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Introduction: Lung fissures are responsible for uniform expansion. These fissures may be complete, incomplete or absent causing lobar variation. A detailed knowledge of variations of classical and accessory fissures is necessary for proper pulmonary radiological interpretation. Patients benefit from accurate assessment of integrity of pulmonary fissures during cardiothoracic surgery as surgeons can perform segmental lung resections and lobectomies safely to have an uncomplicated perioperative outcome. So, the cadaveric study was done to note the morphological variation of the fissures of lung in Pakistan cadaveric population and compare it with the previous study. Aims & Objectives: To determine the frequency of variations in fissures and lobes of the lungs on cadaveric Pakistani population. Place and duration of study: Anatomy Departments of KEMU and AIMC, Lahore. Duration of study was from 2020 to 2022 Material & Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 160 cadaveric lung specimens from AIMC and KEMU Anatomy Departments. They were preserved in 10% formalin and were studied for morphological details of their lung lobes and fissures. Data was collected and graded using Craig and Walker classification. Data was analysed using SPSS 22 version. p value ? 0.05 was taken as significant Results: Out of 160, 77% of the left lung and 75% of the right lungs were normal. Among the variations, horizontal fissure had shown to be more variable as compared to oblique fissure .18% of the right-side specimens were shown to have incomplete horizontal fissures and in 4% of the specimen, they were totally absent. 15% of the left side specimen had incomplete oblique fissures whereas only 2% of the right-side specimen had incomplete oblique fissures. Accessory fissures were more common in the left side specimens as compared to the right-side specimens. Conclusion: Morphological variations do occur in normal population, and they must be kept in mind during radiological and surgical interventions.

Introduction: Mitral stenosis is most common among rheumatic valvular heart disease. The morphological severity of the mitral valve is assessed by Wilkins scoring on echocardiography. Substantial gender-related differences regarding mitral valve and other cardiovascular diseases are reported. Data showed men and women had a different risk for valvular heart diseases. This study aims to ascertain if there is any gender-specific difference in the morphological severity of mitral stenosis based on Wilkin’s scoring in a tertiary care Cardiology Center. Aims & Objectives: To report differences in morphological severity of mitral stenosis in male and female gender based on Wilkin’s scoring. Place and duration of study: Cardiology Department of Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital. This Study was completed in one year. Material & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study on 152 patients presenting in the Cardiology Department of Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Board. Results: A total of 152 subjects participated among which 80 male patients and 72 females. The severity of the disease was divided into mild, moderate and severe. No gender related difference was observed in echocardiographic parameters. Regarding morphological assessment based on Wilkin’s score, significant difference was observed only in the values of Valve leaflet thickness. Conclusion: The results of this study didn’t show a clear and significant difference in morphological severity of mitral stenosis when compared between male and female gender. So, each patient regardless of gender should be carefully screened and assessed while deciding treatment strategy.