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A classical result of K. L. Chung and W. Feller deals with the partial sums S k S_k arising in a fair coin-tossing game. If N n N_n is the number of “positive” terms among S 1 S_1 , S 2 S_2 , …, S n S_n then the quantity P ( N 2 n = 2 r ) P(N_{2n} = 2r) takes an elegant form. We lift the restriction on an even number of tosses and give a simple expression for P ( N 2 n + 1 = r ) P(N_{2n+1} = r) , r = 0 r = 0 , 1 1 , 2 2 , …, 2 n + 1 2n+1 . We get to this ansatz by adaptating the Feynman–Kac methodology.

In this note we study the eigenvalue growth of infinite graphs with discrete spectrum. We assume that the corresponding Dirichlet forms satisfy certain Sobolev-type inequalities and that the total measure is finite. In this sense, the associated operators on these graphs display similarities to elliptic operators on bounded domains in the continuum. Specifically, we prove lower bounds on the eigenvalue growth and show by examples that corresponding upper bounds cannot be established.

We show that every ℓ 2 \ell _2 -strictly singular operator on the predual of any atomless hyperfinite finite von Neumann algebra M \mathcal {M} is Dunford–Pettis, which extends a Rosenthal’s theorem for the case of commutative algebra M = L ∞ ( 0 , 1 ) \mathcal {M}=L_\infty (0,1) . We also apply our result to the study of noncommutative symmetric spaces X = E ( M , τ ) X=E(\mathcal {M},\tau ) for which every ℓ 2 \ell _2 -strictly singular operator from L p ( 0 , 1 ) L_p(0,1) into X X is narrow.

Given an infinite countable discrete amenable group Γ \Gamma , we construct explicitly sharply weak mixing nonsingular Poisson Γ \Gamma -actions of each Krieger’s type: I I I λ III_\lambda , for λ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] \lambda \in [0,1] , and I I ∞ II_\infty . The result is new even for Γ = Z \Gamma =\mathbb {Z} . As these Poisson suspension actions are over very special dissipative base, we obtain also new examples of sharply weak mixing nonsingular Bernoulli Γ \Gamma -actions and infinite direct product of finite type systems of each possible Krieger’s type.

In this paper, we study the sign-changing Kazdan-Warner's problem on two dimensional closed Riemannian manifold with negative Euler number $\chi(M)

We prove that a sequence $h$ of non-negative integers is the Hilbert function of some Artinian Gorenstein algebra with the strong Lefschetz property if and only if it is an SI-sequence. This generalizes the result by T. Harima which characterizes the Hilbert functions of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the weak Lefschetz property. We also provide classes of Artinian Gorenstein algebras obtained from the ideal of points in $\mathbb{P}^n$ such that some of their higher Hessians have non-vanishing determinants. Consequently, we provide families of such algebras satisfying the SLP., Comment: 16 pages; minor revision; to appear in the Proc. of the AMS

In this paper, we extend the classical Bohr's inequality to the setting of the non-commutative Hardy space $H^1$ associated with a semifinite von Neumann algebra. As a consequence, we obtain Bohr's inequality for operators in the von Neumann-Schatten class $\cl C_1$ and square matrices of any finite order. Interestingly, we establish that the optimal bound for $r$ in the above mentioned Bohr's inequality concerning von Neumann-Shcatten class is 1/3 whereas it is 1/2 in the case of $2\times 2$ matrices and reduces to $\sqrt{2}-1$ for the case of $3\times 3$ matrices. We also obtain a generalization of our above-mentioned Bohr's inequality for finite matrices where we show that the optimal bound for $r$, unlike above, remains 1/3 for every fixed order $n\times n,\ n\ge 2$.

We prove a mild strengthening of a theorem of C̆esnavic̆ius which gives a criterion for a vector bundle on a smooth complete intersection of dimension at least 3 3 to split into a sum of line bundles. We also prove an analogous statement for bundles on a general complete intersection surface.

In 2012, Chan proved a number of congruences for the coefficients of Ramanujan’s ϕ \phi function. In this paper, we prove some new congruences modulo powers of 2 and 3 for Ramanujan’s ϕ \phi function by employing Newman’s identities and theta function identities.

We obtain closed expressions for weighted orthogonal polynomials and optimal approximants associated with the function f ( z ) = 1 − 1 2 ( z 1 + z 2 ) f(z)=1-\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}(z_1+z_2) and a scale of Hilbert function spaces in the unit 2 2 -ball having reproducing kernel ( 1 − ⟨ z , w ⟩ ) − γ (1-\langle z,w\rangle )^{-\gamma } , γ > 0 \gamma >0 . Our arguments are elementary but do not rely on reduction to the one-dimensional case.

Suppose that $\ell \geq 5$ is prime. For a positive integer $N$ with $4 \mid N$, previous works studied properties of half-integral weight modular forms on $\Gamma_0(N)$ which are supported on finitely many square classes modulo $\ell$, in some cases proving that these forms are congruent to the image of a single variable theta series under some number of iterations of the Ramanujan $\Theta$-operator. Here, we study the analogous problem for modular forms of half-integral weight on $\operatorname{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$. Let $\eta$ be the Dedekind eta function. For a wide range of weights, we prove that every half-integral weight modular form on $\operatorname{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$ which is supported on finitely many square classes modulo $\ell$ can be written modulo $\ell$ in terms of $\eta^{\ell}$ and an iterated derivative of $\eta$., Comment: Accepted to Proceedings of the AMS

We show that every oriented n-dimensional Poincaré duality group over a ∗-ring R is amenable or satisfies a linear homological isoperimetric inequality in dimension n−1. As an application, we prove the Tits alternative for such groups when n=2. We then deduce a new proof of the fact that when n=2 and R=Z then the group in question is a surface group.

Using Fourier analysis, we derive Wirtinger-type inequalities of arbitrary high order. As applications, we prove various sharp geometric inequalities for closed curves on the Euclidean plane. In particular, we obtain both sharp lower and upper bounds for the isoperimetric deficit., Comments welcome

We consider paths of steepest descent, in the complex plane, for the norm of a non-constant one variable polynomial $f$. We show that such paths, starting from a zero of the logarithmic derivative of $f$ and ending in a root of $f$, draw a tree in the complex plane, and we give an upper bound estimate on their lengths. In some cases, we obtain a finer estimate that depends only on the set of roots of $f$, not on their multiplicity, and we wonder if this can be done in general. We also extend this question to finite Blaschke products for the unit disk., Comment: Several typos corrected, addition of a section on Blaschke products, 7 pages, 2 figures

Let A {\mathcal {A}} be a von Neumann algebra and P A {\mathcal {P}}_{\mathcal {A}} the manifold of projections in A {\mathcal {A}} . There is a natural linear connection in P A {\mathcal {P}}_{\mathcal {A}} , which in the finite dimensional case coincides with the the Levi-Civita connection of the Grassmann manifold of C n \mathbb {C}^n . In this paper we show that two projections p , q p,q can be joined by a geodesic, which has minimal length (with respect to the metric given by the usual norm of A {\mathcal {A}} ), if and only if p ∧ q ⊥ ∼ p ⊥ ∧ q , \begin{equation*} p\wedge q^\perp \sim p^\perp \wedge q, \end{equation*} where ∼ \sim stands for the Murray-von Neumann equivalence of projections. It is shown that the minimal geodesic is unique if and only if p ∧ q ⊥ = p ⊥ ∧ q = 0 p\wedge q^\perp = p^\perp \wedge q=0 . If A {\mathcal {A}} is a finite factor, any pair of projections in the same connected component of P A {\mathcal {P}}_{\mathcal {A}} (i.e., with the same trace) can be joined by a minimal geodesic. We explore certain relations with Jones’ index theory for subfactors. For instance, it is shown that if N ⊂ M {\mathcal {N}}\subset {\mathcal {M}} are II 1 _1 factors with finite index [ M : N ] = t − 1 [{\mathcal {M}}:{\mathcal {N}}]={\mathbf {t}}^{-1} , then the geodesic distance d ( e N , e M ) d(e_{\mathcal {N}},e_{\mathcal {M}}) between the induced projections e N e_{\mathcal {N}} and e M e_{\mathcal {M}} is d ( e N , e M ) = arccos ⁡ ( t 1 / 2 ) d(e_{\mathcal {N}},e_{\mathcal {M}})=\arccos ({\mathbf {t}}^{1/2}) .

A differential-difference operator is used to model the heat equation on a finite graph analogue of Poincaré’s upper half-plane. Finite analogues of the classical theta functions are shown to be solutions to the heat equation in this setting.

For finitely generated subgroups $W_1, \ldots , W_t$ of $\mathbb{Q}^{\times}$, integers $k_1, \ldots , k_t$, a Galois extension $F$ of $\mathbb{Q}$ and a union of conjugacy classes $C \subset \text{Gal}(F/\mathbb{Q})$, we develop methods for determining if there exists infinitely many primes $p$ such that the index of the reduction of $W_i$ modulo $p$ divides $k_i$ and such that the Artin symbol of $p$ on $F$ is contained in $C$. The results are a multivariable generalization of H.W. Lenstra's work. As an application, we determine all integers $a_1, \ldots , a_n$ such that $\text{ord}_p(a_1) = \ldots = \text{ord}_p(a_n)$ for infinitely many primes $p$. We also discuss the set of those $p$ for which $\text{ord}_p(a_1) > \ldots > \text{ord}_p(a_n)$. The obtained results are conditional to a generalization of the Riemann hypothesis., 20 pages. Add section on Kummer-type extensions and improve exposition

Let X X be the solution of a stochastic differential equation in Euclidean space driven by standard Brownian motion, with measurable drift and Sobolev diffusion coefficient. In our main result we show that when the drift is measurable and the diffusion coefficient belongs to an appropriate Sobolev space, the law of X X satisfies Talagrand’s inequality with respect to the uniform distance.

We study local positive d d c dd^{c} -closed currents directed by a foliation by Riemann surfaces near a hyperbolic singularity which have no mass on the separatrices. A theorem of Nguyên says that the Lelong number of such a current at the singular point vanishes. We prove that this property is sharp: one cannot have any better mass estimate for this current near the singularity.

In this paper, we investigate the probabilistic pointwise convergence problem of Schrödinger equation on the manifolds. We prove probabilistic pointwise convergence of the solutions to Schrödinger equations with the initial data in L 2 ( T n ) L^{2}(\mathrm {\mathbf {T}}^{n}) , where T = [ 0 , 2 π ) \mathrm {\mathbf {T}}=[0,2\pi ) , which require much less regularity for the initial data than the rough data case. We also prove probabilistic pointwise convergence of the solutions to Schrödinger equation with Dirichlet boundary condition for a large set of random initial data in ∩ s > 1 2 H s ( Θ ) \cap _{s>\frac {1}{2}}H^{s}(\Theta ) , where Θ \Theta is three dimensional unit ball, which require much less regularity for the initial data than the rough data case.

In this paper, we investigate the strict inclusion relation associated with intersections and unions of a general family of function spaces. We answer partially a question left open in Korhonen and Rättyä [Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 5 (2005), pp. 459–469].

In this article we consider a variational problem related to a quasilinear singular problem and obtain a nonexistence result in a metric measure space with a doubling measure and a Poincar\'e inequality. Our method is purely variational and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work concerning singular problems in a general metric setting., Comment: 12 pages, Comments are welcome

We prove a reducibility result for sl(2,R) quasi-periodic cocycles close to a constant elliptic matrix in ultra-differentiable classes, under an adapted arithmetic condition which extends the Brjuno-Russmann condition in the analytic case. The proof is based on an elementary property of the fibered rotation number and deals with ultra- differentiable functions with a weighted Fourier norm. We also show that a weaker arithmetic condition is necessary for reducibility, and that it can be compared to a sufficient arithmetic condition.

Persistence diagrams do not admit an inner product structure compatible with any Wasserstein metric. Hence, when applying kernel methods to persistence diagrams, the underlying feature map necessarily causes distortion. We prove persistence diagrams with the p-Wasserstein metric do not admit a coarse embedding into a Hilbert space when p > 2.

In this paper, we first establish a version of multidimensional analogues of the refined Bohr’s inequality. Then we establish two versions of multidimensional analogues of improved Bohr’s inequality with initial coefficient being zero. Finally we establish two versions of multidimensional analogues of improved Bohr’s inequality with the initial coefficient being replaced by absolute value of the function, and to prove that most of the results are sharp.

By using the Fourier transform, we successfully give Kröger-type estimates for sums of eigenvalues of the free plate (under tension and with nonzero Poisson’s ratio) in terms of the dimension of the ambient space, the volume of the domain, the tension parameter and the Poisson’s ratio.

We provide a necessary and sufficient condition to ensure that a multi-tile $\Omega$ of $R^d$ of positive measure (but not necessarily bounded) admits a structured Riesz basis of exponentials for $ L^{2}(\Omega )$. New examples are given and this characterization is generalized to abstract locally compact abelian groups., Comment: 11 pages

In this paper, we follow an idea of Lusztig to define the Fourier transform on the Ringel–Hall algebra of a valued quiver (given by a quiver with automorphism). As an application, this provides a direct proof of the fact that the Ringel–Hall algebra of a valued quiver is independent of its orientation. Furthermore, by combining the BGP-reflection operators defined on double Ringel–Hall algebras of valued quivers with Fourier transforms, we obtain an alternative construction of Lusztig’s symmetries of the associated quantum enveloping algebras. This generalizes a result of Sevenhant and Van den Bergh in the quiver case.

In this paper we establish a lower bound for the distance induced by the Kähler-Einstein metric on pseudoconvex domains with positive hyperconvexity index (e.g. positive Diederich-Fornæss index). A key step is proving an analog of the Hopf lemma for Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below.

Let A \mathfrak A be a type 1 subdiagonal algebra in a σ \sigma -finite von Neumann algebra M \mathcal M with respect to a faithful normal conditional expectation Φ \Phi . We give necessary and sufficient conditions for which A \mathfrak A is maximal among the σ \sigma -weakly closed subalgebras of M \mathcal M . In addition, we show that a type 1 subdiagonal algebra in a finite von Neumann algebra is automatically finite which gives a positive answer of Arveson’s finiteness problem in 1967 in type 1 case.

For Schrödinger operators on an interval with either convex or symmetric single-well potentials and Robin or Neumann boundary conditions, the gap between the two lowest eigenvalues is minimized when the potential is constant. We also have results for the p p -Laplacian.

Let I ⊂ R I\subset \mathbb {R} be an interval and let f f , φ \varphi be arbitrary elements of H 1 ( I ) H^1(I) and B M O ( I ) BMO(I) , respectively, with ∫ I φ = 0 \int _I\varphi =0 . The paper contains the proof of the estimate ∫ I f φ ≤ 2 ‖ f ‖ H 1 ( I ) ‖ φ ‖ B M O ( I ) , \begin{equation*} \int _I f\varphi \leq \sqrt {2}\|f\|_{H^1(I)}\|\varphi \|_{BMO(I)}, \end{equation*} and it is shown that 2 \sqrt {2} cannot be replaced by a smaller universal constant. The argument rests on the existence of a special function enjoying appropriate size and concavity requirements.

The paper presents nonlocal reverse-spacetime PT-symmetric multicomponent nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations under a specific nonlocal group reduction, and generates their inverse scattering transforms and soliton solutions by the Riemann-Hilbert technique. The Sokhotski-Plemelj formula is used to determine solutions to a class of associated Riemann-Hilbert problems and transform the systems that generalized Jost solutions need to satisfy. A formulation of solutions is developed for the Riemann-Hilbert problems associated with the reflectionless transforms, and the corresponding soliton solutions are constructed for the presented nonlocal reverse-spacetime PT-symmetric NLS equations.

Exceptional Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials p n ( x ) p_n(x) are bispectral, in the sense that as functions of the continuous variable x x , they are eigenfunctions of a second order differential operator and as functions of the discrete variable n n , they are eigenfunctions of a higher order difference operator (the one defined by any of the recurrence relations they satisfy). In this paper, under mild conditions on the sets of parameters, we characterize the algebra of difference operators associated to the higher order recurrence relations satisfied by the exceptional Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials.

We give a permutation model in which Stone's Theorem (every metric space is paracompact) is false and the Boolean Prime Ideal Theorem (every ideal in a Boolean algebra extends to a prime ideal) is true. The erring metric space in our model attains only rational distances and is not metacompact. Transfer theorems give the comparable independence in the Zermelo-Fraenkel setting, answering a question of Good, Tree and Watson.

Given any n-tuple of complex numbers, one can canonically define a polynomial of degree n+1 that has the entries of this n-tuple as its critical points. In 2002, Beardon, Carne, and Ng studied a map $\theta\colon \mathbb{C}^n\to \mathbb{C}^n$ which outputs the critical values of the canonical polynomial constructed from the input, and they proved that this map is onto. Along the way, they showed that $\theta$ is a local homeomorphism whenever the entries of the input are distinct and nonzero, and, implicitly, they produced a polynomial expression for the Jacobian determinant of $\theta$. In this article we extend and generalize both the local homeomorphism result and the elegant determinant identity to analogous situations where the critical points occur with multiplicities. This involves stratifying $\mathbb{C}^n$ according to which coordinates are equal and generalizing $\theta$ to a similar map $\mathbb{C}^\ell \to \mathbb{C}^\ell$ where $\ell$ is the number of distinct critical points. The more complicated determinant identity that we establish is closely connected to the multinomial identity known as Dyson's conjecture., Comment: 13 pages

We show that part I of uniform Martin's conjecture follows from a local phenomenon, namely that if a non-constant Turing invariant function goes from the Turing degree $\boldsymbol x$ to the Turing degree $\boldsymbol y$, then $\boldsymbol x \le_T \boldsymbol y$. Besides improving our knowledge about part I of uniform Martin's conjecture (which turns out to be equivalent to Turing determinacy), the discovery of such local phenomenon also leads to new results that did not look strictly related to Martin's conjecture before. In particular, we get that computable reducibility $\le_c$ on equivalence relations on $\mathbb N$ has a very complicated structure, as $\le_T$ is Borel reducible to it. We conclude raising the question "Is part II of uniform Martin's conjecture implied by local phenomena, too?" and briefly indicating a possible direction.

© 2020 American Mathematical Society This paper studies the dynamic behaviour of a computer worm system under a discontinuous control strategy. Some conditions for globally asymptotically stable solutions of the discontinuous system are obtained by using the Bendixson–Dulac theorem, Green’s formula, and the Lyapunov function. It is found that the solutions of the controlled computer worm system can converge to either of two local equilibrium points or the sliding equilibrium point on the discontinuous surface. It is shown that a threshold control strategy can effectively control the spread of computer viruses. The research results may be applicable to control other types of virus systems.

Robert L. Bryant (see [Astérisque 154-155 (1987), pp. 321–347, Proposition 4]) proved that an isolated singularity of a conformal metric of positive constant curvature with finite area on a Riemann surface is a conical one. Using complex analysis, we find all local models for an isolated singularity of a flat metric whose area satisfies some polynomial growth condition near the singularity. In particular, we show that an isolated singularity of a flat metric with finite area must be conic.

We are concerned with the study of the Lane-Emden equation with variable exponent and Dirichlet boundary condition. The feature of this paper is that the analysis that we develop does not assume any subcritical hypotheses and the reaction can fulfill a mixed regime (subcritical, critical and supercritical). We consider the radial and the nonradial cases, as well as a singular setting. The proofs combine variational and analytic methods with a version of the Palais principle of symmetric criticality., The final version this paper will be published in Proc. AMS

Using a part of XJC-correspondence by Pirio and Russo, we classify cubic forms $f$ whose Hessian matrices induce matrix factorizations of themselves. When it defines a reduced hypersurface, it satisfies the "secant-singularity" correspondence, that is, it coincides with the secant locus of its singular locus. In particular, when $f$ is irreducible, its singular locus is either one of four Severi varieties., 11 pages