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This paper presents and evaluates a collaborative attribution strategy based on six authorship attribution schemes representing the two main paradigms used in authorship studies. Based on very frequent words as features, the classical paradigm (or similarity-based methods) proposes to compute an intertextual distance between the disputed text and the different author profiles (concatenation of their writings). As a second paradigm, we can apply different machine learning schemes such as the naïve Bayes, and the support vector machines (SVM). As an evaluation corpus, we have used The Federalist Papers, a wellknown collection in authorship attribution. During our evaluation, we have tried to follow the recommendations and the best practices known to assess the various attribution schemes. The evaluation shows that, in the two paradigms, we can find effective attribution schemes. But when combining these individual results using a vote aggregation method, the final collaborative decision is always correct and robust. Moreover, to indicate the degree of belief attached to the combined attribution, we can consider the percentage of votes obtained by each possible assignment. When analyzing the output given by the individual attribution schemes, we also found that the provided information is difficult to interpret, at least, for the end-user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores topic aspect (i.e., subtopic or facet) classification for collections that contain more than one language (in this case, English and Chinese), and investigates several key technical issues that may affect the classification effectiveness. The evaluation model assumes a bilingual user who has found some documents on a topic and identified a few passages in each language on specific aspects of that topic that are of interest. Additional passages are then automatically labeled using a k-Nearest- Neighbor classifier and local (i.e., result set) Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). Experiments show that when few manually annotated passages are available in either language, a classification system trained using passages from both languages can often achieve higher effectiveness than a similar system trained using passages from just one language. Using this experimental framework, this paper answers three technical research questions: whether the normalized cosine similarity measure is better than the more common unnormalized cosine similarity measure (yes), whether the number of retained LSA dimensions (which was heuristically chosen) is appropriate (yes), and whether partial corrections of the translated training examples in the LSA space can yield an improvement over no correction (no). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ongoing study employs citation context analysis to examine the citation functions in social sciences and humanities (SS&H) disciplines. The analyses focus on the uses of organic/perfunctory citations and confirmative/ negational citations. In this poster, we will present the preliminary findings from the completed analysis on Chinese history research papers. Chinese history authors used a large amount of perfunctory citations. The percentage of negational citations was also high, and many papers have negated a previous research. It has seriously challenged the citation analysis assumptions that citations are of equal contribution and that citation means author endorsement of previous literatures. We will continue to complete the analyses for the other chosen SS&H disciplines, and we encourage other researchers to extend the analysis to other subject areas and in other countries or languages so as to better understand researchers' citation behavior and to better assess the applicability of citation analysis in different domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Task design in interactive information retrieval (IIR) research, including IIR systems evaluation and IIR behavior research, is critical. Currently, a simple search request and a simulated work task situation design are used most widely, especially the latter. This paper attempts to examine the possible differences between simulated and real work task situations in a digital library evaluation, with respect to task characteristics, the influence of the tasks on users' interactive information search behavior, and interaction performance. An experiment was conducted. One simulated work task situation was assigned to forty-two participants and they were also asked to bring one real work task to the experiment. A set of questionnaires, including an entry questionnaire, a pre- and a post-search questionnaire were administered to the participants. An exit interview was conducted before the experiment ended. The results indicate that simulated and real work task situations are significantly different in some sub-facets of task, but not all sub-facets examined in this study. However, the influence of the two tasks on users' interactive information search behavior and interaction performance is not significant, though the subfacets of the real and simulated work task situation are correlated to interaction performance differently. Therefore, simulated work task situations could be a supplement of real work task situations in IIR evaluation if well designed. Also, the study found that for some participants, they assessed the simulated one in fact easier, but the real one in fact harder after the search. Moreover, it should be taken into account to control some critical sub-facets of task when designing simulated work task situations. The paper concludes with suggestions on designing simulated work situations in IIR research and future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a recent study which investigated what data were collected by members of an environmental voluntary group (EVG) and how these data were collected, stored, managed and shared. A significant aim was to understand how data management and approaches to data sharing could be improved in order to enhance the contributions of EVGs to research and to science more broadly while also continuing to meet individual and group needs. Interviews were conducted with members of the Australian Plants Society Victoria (ASPV) using a broadly ethnographic approach. Findings indicate that APSV members have a strong interest in conservation biodiversity, and in increasing their own, and society's knowledge and understanding, passions often shared with professional scientists. Yet their data are often poorly managed, creating significant impediments to sharing. The paper explores the major issues of data management and sharing and the resulting impediments to data sharing and information communication. Options for improvement are explored, especially ways to inspire and empower APSV members with skills and technology to contribute to major data repositories so that their valuable data may be preserved and made accessible beyond their immediate Society comembers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the paper entitled "Learning Analytics & FERPA: Issues of Student Privacy and New Boundaries of Student Data," discussed on the pnel discussion "The Temporal Dimension in the Study of Knowledge Bases: Approaches to Understanding Knowledge Creation and Representation Over Time." The paper discusses the ways Hammond University uses analytic technologies to analyze student data for the purposes of improving the educational experience of the students.

Participant reactivity - a phenomenon in which the responses and/or behaviors of study participants are affected by their awareness that they are part of a study - is often deemed to be a potential threat to the research validity of a study's findings. However, a growing number of studies report that research processes that engender participant reactivity may actually lead to important benefits both for participants (e.g., therapeutic benefits) and researchers (e.g., deeper understandings and more relevant and actionable findings). This mutually beneficial situation can help to maximize a different type of validity termed "street validity" by Greenwood (as cited in Boudah & Lenz, 2000; 2003), which directly relates to research impact. This paper reports findings from a longitudinal mixedmethod investigation of the information behavior of people with type 2 diabetes, focusing on participants' self-reports regarding whether/how they felt that participating in the study had influenced (or will influence) their behavior. Many participants described specific ways in which they found their participation helpful. For example, they reported that it led to decreased denial, increased self-awareness, and improved motivation to look for and make use of diabetes-related information. This paper explores the potential trade-off between research validity and street validity within a qualitative study and posits that, as was the case with this study, important lessons can be learned as a result of directly questioning participants about whether/how their participation in the study influenced them and that these lessons can perhaps be implemented within the context of applying the research findings in assisting other people from the study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that collaborative papers tend to receive more citations than solo-authored papers. Here we try to identify the subtle factors of this collaborative effect by analyzing metadata and citation counts for co-authored papers in the biomedical domain, after accounting for attributes known to be strong predictors of citation count. Article-level metadata were gathered from 98,000 PubMed article records categorized with the term breast neoplasm, a topic offering longevity and relevance across biomedical subdisciplines, and yielding a relatively large sample size. Open access citation data was obtained from PubMed Central (PMC). Author-level attributes were encoded from disambiguated author name data in PubMed and appended as article-level attributes of collaborations. A logistic regression model was built to assess the relative weights of these factors as influences on citation counts. As expected, the journal and language of the paper were the strongest predictors. The significance of the number of authors diminished after accounting for other attributes. Some of the more subtle predictors included the group's highest hindex, which was positively correlated, while the diversity of author h-indices, minimum professional age, and author's total unique collaborators were negatively correlated. These observations indicate that smaller collaborations composed of early superstars - young, rapidly successful researchers with relatively high and similar h-indices - may be at least as influential in biomedical research as larger collaborations with different demographics. While minimum h-index was important, the first author's h-index was insignificant, underscoring the importance of the middle authors' publishing history. The gender diversity outcomes suggest that mixed groups may be ideal, and further research in this area is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports some of the findings of a bigger study that examined the role of technological, individual, cultural, and informational traits in shaping the intention to buy and sell online. The focus of this paper is on information privacy-security and its role in online buying and selling. The research problem in this study was examined using the statistical method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Students at a Midwestern university in the U.S. served as the sample population. It was interesting to find that information privacy-security was perceived differently by the participants in online buying to those involved in online selling. Examination of different demographic traits also shed light on the relationship between these traits and information privacy-security; for instance, females are found to be more concerned about information privacy-security; more international students regarded information privacy as an impediment in their potential use of the Web for selling. In addition, the role of culture in moderating the relationship between information privacy-security and the intention to buy and sell online was also examined. Despite the importance of information privacy-security, as also demonstrated in literature, its impact on intention in this study remained inconclusive. This finding along with findings in relation to demographics and culture raises important questions for future research on information privacy-security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration in the information seeking and retrieval environment is common, particularly when the search task is complex and exploratory. Multiple factors such as contextual features and task type can affect users' query behavior. This paper presents a study investigating the effects of collaboration and task types on users' query behavior. The study involves two conditions: collaborative search and individual search, and the two search tasks: the recall-oriented information-gathering and the utility-based decision-making. We analyze users' query behavior in three dimensions: basic query features (e.g. the number of queries), query reformulation patterns (e.g. New, Specification, Generalization and Reconstruction) and query performance. The findings of this study reveal that queries are more diverse in collaborative search and recalloriented tasks. Users employed New and Specialization more often as query reformulation types in collaborative search while people in individual search use Reconstruction more often. Besides, the successful query rate is higher in individual search and recall-oriented tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recognized that most seniors prefer to age in a place with familiar surroundings until their health makes this impossible. In an attempt to address the aging phenomenon, as well as recognize seniors' preference, we worked with a Canada-based company that develops a sensor-based home monitoring system for people to monitor the home activities of independently living seniors. Our role was to develop web interfaces that present sensor data to the intended web users - the seniors' informal care providers (e.g., their close friends or family members). In this paper, we present the information design and the web interface prototypes, and report the results of our formative evaluations through cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation methods. The common problems discovered in both methods were problematic notification mechanism, inconsistency, background and layout. Each method also detected usability issues that the other did not. Our work adds more empirical evidence to the importance of combining evaluation methods in a study. The experiences in this study also helped us reflect on approaches and strategies when working with industry partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tackles the task of retrieving very short documents via even shorter queries. The problem on hand may relate to the retrieval of tweets, image and table captions, short text messages (SMS) and sponsored retrieval among others. In such cases, document and/or query expansion using thesauri and other external resources (e.g., Wikipedia) usually available on the World Wide Web (WWW) are proven to be effective approaches. However, the focus of this paper is on documents that are written in lesser known languages for which the WWW is of limited use. Our experiments are based on two main corpora extracted from historical manuscripts written in Latin and Middle High German. We found that retrieving very short documents whose lengths are quite similar via short queries given that no external enrichment resources are available, the classical tf-idf model performs as satisfactorily as the more complex models do, if not better sometimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching large collections of digitized books is a relatively new area in information-seeking and retrieval research, made possible by initiatives such as Google Books and the Hathi- Trust Digital Library. The availability of large full-text book collections is transforming how users search and interact with information in books, but the characteristics of these changes are unknown. This paper aims to provide insight into the characteristics of full-text searches in a large collection of digitized books and is the first step in a broader research agenda intended to improve book retrieval. To better understand the types of queries that users are issuing to full-text-book collections, we analyzed a full year of anonymized query logs from the HathiTrust Digital Library full-text search engine. We also manually classified a random sample of 600 queries to develop a taxonomy of book search query types. We found that users are beginning to search for information in books instead of searching for books. Searches still largely follow bibliographic models, but, as expected, new types of searches are beginning to take advantage of fulltext capabilities. Additionally, comparing the results of our query log analysis to searches in other domains, we found similar search patterns including short queries, sessions with only a few queries, and users viewing only a few pages of results per query. We discuss how these findings can be used to characterize users of large full-text book collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adults managing life with Type 2 diabetes may receive material about diabetes and management, or they may seek health information. They may also keep information items in the home for subsequent use. Currently, health technology is striving to push topically relevant information items, but successful technology would deliver unique, but relevant information. Thus, a holistic view of kept information items, item uses, and information needs are required. Research of information needs, seeking, and use (INSU) often views information needs as explicit statements, but latent information needs may also exist. Kept and used information items may serve to project these implicit information needs. This exploratory study aimed to identify both explicit and implicit information needs of adults living with Type 2 diabetes. Semi-structured interviews conducted in 21 participant's homes focused on kept and used items (n = 300). Resulting rich narratives provided insight of context, item acquisition, and item usage. The results indicate that the majority of items kept and used to manage life with diabetes are paper based and pertain to nutritional management. However, items and their abundance also projected information needs. These findings and their implications contribute to discussions of diabetes-related collections development and health information technology tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As online communities become more important in young people's lives, it is important to consider who the active users are in these digital environments. Previous research has looked at the way leaders emerge in adult communities, but scholarship on young people's participation patterns has been less robust. This paper looks at the phenomenon of "super-users," or the leaders and vocal participants, in a specific online community populated by eleven and twelve year olds (tweens) and run out of an after-school program at two urban middle-school libraries. We ask why these particular young people participate more than their peers and identify these users' characteristics. We also look at the relationships between these characteristics and the young people's use of the site. Answers to these questions help us understand why some tweens' participate more than others and could help facilitate how to better engage all users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty Harvard undergraduate students, paired up as 30 twoperson teams, participated in a usability study where they were interviewed and asked to perform eight tasks using the Library Explorer software on the Microsoft PixelSense tabletop. This paper focuses exclusively on the collaboration aspect of the study results. During the research session, participants' verbal responses, their interaction on the table, their collaboration behavior, and task process were recorded. Using a typology of collaboration profiles and collaboration processes, each dyad was coded by their collaboration style and assessed by their collaboration quality. Results show that the majority of the dyads adopted the "turn taker" collaboration style in completing their tasks, and the "driver-passenger" style was also used frequently. Significant differences were found in team make-up in terms of the formation of their collaboration style and their likelihood to recommend the tool to others. Knowing their partner prior also influenced the formation of participants' collaboration style. There is a significant correlation between overall collaboration style and the quality of collaboration. The use of collaboration styles such as "turn taker," "driver passenger" and "independent," correlate significantly with various quality measures of collaboration. While the "turn taker" style is associated positively with percent of tasks completed successfully, the "driver-passenger" is inversely correlated with the success rate. There are some preliminary evidences from the results to support Klimoski and Mohammed's (1994) framework which suggests that team capacity leads to team process and then contributes to the team performance. Further analysis on participants' screen touch rate and problem solving strategies may help to examine the deep layer of participants' shared mental model construction and thus reveal the effect of the shared mental model on collaboration quality and task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is concerned with professional egovernment seeking behavior. With the digitalization of governments, expectations have been raised with regard to changes in the composition of employee work tasks. The purpose of our study is to determine whether these changes affect seeking behavior and if so how they change it. We focus on the status of current seeking behavior in a Danish government administration. The results showed that information needs are commonly verificative and consciously topical and that information seeking most often takes the form of mere "look-ups." Employees experience many search problems, such as the lack of specificity, differences in the interpretation of the topics of documents, and unwieldy and irrelevant search results. These problems can be solved by a combination of improved indexing practices and search features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and study of interactive user modeling to support exploratory search tasks. Contrary to traditional interactions, such as query based search, query suggestions, or relevance feedback, interactive user modeling allows a user to perceive the state of the user model at all times and provide feedback that directly rewards or penalizes it. The technique allows the user to continuously tune the system's belief about the user's evolving information needs. We demonstrate that such functionality is useful in exploratory search where users need to get accustomed to a body of literature in a domain. We conducted two experiments where scientists carried out exploratory search tasks with our implementation of an interactive user modeling and retrieval system (SciNet) and two baselines: SciNet from which interactive user modeling was excluded and a real-world baseline (Google Scholar). The results show that interactive user modeling can help users to more effectively find relevant, novel and diverse information without compromises in task execution time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results from a study of information behaviors, with specific focus on information organisation-related behaviours conducted as part of a larger daily diary study with 34 participants. The findings indicate that organization of information in everyday life is a problematic area due to various factors. The selfevident one is the inter-subjectivity between the person who may have organized the information and the person looking for that same information (Berlin et. al., 1993). Increasingly though, we are not just looking for information within collections that have been designed by someone else, but within our own personal collections of information, which frequently include books, electronic files, photos, records, documents, desktops, web bookmarks, and portable devices. The passage of time between when we categorized or classified the information, and the time when we look for the same information, poses several problems of intra-subjectivity, or the difference between our own past and present perceptions of the same information. Information searching, and hence the retrieval of information from one's own collection of information in everyday life involved a spatial and temporal coordination with one's own past selves in a sort of cognitive and affective time travel, just as organizing information is a form of anticipatory coordination with one's future information needs. This has implications for finding information and also on personal information management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reported in this paper explored decision making and information use by public safety personal leading teams responding to major incidents. The research methodology was qualitative using critical incident technique and observation grounded in Activity Theory as meta-theoretical framework. The data gathered uncovered intuitive as well as analytic modes of thinking. We argue that this has implications for decision support and our understanding of decision making in time-constrained, complex and uncertain environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study proceeds from a transdisciplinary, ecological and systemic angle as it undertakes to interrogate the information skills of users who are uninitiated and untrained to a competitive intelligence model (and specifically, to the French model, which proposes a more generic and all-encompassing approach than other models). In addition to outlining a framework for assessing these informactors' performance within the context of the informational act, this paper proposes new definitions for the terms "strategic information" and "information intelligence", as a ways to further investigate the pioneering concept of "information transculture" - a concept which stems from the confluence of various generic approaches to information literacy and which is set forth here for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an examination of why information searchers find search tasks difficult and the specific reasons they feel difficult. Data was collected through a controlled laboratory experiment with 32 participants, each working with 4 search tasks. They were asked in questionnaires, both before and after the tasks, for task difficulty ratings and their reasoning for giving those ratings. We developed a coding scheme based on the difficulty reasons users gave, which covered various aspects of task, user, and user-task interaction. This helps us understand search task difficulty, as well as provides a scheme for task difficulty control in experiment task design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examined the effects of information searchers' familiarity with task topics on their search behaviors, in different task types. Data were collected in a controlled laboratory experiment, participated by 32 undergraduate journalism students. Each participant searched on four tasks varying along four task facets: task product (being factual or a mix of intellectual/factual), level (the needed information being the whole document or a segment of the document), task goal (being specific, amorphous, or a mix of specific/amorphous), and complexity (being low or high). Results show that when all task types were considered together, people with different levels of topic familiarity showed differences in some search behaviors. In task types categorized by task goal and task complexity, very few behavioral variables showed differences between searchers with different levels of topic knowledge. However, in task types categorized by task product and task level, more behavioral variables showed differences between searchers with different levels of topic knowledge. Our results suggested that search behaviors may be used as implicit indicators of searchers' topic familiarity, and that task type is an important factor to consider while doing such kind of prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery and visualization of temporal sequence of personalized academic research can enhance the ability for discovering the latent trend of interests to information seekers. In this paper, we propose a definition of weighted co-occurring keywords time gram and use it as a basic unit to analyze the temporal information in existed keywords collection. We further propose a method to get the temporal sequence and temporal network based on these time grams. An application of the proposed method in discovering academic research temporal sequence is discussed, which includes techniques for acquiring extended keywords, assigning weight to each keyword and co-occurring weight to each keyword pair. A visualization tool is designed for browsing the temporal networks identified. Finally, we report an experiment in the area of library and information studies. The experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in helping users analyzing and portraying the evolution pattern and developing trend of corresponding academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a preliminary study on non-contributing behaviors among college-aged Wikipedia users. By focusing on female freshmen, I investigated how college-aged female students start establishing certain attitudes toward Wikipedia, how previous experience influences these perceptions, and how a new social environment has an impact on their perceptions. Based on in-depth interviews with 9 female college freshmen and 4 non-freshmen students, the results suggest that experience, subjective norms, and their social position as a college student influenced female freshmen to establish negative perceptions and constrain them from contributing to Wikipedia. The present study is significant in that it provides multifaceted aspects of perceptions that discourage contributions from young female students to Wikipedia, and design implications for promoting their participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rapidly changing economics of scholarly communication in the digital age, the importance of accurate, specific data on the resource flows within this realm has become increasingly important. Both the producers and the collectors of scholarly information require accurate information in order to nimbly navigate their changing roles in advancing the progress of knowledge. Two key actors in this area are university presses and academic libraries, which both hold keystone roles in scholarly communications, as disseminators and conservators of scholarship, respectively. This paper describes an exploratory study examining one contentious aspect of the relationship between these two actors: trends in purchases of university press books by academic libraries. It does so in order to provide an empirical basis for evaluating frequent claims by publishers that declines in libraries' monographic purchasing over the past three decades can be held primarily responsible for the declining economic fortunes of university presses over the same period. The results of this analysis indicate that this relationship is not clear-cut, for at least two reasons: first, to the extent that purchasing reductions have occurred, they have occurred much more recently than prior accounts have suggested, and second, purchasing trends vary significantly between different libraries and between different sizes of university press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-profit organizations (NPOs) must manage knowledge to be relevant, sustainable and competitive. The published literature suggests that stories can be effective for sharing knowledge and making tacit knowledge explicit; however, researchers have not examined storytelling as a knowledge management practice in NPOs in any depth. Similarly, few studies explore the roles of social media in NPOs, including their usefulness for knowledge management practices. This paper reports the results of a research study that examined how NPOs are using social media, with a particular focus on knowledge management practices. Qualitative interviews with 16 staff members working in a range of NPO environments (such as health, library and social services organizations) were conducted. The findings point to the value of storytelling for sharing the organization's mission, for monitoring the NPOs reach into the community, and as a mechanism for gathering knowledge from clients and other key stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the value of social question-answering (Q&A) services as a platform for social search. We present a quasi-field study where we instructed 20 study participants to use a social Q&A service, Yahoo! Answers, for a period of one week, and interviewed them about their experience with Yahoo! Answers based on the questions (N=99) they posted to the site. The results indicate that participants turned to a social search system when they needed firsthand information, diverse perspectives, and others' value judgments. Participants also preferred social search systems over web search engines in situations where they could obtain tailored information, access original and non-popular information, filter out information, and interact with real people. Various strategies that participants employed to ensure that their questions would be likely to be answered were also identified. This study contributes to the field of information science by investigating a social Q&A service using the framework of social search from the information seeker's perspective. The results have implications for developers and designers of social search systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This poster session paper reports on research exploring (1) how individuals with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) use memory cues in the form of representations (tokens) to recall memories of life stories, and (2) ways in which representations (tokens) influence the nature and content of the individual's recall narrative. Further, it examines whether memory recall differs in response to personal, participant-chosen memory cues, as compared to those selected by someone other than the participant. Reliance on personal artifacts used during two of three unstructured interview sessions resulted in recollections that seemed more scripted in delivery and circumscribed in detail. In contrast, and in response to researcher-selected tokens used exclusively during session 3, full recollections and additional stories were seen to be more fully formed and detailed. While this subset of a larger study deals only with one individual, findings suggest that generic associations may be at least equal to, if not more effective than, unique, individuated artifacts to engendering creative self-expression and vivid personal recall for those experiencing the initial memory loss of AD. This finding may open opportunities to cultural heritage institutions (libraries, archives, museums, galleries) to assemble information "memory boxes" that reinforce recall of life stories by clients with early-stage AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This session introduces a new approach to the concept of information, utilizing an arts-informed, visual approach. 137 graduate students from a North American iSchool were asked "What is information?" and responded by drawing upon a 4" by 4" piece of paper, coined an "iSquare." The drawings of information (Figure 1) were analyzed using compositional and thematic analysis techniques adapted from precedent visual studies. The results include the identification of the most common graphical representations used to express information, as well as three themes pertaining to the social, technological, and "informational" dimensions of information. This panel employs the iSquare study and its outcomes as a springboard to engage -- afresh -- the concept of information today. After the original research is reported, invited experts from information science, museum studies, and social epistemology will offer commentary. "The Concept Formerly Known as Information" is a riff on the antics of American singer-songwriter Prince, who in 1993 changed his name to an unpronounceable glyph and was called (for a short time) "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince." This panel seeks a similar jolt to the status-quo when the concept of information is transformed from word to image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased Internet penetration rates across the developing world have resulted in significant changes to the quantity and quality of information previously available to individuals in many regions of the world. Thus far little research has examined the contextual factors affecting information behaviour in a non- Western, developing country, and how new technologies are affecting traditional avenues to resolving information needs. This paper reports on the findings of a research project investigating information behaviour in Laos. Information behaviour was examined through 30 in-depth interviews from which the changing information environment of Laos was explored. The research employed Dervin's Sense-making methodology and discourse analysis amongst other tools to investigate the unique nature of information behaviour in a developing country. The findings revealed that while increased internet access is affecting how individuals in Laos communicate and exchange information, contextual factors primarily related to culture continue to strongly influence information behaviour. These findings have implications for information professionals, information systems design, and international development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local history is a topic of proven interest to library users. Digital cultural heritage collections and aggregations offer an ever-growing wealth of digitized, primary source materials to support local history research. Yet methods for strategic development and evaluation of local history collections and aggregations remain sparse. In this paper we present a multimodal pilot study to explore methods for evaluating local history coverage in digital collections and aggregations. We explore the possibility of employing automatic classification to identify items and collections relevant to local history, and conduct an exploratory metadata analysis to discern features of collections that contribute to their usefulness for local history research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an exploratory study investigating the ethical implications of searching for a kidney donor online. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight individuals - four people who found a kidney donor online and four people who were still searching - about the process of looking for an altruistic kidney donor on the Internet. To explore ethical issues discussed by participants, the interviews were coded using the resource-product-target model of information ethics. All three types of moral issues outlined in this model were present in the data. When viewing information as a resource, participants discussed their choice to go online to find a donor, the process of encouraging others to share their solicitation message, and ways of handling requests for payment in exchange for a donation. In the information-as-product perspective, people discussed the management of their online persona. Finally, the ramifications of patients and caregivers choosing to share personal health information online was discussed when participants considered information as a target. Several fruitful areas for future research are identified in this study, which is the first qualitative study investigating the phenomenon of searching for a kidney donor online - an area of great interest to information scientists, healthcare providers, medical ethicists, and chronic kidney disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This poster reports preliminary findings from a research project, which attempts to suggest guidelines for developing an older-adult-friendly online tutorial for Facebook. An existing online tutorial for Facebook, Facebook 101, was analyzed to provide a more practical discussion. Weaknesses and improvement points of the tutorial were identified based on the literature regarding principles of design and training for older adults (OAs). Moreover, hierarchical task analyses (HTAs) were conducted to re-design lessons (i.e., content of the tutorial) for popular Facebook activities by OAs. This poster includes a demo version of the OA-friendly online tutorial for Facebook by reflecting the findings and experiences from the study. This paper also outlines future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the process of mapping researcher information from the Dutch National Academic Research and Collaborations Information System (NARCIS) to the VIVO ontology. Our goal is to use the VIVO ontology to accurately represent these researchers and their organizations, while remaining true to the native language and structure of the Dutch university. To achieve this, we first created an extension ontology to account for differences in the Dutch naming structure and differences in university position description and alignment. Secondly, through the use of language attribute tags, we recorded data in both English and Dutch to achieve better access by both the native Dutch population and the larger English based research community. Finally, we leveraged the SKOS ontology to take advantage of a classification structure, already created by NARCIS, to describe researcher expertise uniformly across the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present results of a laboratory study in which participants completed an asynchronous collaborative search task while thinking aloud. Based on analysis of the think-aloud data and screen recordings, we present a set of collaborative search actions and rationales that our participants employed. For each, we describe the purpose and motivations, and give illustrative examples. We also present three high-level strategies (independent, parallel, and divergent) that emerged from analysis of participants' verbalizations and discuss how participants used these strategies as part of their overall search process. Our results show that collaborators' prior work influenced search strategies and behaviors, and that participants leveraged collaborators' work at various stages of the interaction including query formulation and results examination. We discuss how the observed behaviors complement existing models of interactive information seeking and suggest ways to extend current models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a user study comparing the use of a traditional hierarchical tree interface with an associative graphical interface to select controlled vocabulary terms for document classification. The results suggest that users prefer to have both the hierarchical and associative map rather than the hierarchical tree alone and tend to ascribe more categories when using the experimental interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As people increasingly search the Internet for health-related topics like treatment options, it is important to understand how they construct their searches, and how they understand the results. In this paper, we report results from an exploratory lab study with 40 cross-sectional participants and follow-up interviews with eleven of them about their use of search engines to find treatment options. While corroborating prior research concerning basic consumer health information search behaviors (e.g., query length and evaluation of results), our findings also extend the current understanding of health information searching by suggesting that the process of seeking treatment options is shaped by consumers' propensity for familiar and confirming information as well as their desire to seek novel information. Furthermore, our findings suggest an under-investigated idea of the importance of a search timeline: that is that a consumer is likely to look for confirming or novel information depending on where they are in a particular timeline during their search. The results indicate that search systems can better support consumers in finding novel information about treatment options, but that it would be best to introduce novel information after satisfying consumers search for general and familiar information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Internet users are seeking health information online, encountering significant privacy risks in the process. Historically, these risks are associated with personally identifiable information, but behavioural tracking presents a new and increasing threat to privacy. In this paper, we analyze the disclosure, in a set of website privacy policies, of the collection of non-personally identifiable information by consumer health information websites. The websites all engage in first and third party behavioural tracking using cookies and web beacons, and are among the sites recommended by consumer health sections of the Medical Library Association or the Canadian Health Libraries Association (see Burkell and Fortier, 2012, 2013). Our analysis reveals that while the majority of these sites disclose both first party (6/7) and third party (5/7) behavioural tracking, the language used in these disclosures is difficult to understand, tending to minimize behavioural tracking and obfuscate agency in the tracking process. These results suggest that consumer health information website privacy policies do not provide optimal disclosure of behavioural tracking practices. Library and information science professionals should work with users to ensure they are aware of the behavioural tracking practices of the websites they visit, assisting them to interpret the disclosures provided in website privacy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a conceptual model for geobrowsing of text collections. The model integrates elements and principles from the existing models and adds a unique perspective on the design of representations and interactions with geographic, semantic, and cognitive spaces in geospatial visualizations. It is illustrated with examples from GeoPubMed prototype which is designed to support creative geobrowsing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous work we tested users' preferences with systems that allow to store and retrieve information either using tags or folders. In the current study we asked participants sampled from the same population about their attitudes towards tags by using a questionnaire (N = 168). We then compared the results regarding attitudes gathered in this study with the ones testing actual behavior gathered in our previous one. Overall, results showed positive attitudes towards tagging and multiple classification. These finding are in sharp contrast with our previous behavioral study which showed clear preference for folders and single classification: Our participants tended to agree with statements such as "most people use folders only due to habits", "if users were taught to use tags they would prefer them over folders", and "In 20 years children born today will use mostly"; however in our previous study in which we taught our participants to use tags there was a clear behavioral preference for folders over tags. Most participants in the present study thought that giving several classifications to personal information is a good idea, while our previous results showed that even when tags were used, multiple classification was exceptional. Furthermore, our current participants tended to agree that "the use of tags is more efficient than folder use" while in our previous study retrieval was faster without tags. We conclude this paper with suggestions regarding future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing importance of social media, cloud computing and mobile device interactions, the digital work environment is being perpetually transformed while forcing users to adapt to the emerging technologies. In this volatile environment, research leading to innovative approaches to better support the information practices of knowledge workers is acquiring a critical importance. Aiming to improve the technological and organizational policy-making decisions for the implementation of new information systems, this paper examines the current challenges of 34 knowldege workers using information systems to perform their daily tasks. A qualitative research approch entailing the use of semi-directed interviews and diary journals is followed to this end. The outcomes of this research are both theoretical and practical. This research provides a critical insight into the key challenges facing knowledge workers in the digital work environment. From a purely practical perspective, this study helps uncover the needs and expectations of knowledge workers as they use email and other technologies to achieve their work tasks. In light of this study, the technological and organizational policy-making decisions for the implementation of new information systems must ensure that email as a tool drives true productivity and avoids the productivity paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes our different retrieval approaches conducted on a cultural heritage (CH) content test-collection. In our study, our main objective is to measure the relative merit of various query expansion and semantic enrichment techniques. To do so we considered different strategies based on blind-query expansion as well as using external resource, namely Wikipedia. In using external knowledge bases we consider different strategies in order to select the most appropriate concepts to be added to the initial query. Our results show that expansion with both pseudo-relevant documents and external resources improve the retrieval. While the impact of expansion using an external resource is more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Query is a key component of the information retrieval process. It is a complex, multi-faceted and vague term that has been subject to a broad range of definitions. Both user-centred and system-centred models of information retrieval stress the importance and role of query in successful information retrieval experience. However, there is a lack of a rich, consistent and well-defined terminology for query. This paper proposes a new faceted classification of query in the context of interactive information retrieval and conceptualizes the many facets, aspects, characteristics and features of query based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature. The resulting classification provides a useful framework for understanding query and its various aspects for research and learning purposes. Specifically, it provides a conceptual foundation for operationalizing the many aspects and facets of query as variables for research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated citation sentiment analysis is a newly emerged research topic inspired by traditional citation context analysis in scientometrics and applied linguistics. The main goals of current citation sentiment analysis are to develop new tools to model scientific literature and provide authoring support for researchers in tasks like literature review. In terms of developing authoring support tools, however, current studies have not taken into consideration the behavioral patterns of researchers' literature review practice, leaving user need assessment as a missing piece in current interdisciplinary research effort. This paper analyzed biomedical researchers' need by reviewing their publications on using manual citation sentiment analysis for detecting citation bias, and discussed the differences between biomedical researchers' approach and current automated citation sentiment analysis model. These differences are expected to inform the modeling of automated citation sentiment analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to understand collaborative sensemaking processes among middle school students in a discovery based hybrid e-learning environment. Our exploratory study reports interview findings on student experiences, and contributes to our ongoing investigation of this complex social learning system. This paper is also an effort to extend the understanding of Dervin's (1992) sense-making model to incorporate collaborative knowledge building and associated information behaviors. Our preliminary findings identify and discuss several situations, gaps and collaborative sensemaking strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growth of alternative means of electronic messaging, email continues to be a crucial business communication tool. In many organizations, it is common to find a large proportion of business-critical data in email form. However, as the volume of business-critical email continues to grow, conventional approaches for managing paper-based records of business value are increasingly unsuited to the digital realities. Yet effective approaches to automate the management of email are essential to ensure organizational efficiency, accountability and regulatory compliance. Our research aims to develop a model that characterizes information managers' context-specific email triage strategies for identifying emails of business value so that it can be applied to automatically classify email records. We conducted a pilot study of two information managers' email triage practices in two different contexts and develop machine-learning models of lexical and non-lexical features that are involved in the appraisal of business value. An experiment with a machine learning algorithm trained on about two hundred emails in two different business contexts indicates that the automation of email triage for identifying records of business value is highly context dependent and that automated classifiers must be trained to recognize "business value" specifically for that context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]