a printed multi-storey building. The print is focused on vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures. The vertical structures will be printed in the final position, the horizontal structures will be printed on the construction site in the form of prefabricated parts, retrofitted by a crane on the pre-printed walls of the building. The shape and static solution of vertical and horizontal elements of the supporting structure is optimized for 3D printing technology with a focus on minimizing material consumption in accordance with current requirements for sustainable construction, saving non-renewable raw materials and energy savings. This leads to the use of thinwalled constructions with a print width of 20 to 50 mm. At the same time, design procedures for these types of structures and implementation of 3D printed elements into non-linear Atena software, designed for advanced modeling of concrete structures and developed by Červenka Consulting s.r.o. At present, a Test-Bed is in operation, intended for testing the print head and development of printing mixtures, with a printing space of 3 x 1 x 1 m. Stability and other properties and optimization of design procedures so that in the future they allow safe verification of designed structures in terms of their static function. Part of the research is the study of printing logistics on site and a comprehensive design of the entire system from the mixture to the printed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A serious challenge for the construction of Sofia Metro is the shallow groundwater and the high water abundance of the hydrogeological units that are crossed by the construction route. The dewatering of the excavations for the facilities that are supported on deep foundations and the tunnels is most often associated with large and long-lasting local depressions of the water table. The joint action of the drainage systems around the metro stations and tunnel sections built simultaneously or in overlapping time intervals leads to regional and sometimes quite active deformations of the hydrodynamic field. A significant drop (about 2 m) in the Druzhba Lake level was observed during the construction of the metro segment nearby Sofia Airport. Using the Modflow program, a three-dimensional non-stationary model was developed in order to acquire a quantitative assessment of the dewatering activities over the dynamics of the lake level. Implementing this model, four alternative prognostic solutions have been obtained, presenting the possible scenarios for the lake level recovery after cessation of construction. The working hypotheses and the accepted initial conditions in the different scenarios have rainfall as a climate change indicator. The monitoring observations, with the actual rainfall being slightly above the monthly mean values for the region, fully confirmed the scenario assuming average annual rainfall. The obtained results demonstrate the great efficiency of non-stationary flow models as a tool for assessment and prognostication of the potential negative impacts caused by dewatering as part of the construction activities. The proposed approach can be successfully applied in regions with similar hydrogeological and environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study is to unveil how the choice of software and cameras influences the quality of 3D models. There were compared three different softwares: (1) Pix4D (2) Agisoft Phtoscan, and (3) Visual SFM with dense cloud module Yasutaka Furukawa's CMVS tool and four different cameras (1) Canon EOS 760D, (2) Canon EOS 600D, (3) Canon Ixus 185, and (4) Sony Xperia Z1 smartphone camera D5503. Cameras represent different price segments and technical parameters. The photos were taken with all the cameras from identical positions during two photo sessions (obtaining altogether 8 sets of photos). Comparison of primary 3D models, dense point clouds revealed that in terms of visual appeal, results were the best with Agisoft Phtoscan, which was the only software that managed to create visually appealing dense point cloud from photos taken with smartphone camera. Geometric quality of models was further investigated using Agisoft Pohotoscan software. Hypothesis was that digital single-lens reflex cameras will perform better in terms of model accuracy. The results were surprising. In case of first photo session, Canon EOS 760D images delivered a model with largest total error (5.9 mm) and model made of photos taken with Canon Ixus 185 was the most accurate (total error of the model 3.4 mm). Total errors of the models built from images of the second photo session were significantly larger. Worst result was obtained using Sony Xperia Z1 camera (total error 17.9 mm), Canon EOS 600D performed best (total error of the model 11.2 mm). It is hard to interpret the results as Agisoft Photosan is a commercial software with closed source code (so-called “black-box” programme). In current research, model accuracy was calculated in reference to 19–23 check points measured with total station. In archaeology, it is important to document the exact volumes of structures and artefacts, therefore in the future dense 3D point clouds should be compared to reference data obtained with terrestrial laser scanner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the rapid development of computers and sophisticated software in image capturing and processing brought on the development of automated object documentation methods. Documentation methods like 3D scanning or photogrammetric technology called image-based modelling and rendering (IBMR) or SfM (Structure from Motion) have become common methods and give us the possibility to create a real 3D model of objects. It is important in archaeology for findings documentation and visualization, and in cultural heritage and restoration of historical objects. The archaeological research is usually carried out in far away locations, very often in foreign countries. There is a problem with the findings – it is not possible to transport these artifacts to the home institution for further research or for exhibiting findings in a museum. Findings are typically in the form of fragments that are incomplete. Fragments in the form of cullets are very common. It is not usually possible to exhibit them, and lengthy descriptions are needed. Classical reconstruction of an object from fragments is rarely done due to high labor intensity and is time consuming; it is appropriate for significant findings only. Nowadays, there are other methods for visualization and reconstruction of findings – they are the virtual reconstruction and 3D printing (rapid prototyping) technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern digital 3D technologies are already an integral part of the construction industry. 3D technologies include 3D scanners or photogrammetric surveying of buildings, which we are dealing with in our faculty research. The main topic of the article is the evaluation of 3D building scanning processes, photogrammetric surveying and subsequent processing of acquired data. From the acquired point clouds eventually produce project documentation of the current status of the building with minimal deviation from the actual building. This process demonstrates the possibilities of creating the current building documentation that is necessary for repairs and renovations within the building's life cycle. The difference in the measurement deviation between classical methods and the 3D scanning method, as well as the time required for measuring / scanning and the subsequent processing of the obtained data, is essential. Such data can serve as a useful basis for further work with data using BIM technology. This entire process, including all the steps, is demonstrated on a particular building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D modelling of the geology formations of the earth is an essential step towards understanding of complex geological phenomena and must be based on the whole of knowledge and available data for the study area (digital terrain models, geological and geophysical maps, sections, drill-holes and geological interpretation). 3D GeoModeller software made by Intrepid Geophysics Co. was designed to assemble together into the same 3D space data from various sources, in order to ensure geometrical coherence. For interpolation of geology and geophysical data will take into account the geology 'boundary' data (geology contacts, interfaces and limits), the dip of the geology formations and processed geophysical data with some algorithms. In our paper we show few algorithms for filtering data in 2D and 3D that we made, as so as, mobile averages with different windows (square or cubic) or polynomial surfaces. These methods are based on the smallest squares’ method used for the smoothing of geological and geophysical data, where the difference between the calculated value of the trend surface at each point and the value observed at that point is the residual value. The sum of the squares of these residual values must be minimal according to the smallest square criterion. Polynomial surfaces or mobile averages with different windows are considered to be the regional components, then the residual value should be considered as the local or smallscale component. The degree of regionalism is proportional to the size of the mobile window, respectively inversely proportional to the degree of the polynomial surface. Removing the regional trend from original data has the effect of highlighting local components represented by residual values. We exemplify results of these algorithms for territory of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the problem of velocity model reconstruction of an elastic medium in the problem of monitoring the zones of underground nuclear explosions. The inverse problem can be solved with help of finding solutions for a set of forward geophysical problems. Main problem is to find the location coordinates and treat to find the characteristic size and shape of cavernous object in entire isotropic elastic media. To realize it the problem statement and the description of basic methods to perform full seismic field numerical modeling are presented. Inclusion is a cavern presented by oval shape object formed in the result of an underground nuclear explosion. The software for 2D and 3D models building (defining values of elastic properties into mesh and model geometry construction) of inhomogeneous elastic media and for simulation of elastic waves propagation was developed. The synthetic results of experiments for 3D full seismic field simulation with cavity inclusion described by elastic parameters with zero values are presented. In terms of the use of neural networks, the advantages of using such an approach are shown. The results of subsurface structure restoration for 2D elastic media with cavernous inclusions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the problem of velocity model reconstruction of an elastic medium in the problem of monitoring the zones of underground nuclear explosions. The inverse problem can be solved with help of finding solutions for a set of forward geophysical problems. Main problem is to find the location coordinates and treat to find the characteristic size and shape of cavernous object in entire isotropic elastic media. To realize it the problem statement and the description of basic methods to perform full seismic field numerical modeling are presented. Inclusion is a cavern presented by oval shape object formed in the result of an underground nuclear explosion. The software for 2D and 3D models building (defining values of elastic properties into mesh and model geometry construction) of inhomogeneous elastic media and for simulation of elastic waves propagation was developed. The synthetic results of experiments for 3D full seismic field simulation with cavity inclusion described by elastic parameters with zero values are presented. In terms of the use of neural networks, the advantages of using such an approach are shown. The results of subsurface structure restoration for 2D elastic media with cavernous inclusions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When preparing the field for industrial operation, it is necessary to build a conceptual model that reflects the internal structure of the objects under study. Conceptual modeling, in turn, is based on the methods of system analysis and interpretation of all available geological, geophysical and seismic information in the study area using various types of system analysis, which allows to predict changes in lithology and filtration-capacitive properties of rocks, as well as assess the reserves of the field. The conceptual geological model summarizes the sedimentation, petrophysical and seismicfacies models, combining them in the 3D geological model of the field. A characteristic feature of such model is its versatility both in the choice of the proper attributes and in the spectrum of the tasks for which it is used. Given the large amount of geophysical data, the use of high-performance systems and parallel algorithms is an integral part of their analysis. As an example, consider the Kislovodsk mineral water field, a 2D survey of which was carried out in 2018: the observation area was approximately 5 thousand square kilometers, and the total amount of data collected is more than 10 terabytes. In this article, we will use Nvidia CUDA technology to process seismic data. That will require significant processing of the existing algorithm. In this regard, the development of methods for organizing parallel computing, simplifying the construction of parallel programs for processing seismic data, is an urgent task. The initial data for processing were obtained by aerospace photography by means of remote sensing. The method described in this article was tested at the mineral water extraction company of the JSC “Narzan-Hydro Resources” city of Kislovodsk. Software algorithms given in this article have copyright certificates issued by the Federal Institute of Industrial Property of the Russian Federation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ore Mountains in the Czech-German borderland (Central Europe) were depopulated after the 2nd World War. The rapid population decrease affected the industry that used to be in this region for ages and almost all the industry in the Czech side of the Ore Mountains vanished. More than 240 vanished objects (factories, technical objects, manufactures) were identified during background research and the field survey in the area of interest. Based on the history and depopulation of this region, the vanished objects may be marked as “technical culture heritage”. A comprehensive database containing all acquired information about history of the objects, products and other descriptive information together with image documentation was created using the FileMaker database system. The FileMaker Server engine was used to publish the database online. All of the identified object were given coordinates so there is a direct link from the web-page generated using the PHP engine to the interactive web-mapping application. The web-mapping application, built using the ArcGIS API for Javascript integrates processed old maps and archival aerial photographs used for the identification of the vanished technical culture heritage. Several areas were surveyed using the UAV technology, where the derived detailed orthophoto was used for identification and detailed study of the area. Some of the preserved objects were modelled in 3D using the Structure from Motion modelling as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By now, compact satellites whose weight does not exceed 10 kg have become very popular. The low cost of such satellites’ development, production and launch, developed recommendations and specifications have led to the explosive growth of the number of the launched nanosatellites. So, over 1100 nanosatellites have been launched as of January 2019. Nanosatellites are used in various scientific, practical and educational projects. Nanosatellites opened the way to space for some countries and allowed them to have their satellites in orbit. One of the problems which is very important for nanosatellites is the effect of various thermal perturbations on the nanosatellites in outer space. Elements inside of a nanosatellite can generate heat, which can lead to a critical for electronic components temperature especially due to vacuum in and out the nanosatellite. Vacuum is very dangerous from a "thermal" point of view, because it’s almost an ideal heat insulator. Therefore, it is necessary to know even at the design stage of a nanosatellite, how its operation mode and the conditions of outer space will affect the distribution of thermal fields in the nanosatellite and its components. But the simulation of outer space conditions on Earth is quite expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to use numerical simulation. In the paper a software for modeling three-dimensional non-stationary inhomogeneous temperature fields in nanosatellites or their components is developed. The software takes into account such characteristics as the magnitude of the gravity force and its direction, vacuum degree inside and outside the nanosatellite, etc. The mathematical basis of the software is a modified version of the heat balance method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have developed a database that is a combination of three-dimensional models of typical objects of cultural and historical heritage and their elements for the memorial sites of the Tambov region, associated with the famous personalities of Russia. These objects include buildings and structures, household buildings, household items and interiors, household utensils, plants of the central part of Russia, animals, etc. It should be noted, that some real objects have now undergone significant changes up to complete destruction. This database can be used by students, post-graduate students and academic instructors. The library of three-dimensional models was used by the authors to create multi-user three-dimensional virtual reconstructions of historically significant territories at different time periods of their development in such software systems as OpenSimulator, Second Life, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAD/CAE analysis of the work of a spring conical spacer in the ignition block of solidfuel gas generator applied in oil fields to restore the flow rate (production) of the wells has been carried out. Three-dimensional models of the generator's elements were developed in the CAD software SolidWorks on the base of drawings of gas generator laboratory sample developed in D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (MUCTR). The purpose of the strength calculation and deformation analysis is the choice of the conical spacer material at least going through deformation and destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to present the implementating of an employees’ performances assessment process in the Heating-Ventilation-AirConditioning (HVAC) department of a ship design company, using the multi-criteria decision method. It is useful and important to optimize this process in the ship design companies because at present the way how to carry out the performance assessment can lead to a series of important errors such as: error of dispersion and of central tendency, error of "logical" evaluation, halo effect, error of indulgence-severity, errors of contrast and similarity. These types of errors make it difficult to evaluate the employees' performances because they allow the evaluator to be subjective and take into account only the employee's recent performances. Thus, the employees' performances will be neglected throughout the assessed period. The evaluation process we are proposing in the present work is based on the multicriteria decision method, being a decision-making problem in certain conditions, with equal importance criteria, based on the analysis of the department manager. The performance of each employee in the department is assessed using the following quantifiable criteria: 3D modeling for circular ducts (ml/hour), and also 2D manufacturing drawings (drawings/day); 3D modeling for rectangular ducts (t/hour), and also 2D manufacturing drawings (drawings/day); 2D arrangement drawings for mounting and coordination on the ship (drawings/day). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most effective ways to interpret the geological setting of a deposit is building its 3D model. Presenting data in form of a 3D model enables quick and convenient access to relevant information, facilitates taking decisions associated with deposit management and helps plan mining operations. With a model of the geological setting of a deposit it is possible to prepare different variants of a coal mine model as well as type of mining technology, to tackle work-related safety issues and to achieve optimal economic results and quality. The geological setting model of a deposit is a tool of growing significance and it is more and more commonly used in rational deposit management. The article presents results of works analyzing possibility of employing a 3D model to manage a hard coal deposit. Initially, a structural/lithological model was generated for a selected unmined hard coal deposit in the area of the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (Poland). The presented elements of the model were prepared using Petrel software and Geolisp system. Then, the methods of 3D visualization of mine workings in active and designed hard coal mines are presented. Possibility of employing a 3D model to plan mining operations in a deposit of hydrocarbons – methane as the main commodity (CBM) is demonstrated. Other applications of a 3D deposit model are presented, e.g. for numerical forecasts of mining subsidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the solution of the actual problem - the geomechanical substantiation of rockburst hazardous deposits mining in the conditions of the mountainous topography at a depth of up to 1000 m from the surface. Four fundamentally possible variants of mining at level +10 m of the Kirovsky mine owned by the Apatit joint-stock company, which develops the Kukisvumchorr and Yukspor apatite-nepheline deposits, are considered. A three-dimensional geomechanical model which includes a long section of the Khibiny massif has been developed. The SigmaGT software was used, which implements the finite-element method in a volumetric formulation and allows modeling stress and strain fields taking into account the main geological and mining-engineering factors. The compressive stress concentration and stress relief areas in rock mass at different stages of mining, as well as estimated areas of increased geodynamic hazard have been identified. The hazard level is shown when approaching the stoping front with a thick fault structure (the Saamsky fault). The safe mining principles at deposits developed at great depths in tectonically stressed rock masses are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rule, well-log porosity is used as a reference information in the process of reservoir porosity model construction. At the same time, the regions of the model, where the porosity values are obtained by interpolating the well data, are characterized by a decrease in detail with distance from the wells, as well as by uncertainty in the interwell space. The uncertainty arising from interpolation can be significantly reduced as a result of the integrated use of well logging and 3D seismic data, and the usefulness of seismic data can be significantly enhanced through the use of neural network modeling, attribute analysis and geostatistics. Having an initial dataset of well-log porosity, based on the statistical evaluation it is possible to determine the set of seismic attributes that are most correlated with porosity by well logging. Then, the selected set of attributes is used to obtain the relation for converting them into porosity predicted by neural network algorithms. Thus, the abovementioned steps allow to perform seismic porosity prediction by neural network modeling. Use of cokriging method allows using the predicted seismic porosity as a trend to adjust the porosity model constructed by well logging data, thereby clarifying its interwell distribution. At the same time, the cokriging method includes the use of two data sets (well logging data and predicted seismic porosity), and depending on the selection of cokriging coefficient it is possible to adjust the contribution made by each data set to the resulting porosity model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline basalts in the southern area of the Persani Mountains are of particular interest for studying the tectonic evolution of the area at the end of Neogen and the beginning of the Quaternary. It is also very important the existence of an important amount of ultrabasic xenolites in these rocks. These xenoliths provide important information about lithology, chemistry, and the evolution of the lithospheric mantle in the area. For this purpose, we analyzed 30 samples of both basalts and xenolite samples. The samples were analyzed by optical microscopy, in thin sections, and electron microscopy and as well as by Rx difractometry to determine the chemical composition in oxides of each analyzed sample. Density and magnetic susceptibility determinations have also been made. As a result of the investigations, there was a hydration phenomenon of the mantle formations, before the uplifting of xenolite from the mantle to the surface. This suggests an older interaction of mantle with crust formations. The results of these investigations, along with the coordinates of the sites that were tested, will be entered into the database to be used to create the three-dimensional geological model of the area. Within this model, besides the physical properties of these rocks, it is important to know their thickness as well as the knowledge of the lithology and physical characteristics of the formations over which they have been deposited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When constructing a geological model at the stage of 3D grid building, the problem of vertical layering. When modeling is performed on the area with a large number of wells, the process of cross-well correlation of productive strata turns into a very labor consuming stage. To speed up and increase the reliability of the correlation of well sections, the authors proposed an approach to automate this time-consuming process. This approach is based on the use of machine learning algorithms that can reproduce the nonlinear part of the logic of the interwell correlation procedure. In addition to the automatic algorithms, the user friendly interface was created to simplify the procedure of control and editing the results. As a result, the authors have built a program code including the automatic mode to solve the problem of interwell detailed correlation of productive layers. The proposed solution algorithm was tested on data from one of the Tatarstan Republic oilfields and showed a high degree of convergence with the results obtained by expert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented article the approach to establishment of complex noise exposure in conditions of urban territories of a large settlement with application of geoinformation systems is proposed and tested. The main advantages of using geoinformation systems in conjunction with specialized software products used to perform and visualize acoustic calculations are described. Approbation of the proposed approaches was carried out using the example of Perm with the identification of sources of road noise as the main contributor to the overall picture of noise pollution. As a model area, the central part of the city measuring 7 km * 5 km was considered, containing more than 134,000 capital construction objects, accounted for as shielding objects. The performed acoustic calculations were performed in the altitude range from 1.5 to 15 meters with subsequent display of the results in a planar form. The set of planes formed a three- dimensional picture of the noise pollution of the urban settlement, which was displayed using geoinformation systems. The received acoustic results were attributed to the current hygienic standards according to the noise level in the residential area with subsequent visualization in three- dimensional form. Visualization of the results made it possible to distinguish zones of acoustic silence and zones of acoustic discomfort in which a significant part of the urban population lives. The application of geoinformation systems allowed to visualize the picture of noise pollution for the subsequent adoption of management decisions within the city planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoinformation system INTEGRO is intended to store and visualize geological map (scanned and vectorized), geophysical, geochemical and primary geological data, aerial and satellite images, borehole and three-dimensional data. It is also able to construct geological maps, forecast mineral resources and support studies of the deep structure of the Earth. The system is multi-window and is equipped with the synchronization mechanism in different windows for joint visual analysis of various information types. There are tools allowing user to change spatial localization (to represent the twodimensional data, for example seismic section, as a three-dimensional objects). There is a block that provides the operation with borehole information. One can work with geological and geophysical information on a single well or group of wells, considering them in the projection to a section or in the three-dimensional space. There is also a forecasting block which is able to process two-dimensional and threedimensional information. The INTEGRO system includes a gravimetric and magnetometric information processing block. This block includes modules for correlation and spectral analysis, separation of the field into its components, detection of weak anomalies, and so on. The system also contains the modules designed for solving various assignment formulations of gravimetric and magnetometric direct and inverse problems as well as modules of potential fields' analytical extension. A technology for three-dimensional modeling of the geological medium is available. It is based on the implemented system tools. A combination of borehole data, seismic, gravity and magnetic information are used to create three-dimensional geological models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress achieved over the past half century in modeling of hydrophysical processes and numerical methods, as well as the current level of computer and information technologies, led to an increasing use of 3-D models for modeling aquatic ecological systems. Nevertheless, the problem of numerical solution of systems of equations describing coupled hydrophysical, hydrochemical and hydrobiological processes is highly time-consuming and difficult from a computational point of view. In addition to computational difficulties, the use of this kind of approach is associated with another limitation, connected with the need to specify a large number of external factors (input variables) and boundary conditions. Despite all the modern technical possibilities, the potentially high accuracy of calculations is limited by the possibilities of detailing the space-time resolution of the initial information. The paper presents an original approach to designing models of aquatic ecosystems describing jointly transport, diffusion, hydrochemical kinetics and trophodynamics based on the compartmental (box) representation of the three-dimensional convection-diffusion model, including terms describing biological kinetics, by using the implicit Eulerian scheme. Using, by analogy with the method of fractional steps, some intermediate time interval and approximating the kinetic terms, one can reduce the (mxn)-dimensionality problem to a m-sequence of n-dimensional problems and n-sequence of m-dimensional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents results of 3D modeling and unconventional hydrocarbon resources assessment completed in regional scale on the area of the Eastern part of Paleozoic Baltic Basin. 3D modeling of structural framework, geochemical and petrophysical parameters was performed for Lower Paleozoic strata using Petrel software. The structural model incorporates 8 structural surfaces, 20 faults and stratigraphic information from 84 wells. The model covers an area of 16800 km² and is divided into 7 zones (500x500 m grid cell size), corresponding to stratigraphic units from the top of Silurian to the Ordovician base: Pridoli with Ludlow, Wenlock, Llandowery, Ashgill, Caradoc, Llanvirn, Arenig with Tremadoc. Parametric modelling was carried out based on the lab measurements and well logs. Modeled parameters included vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and founded on it discrete thermal pseudofacies, total organic carbon content (TOC), primary total organic carbon content (TOCo), hydrogen index (HI), primary hydrogen index (HIo), contents of free hydrocarbons (S1) and hydrocarbons released during primary cracking of kerogen (S2) as well as clay content, porosity, and syntetic bulk density. The amount of hydrocarbon generated in the source rock (MHCG) was estimated with modified approach to shale gas resource assessment published by Jarvie et al. (2007) and Ruble et al.(2012). Hydrocarbon resources were assessed using modified Schmoker method, separately for the oil and liquid for each stratigraphic unit, resulting from spatial distribution of thermal pseudofacies. Distributions of modeled parameters were also used for preliminary resources assessment in Crystal Ball software and presented as a P50 estimate. Taking into account Schmoker's parameter HCG, oil window deposits are in the area much more abundant than those belonging to liquid window. The most prospective complex in both cases is Wenlock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeology, as a science and as a part of history is mainly applicative and relies on a dynamic activity which implies identifying archaeological sites that must be outlined, protected and guarded permanently in order to be viable and time-framed. Historical monuments can be arranged as permanent exhibitions or they can be preserved in open air and become a protected tourism sight. Archaeological cadastre, which is part of the Romanian General Cadastre, is in charge of creating records and an inventory of historical monuments from a technical, economic and legal perspective. The new IT&C technologies provide solutions for data acquisition. Moreover, they touch a sensitive cord by enabling public access to cultural heritage, without damaging the protected heritage sites. 3D models of historical monuments have now become an important source of spatial data in archaeology. The main tool used by modern urban planning, tourism and archaeology as well as by other fields is an exact and well organised 3D model of historical monuments. As the interest for a virtual approach of these historical sights has increased, the need to obtain high quality data for 3D modelling has emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geodynamic safety represents one of the most essential factors of mining operations, which is especially actual for the natural-technical systems (NTS) with accumulated large-scale human-caused transformations of the parental geological setting. In order to investigate the NTS geodynamics, various remote instrumental insitu analytical and monitoring methods setting identification, zoning and ranking of all geodynamic hazards as the final target, are applied. This paper reports the results of comprehensive geological, structural, and tectonophysical surveys in the Rasvumchorr Mine - Central Open Pit NTS (Khibiny), which led to the identification, geometrization, and 3D-vizualization of main factors controlling the geodynamic hazard in the NTS under discussion. It is concluded that the man-induced (anthropogenic) factor dominates in this site of bowels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the possibilities of using structured light technology for reverse engineering. Assesses the usefulness of scanning technology in mechanics. For this purpose used a scanner Mantis Vision. Assesses the the accuracy of the device. In 2012 a new device was released called F5-MVP from Israel Company Mantis Vision Ltd. Product was created as a result of Israel military order for fast, precise and high mobility device for close range 3d mapping. First presentation of this product in Poland took a place at Military University of Technology in June 2013. The meeting was organized by Technology Transfer Office at MUT. It allows real-time scanning. Handle scanner use to work with small object, difficult to access location. There have been describing the process procedure capable of restoring shape of the geometry of an object, for example motor. This process is performed as discrete that is by means of point clouds. Discussed are problems of reconstruction of individual mechanical parts. The paper presents the images of individual elements of the motorcycle. Point cloud as a continuous a basis for further action related to the construction of numerical models compatible with CAD programs. An evaluation of the accuracy of the scanning device, Mantis Vision F5. The scanning technology will allow to increase the degree of detail and accuracy of made documentation thanks to high precision and the possibility of gathering a lot of information. The gained data is a professional tool for reconstruction natural object in metrical model and the measurement is done in a relatively short time. The technology provides the guarantees of credibility and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of object's semi three-dimensional model determination was the purpose of this research, in conditions when the analyzed scene is placed in close range from camera station. For experiments there had been recorded movie from a single camera position. Proper acquirement of a third dimension along Z-axis in depth direction was allowed by registering sequential images of a scene, while changing the value of a focusing distance only. Presented approach, prepared as uncomplicated as possible, has many advantages in comparison to standard photogrammetric technology. This case makes dispensable moving camera during registration, what delivers stability of recording process. Video coder's behavior also ought to be detail lose preventing. Identification of the same object's parts in different frames from this kind of movie is obvious, when scale of the images stays still, or approximately remains constant. Beside these advantages, no rotation problems exist, camera stays stable. There are also disadvantages of this solution, like a necessity of short distance from camera to object preservation and bright lens usage. When properly applied, presented technique could find it's place in a lot of industrial and other non-topographic areas, also as initial approximation for precisely working measurement systems. The main aim of presented paper was an achievement of maximum simplification of this measurement method with possibly low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining opening, preparation and exploitation, executed for extracting a field involving the creation of a database graphs that provide all information geospatial and design needed at a time, both regarding the placement of spatial three-dimensional works and information specific to mining: the type and characteristics of the installation constructive geology, ore deposit geometry, etc. For proper understanding of the conditions of implementation of mining, graphical representations must be intuitive and requirements to ensure accuracy, detail and fidelity appropriate. Meeting these requirements is ensured by the use of design software packages and creating interactive 3D models for mining, while providing complex analysis functions and procedures, selective viewing, modification and overall spatial analysis works designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods for determining the value of the parameters that define the ground surface deformation and displacement now benefit from the advantages of modern measuring equipment and the evolution by the computing and 3D modeling programs, LIDAR equipment enables real-time monitoring of surfaces. Monitoring areas rely mainly on topogeodezical tracking methods. If tracing the movement of the terrain due to underground mines, measurements topo-geodetic have regard to determining the values of specific parameters that define the riverbed diving ie angles of dip angles of breaking the horizontal movement, vertical movement, tilt, curvature deformation specific horizontal. Evolution topo-geodetic equipment and technology measurement and capacity calculation and surface modeling offers new possibilities for obtaining data necessary to carry out simulations and analysis of behavior in areas monitored time. Monitoring methods based on scanning technology (LIDAR) offers the advantage of studying the displacement field for the entire area as a whole and not just at certain points within an alignment tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Into the historical and cultural heritage of our country inherently include castles and manor houses that have been preserved for several centuries. Many of them are restored and others have taken the volunteers who through their work and dedication seek to reconstruct them. For the purposes of reconstructing it requires the project of monument restoration, which includes targeting real state, which includes often the 3D model. The paper dealt with a practical geodetic measurement, execution of the actual state of bastion castle and create a 3D model with visualize of the original arches and floors. The resulting 3D model is planned to be placed in an application Google Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study presents the importance and usefulness of tridimensional digital plans and maps in designing and carrying out hydro-ameliorative works. The 3-D representation of topographic surfaces can only be realized with the use of planimetric and altimetry information, that is obtained through topographic methods, photogrammetric method and remote sensing. Taking into consideration the form and size of the studied surface, the precision and efficiency of the task imposed the use of topographic methods. The use of modern equipment permitted storing and processing the data, at the same time insuring a higher precision. Thus, a digital representation of the land was used, as only this could allow us to obtain a fast, precise and very evocative image of the relief, on which to draw out and trace, in appropriate conditions and with maximum efficiency. The final 3D model allowed determining and interpreting elements such as: altitude, slope, area, volume of the land relief, etc. The 3D map of the surface is the basis on which the hydro-ameliorative where designed and carried out in great detail, in order to improve the air-water flow regime of the terrain, which will eventually be used as a plant nursery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D laser scanning is a modern, innovative technique that allows to obtain 3D model of scanned object by using controlled laser beams. Using laser beam together with precise angle measurements allows to acquire data called "point clouds". Point cloud represents shapes of scanned objects saved as points with their coordinates and intensity of the beam's reflections for a given point. The main issue, which troubles using these datasets to further analysis is presence of various types of noise which has to be remove during processing stage. There are several methods that can be used to clean point cloud. The most effective and commonly used filtering method are based on statistical relationships calculated for all analyzed points. The main disadvantages of using statistical based filtering procedures is their long computational time caused by the huge number of measurements of a given point cloud. Parallel computing and utilization of the graphical processing unit which typically handles computation only for computer graphics can significantly shorten the computation time of filtering procedures. In this paper we present the comparison of the implementation of the various filtering methods to the given point clouds that uses parallel computing. The article focuses not only on the analysis of the differences occurring in the data set after implementation of an appropriate method of filtration but also on the computational efficiency gained by utilization of the graphical processing units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents results of work on 3D modeling for underground facilities of cities of Kazakhstan, carried out on the basis of ArcGIS, with the use of stored materials as initial data, as well as newest materials of ground and air scanning. Selected modes of laser scanning provided a high level of accuracy of the representation of objects in the horizontal and vertical position. 3D model of the city has a specific purpose. It is intended to assess the visibility of (altitude parameters) designed buildings, views of the urban landscape, compositionally completed systems of public urban spaces. The use of three-dimensional modeling techniques in geographic information systems greatly increases the effectiveness of a variety of tasks of Geodesy and Cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable number of the contemporary underground long works is built after the principles of New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). The tunnel lining is built as a double-layer structure (primary and secondary tunnel lining). The primary tunnel lining provides a transient ground support before the construction of a secondary lining is finished and takes up the permanent support of ground. In addition a response of the primary lining controls the oncoming ground load on the secondary lining. The article presents results of 3D analysis of stress-strain state in a primary tunnel lining in the course of lining construction steps and after its completion. The analysis takes into account all the significant elements of NATM such as controlled support the rock mass shortly after work excavation, heterogeneous cross section of primary tunnel lining - shotcrete, steel elements, their spatial distribution in the cross section of the lining and shotcrete variable deformation parameters in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the methodology for obtaining a 3D model of the tank for liquid fuels on the basis of the terrestrial laser scanning and its processing for the analysis of tanks geometry. The development process indicates the possibility to obtain the reliable results useful for the evaluation of the tank side surfaces geometry (shells). The result of the development is a 3D model of the tank, taking into account the individual characteristics of the object: the creation of a 3D model is focused on possible reproduction of the geometry without using the imposed shapes of geometrical figures and patterns of the industrial installation components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this contribution is to interlink the approaches of urban and landscape planning process which use 2D and 3D models into the complex spatial landscape planning at the methodical level. History of landscape and urban planning shows that the territories are able to reflect not only human needs, but also their abilities and ideals. Therefore the role of complex spatial planning and visualisation of specific changes of the cities and country using 2D and 3D models is very important. Currently, territories are going through immense, uncontrolled changes, which are leading to the irreversible changes of urban environment and also surrounding landscape. These territories, as well as living organisms, must respond to these changes and continuously transform their structures. This article emphasizes the need for creation of a stable platform for complex spatial planning with two main features -- interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. The contribution of complex spatial planning using modelling lies in the creation of quality outcomes which help to identify impacts on the environment and residents. The 2D and 3D models of cities and surrounding landscapes serve a very important function in the decision-making phase and also in the phase of draft measures to mitigate negative impacts on the environment as well. This rational approach to the complex spatial planning connects the knowledge of many scientific disciplines, it can be applied in practice and shows the relevancy not only for future forms of land use but also for professional users, such as researchers, architects, designers, planners etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyramid of Userkaf, the first king of the 5th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (ca. 2494- 2487 BC) is one of the World Heritage monuments located on Saqqara plateau Necropolis in Egypt. Like most of the Ancient Egypt's monuments, this pyramid is almost in ruins and its preservation is a challenge for modern conservators and engineers. Currently, the pyramid is in a very bad condition and most of the main building elements can be recognized only thanks to the previous archaeological studies carried out on site. The structure of the pyramid is also severely affected by earthquakes. The elaborated 3D model of the pyramid allows us to make conclusions regarding the building process of the pyramid, to evaluate the stability and current state of preservation of the pyramid's stone material and mortar, as well as to reconstruct initial shape and dimensions of the monument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chateaux and castles are an important part of cultural heritage in the Czech Republic. The main focus of our project is to put together all the historical maps and plans of chateaux and castles as well as their historical photographs within the web mapping application. The emphasis is put on the surroundings of the main objects. There are many interesting buildings, parks, sculptures and churches nearby. All these objects can be found on historical mappings or other plan materials. The processing of old maps is performed during the first phase of the project funded by the Czech ministry of culture. Old maps are collected and georeferenced. After that is the vector data model being created and fulfilled. All these maps and created data are prepared to be used in geographical information systems. Besides map material, 3D models of castles and chateaux can be created. All outputs of the project (georeferenced maps, vector data models, 3D models of castles, buildings reconstruction) are easily accessible by the web mapping application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D modelling of objects is a way of obtaining information, while the visualization of geospatial data is becoming a production task in the scope of surveying. Visualization of geospatial data provides effective tools for analysis information about the land surface, land cover, its features, properties etc. Computer animations, both 2D images and 3D are becoming additional, expected and clear form for presentation results of geodetic field work. The most frequently presented part of reality in the 3D is terrain relief displayed as Digital Terrain Model - DTM. DTM is now an essential product to start many investment processes. The second most commonly mapped geographical components in 3D are buildings. Terrain modelling is becoming increasingly important, both in scientific and commercial applications. The third dimension of the map enables to recreate reality. Developing relief, buildings and other features is possible because of new technologies like LIDAR or RTK. Terrain modeling is becoming increasingly important, both in scientific and commercial applications. Using GIS tools enables to conduct studies on geomorphological aspect of landform research, creating cut-edge visualization and many more. The third dimension of the map facilitates intuitive 3D perception, interaction and collaboration with geospatial data. Observer gets an impression of viewing reality. The use of 3D technology allows for the transition from the flat paper map to the virtual map and build three-dimensional models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tasks of automatic reconstruction of three-dimensional objects from orthogonal projections are actual for CAD. This paper summarizes the existing approaches to reconstruction from projections drawing. The algorithm is based on a boundary representation of three-dimensional models. The algorithm consists of the following steps: automatic separation of the drawing per the views, determination of threedimensional coordinates of vertices, definition and marking of wire model primitives, reconstruction of model faces and model elements. The algorithm uses patterns for the reconstruction of typical structural elements of the model. Patterns of standard elements are given in the form of adjacency matrix. The developed algorithm processes the data format DXF. The results of the system are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article follows many years of experience of the Virtual Reality Laboratory at the Faculty of Mining and Geology of the VŠB - TUO. In our paper we follow the trend of incorporating modern means of automation and visualization using augmented reality (AR hereafter) in the raw material industry processes. We deal with such applications when the coal miner himself or the machinery used are equipped with head-mount display or intelligent glasses which display information optimizing his performance and increasing safety. The article is primarily concerned with presenting information in a way that greatly supports decision-making processes, such as applications related to navigation in the mine environment, new teaching methods for work with mining equipment, display of real-time information to facilitate work, training in mine safety, prevention of mining accidents and other. When uncovering the potential of AR we conducted a series of experiments confirming the applicability of these technologies. For experiments with augmented and virtual reality we used the programming environment Metaio and Unity and for visualization of devices the Oculus Rift development kit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]