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Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), spread over 4,355sq. km is home to seven municipal corporations. All Municipal Corporations in India are mandated to look into solid waste management in their functional domains under the 74th Constitutional Amendment. At present, all the seven municipal corporations depend upon centralised means of managing waste which is dumped at assigned landfills post collection. Apart from the corporation, there are multiple players who play a crucial role in managing the waste. Much of this is managed by informal sector and now emerging recyclers who are setting up processes for decentralised waste management. This paper explores the scale at which different institutions/communities have taken efforts to successfully manage their waste. Most people are unable to achieve 100% decentralized management due to lack of appropriate channels for managing rejects and sanitary waste. More importantly, it is imperative to understand the failure and limitations of the municipal corporation since they are financially dependent on the centre and state for their functioning. But despite all those constraints, it makes sense to gauge energy and material recovery potentials and correlate to municipal waste management. By means of different examples and a technology provider for bio-medical waste, we are able to make an impact towards creating greener, sustainable communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most challenging problems of 21 st century is solid waste management and stone slurry is a prime shareholder in this waste. The paper aims at assessing the feasibility of utilizing the two different types of stone waste generated globally in huge quantities i.e., Granite cutting waste and marble slurry as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete manufacturing. The paper reports the similarities and highlights the contrasting behaviour of GCW and MS concrete in terms of durability, compressive and flexure strength, abrasion, permeability and ultra-pulse velocity. The strength and durability of concrete is determined by a number of factors including the physical and chemical composition of constituent ingredients as well as the microstructure of ingredient particles. Explanations for the trends observed have been derived from microstructural studies using SEM and EDS test and also the inter-particle behaviour of the ingredients within concrete matrix . It was found that neglecting minor variations the optimum replacement percentage for GCW and MS concrete were 25% and 15% respectively. Abbreviation: GCW- Granite cutting waste; MS – Marble Slurry; w/c – water-cement ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a fuzzy chance constrained programming approach is developed for municipal solid waste management to minimize the net system cost and maximize the revenue generated from different treatment facilities. Most of the parameters involved with this model are imprecisely defined and probabilistically uncertain. A fuzzy chance programming model is developed to minimize the net system cost of sorting and transporting the wastes and to maximize the revenue generated from different treatment facilities. To resolve the cases arising due to the multiple occurrences of fuzzy goals, a fuzzy goal programming has been adopted. To expound the potential use of the approach, modified version of a case example, studied previously, has been considered and solved. The achieved model solution is compared with the existing technique for waste management, studied earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has emerged as a big challenge not only because of the health and environmental concerns but also due to huge quantities of waste generated. It is observed from many research documents that most urban local bodies (ULBs) in India are unable to handle such huge quantities of solid waste due to financial and institutional debilities. Furthermore, ULBs rarely have sufficient funds, resources, infrastructure and appropriate strategies for improved solid waste management. Segregation of waste, door to door waste collection, technologies for the treatment of waste, land resources and scientific disposal methods are some of the major challenges. Recognizing these challenges, the two ministries of Government of India namely Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) have initiated several policies and programmes to improve the current scenario of MSWM in India. Environment Ministry had promulgated the Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules in2000 which is now being revamped as Solid Waste Management Rules 2015 while the MoUD has prepared a draft manual on MSWM to support cities and towns on planning and implementing a proper MSWM system in line with the SWM Rules being promulgated in 2015. It is observed that many policies and programmes fail to achieve their objectives due to lack of clarity and awareness among the stakeholders and poor enforcement by the regulators. The present paper provides a comprehensive view of SWM and most importantly highlights some major points of the policies/programmes initiated by the Government of India to overcome the challenges of solid waste management in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous footpaths have been the major means of passage from origin to destination before the advent of cars and town planning. Over the years, these traditional areas have retained their original attributes with additional walking links to the motorable roads. In this study, footpaths to municipal solid waste bins were modelled in order to locate waste bins within an area in Ilorin, north central Nigeria. A network dataset was built in a standard GIS application (ArcMap 10) from the downloaded satellite image of the study area. The Location-Allocation tool in the Network Analyst window was then used to determine the optimal location of facilities based on cut-off walking distance which defines command area of a waste bin. The result of this analysis could act as a decision support tool for the determination of type, size and removal frequency of each waste bin based on estimates of waste generation from each command area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size-segregated aerosol samplings were carried out during 2013-14 at Okhla landfills, Delhi, which is a municipal solid waste dumping station. Aerosol samples were collected on quartz filters using an Andersen impactor sampler having 9-stages with cut-off diameter >9.0, 9.0-5.8, 5.8-4.7, 4.7-3.3, 3.3-2.1, 2.1-1.1, 1.1-0.65, 0.65-0.43, <0.43 μm at flow rate 28.3 lpm. Additionally, a low-volume handy sampler was also used to measure total culturable microbial concentrations operates at flow rate of 2 lpm. The culturable total bacterial and fungal concentrations across the seasons ranged from 8.3×10 5 -1.8×10 7 cfu/m 3 and 1.2×10 3 -2.5×10 5 cfu/m 3 , respectively and also varied across the impactor stages. Major concentration peaks found during winter could be associated with high particulate matter concentration and favourable meteorological conditions in Delhi. On the other hand, comparatively lower concentrations were observed in summer. This is possibly because of microbial lethal effects of adverse meteorological conditions (high temperature and solar radiation) which are more prominent than that of release of microbial flux due to solar ground heating effect in summer. Size distribution analysis shows that bacteria were mostly abundant in fine particle sizes, i.e. <0.43-2.1 μm, but few peaks were also observed in size ranges between 5.8->9.0 μm. Fungal spores mostly peaked in coarse sizes (2.1-5.8 μm) and showed unimodal size distribution. Predominant identified bacterial strains were mostly belonged to Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebseilla and Escherichia genera. Most of the identified fungal spores are known for adverse health effects causing numerous allergic and pathogenic inflammations. These results suggest that the open-solid waste dumping sites are a major source of bioaerosols, and residents living in the nearby areas of landfills are at high health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incineration of plastic waste in an open field is a major source of air pollution. Most of the times, the Municipal Solid Waste containing about 12% of plastics is burnt, releasing toxic gases like Dioxins, Furans, Mercury and Polychlorinated Biphenyls into the atmosphere. Further, burning of Poly Vinyl Chloride liberates hazardous halogens and pollutes air, the impact of which is climate change. The toxic substances thus released are posing a threat to vegetation, human and animal health and environment as a whole. Polystyrene is harmful to Central Nervous System. The hazardous brominated compounds act as carcinogens and mutagens. Dioxins settle on the crops and in our waterways where they eventually enter into our food and hence the body system. These Dioxins are the lethal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and its worst component, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), commonly known as agentorange is a toxic compound which causes cancer and neurological damage, disrupts reproductive thyroid and respiratory systems. Thus, burning of plastic wastes increase the risk of heart disease, aggravates respiratory ailments such as asthma and emphysema and cause rashes, nausea or headaches, and damages the nervous system. Hence, a sustainable step towards tomorrow's cleaner and healthier environment needs immediate attention of the environmentalists and scientists. This review presents the hazards of incineration; open burning of plastics and effects of plastic in water and also a possibility of working out strategies to develop alternate procedures of plastic waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management system cannot be made sustainable only with the technical end-of-pipe solutions but an integrated approach is necessary. The use of SWOT (strength & weakness and opportunity & threats) analysis technique for the selection of technology for processing and disposal of municipal solid waste will help to mitigate the uncertainties and minimise the business/project risk and will also help to identify the raw material feed mix, establish a raw material supply chain, identify the product mix and product market, business model & business risk. In this paper a systematic approach has been developed for the selection of right technology for the sustainable processing and disposal of municipal solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas digesters are used to produce methane gas and the size of the digesters are commonly bigger in size. People who live in poor conditions and are familiar with the uses and the advantages of using methane gas wants to have a biogas digester at home for replacing the cooking gas as the ever increasing price of cooking gas is adding to their woes. Being in the densely populated city, Bangalore, the problem of domestic waste management is highly inefficient. There is a need for an efficient method to tackle this problem. Both the problems can be met with a residual clean energy output in the form of biogas through a portable bio-digester which can be installed and moved at any place in every house with the help of minimum resources. The project involves the developing and analysis of the body shape of the digester to make it be more efficient to produce methane gas. It mainly concentrates on the economic aspect and will also concern about the structure strength, durability, ergonomic factor, convenience and flexibility of usage in different weather conditions. All the specifications must be verified to avoid materials and fund wasting. Overall process to design, develop and fabricate this digester required the skills of designing and fabrication and used all the basics knowledge of Static, Industrial Design and Manufacturing Technology. The objective of this project are: • To fabricate a portable bio-digester to be used in all weather conditions. • Consideration of economic and ergonomic factors with maximum efficiency in production of methane gas through domestic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth and rapid urbanization are resulting into increase in generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). In India, approximately 68 MT of MSW generated annually in urban areas and more than 80% is disposed in unhygienic manner leading to problems of health and environment to inhabitants. To manage MSW, there is a need to plan infrastructure development. There are many technologies available for handling MSW which treat plastic to convert fuel oil by gasification, pyrolysis, biomethanation and catalytic conversions. The useful products like liquid fuels, chemicals and power are being generated through these processes. The final products need to comply with environmental regulations and demand a lot of technological improvement. Based on MSW/feed quality, there is a need to identify the suitable technology for converting MSW into useful products, which can meet the statuary regulations. Hence, treating MSW, converting into useful products and selection of suitable technology is a big challenge. The present paper focuses to compare: • All suitable treatment technologies and products generated from MSW. • Types of thermal treatments like combustion/incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. It also highlights development of a systematic approach to comply with all environmental regulations to create value for all types of MSW and reduce landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swedish casting and foundry industry has a deep experience from re-using form sand in different applications throughout society, ranging from attempts with closed loop recycling to secondary uses for road construction and other uses in other industrial sectors. From the perspective of the casting and foundry industry, waste sand is piling up after it has been used as forms for casting. From the environmental point of view, the casting is contaminated by the resins used to stabilize the sand. This fact leads to that the waste sand needs to be monitored to avoid to be classified as hazardous waste according to Swedish environmental legislation. Hence, a general industrial vision is to close the loop of the material used for casting forms, since the linear use of sand is both economically significant and environmentally unsustainable. Swerea SWECAST and the Swedish Foundry Association, which is an association of most foundry companies in Sweden, has been working for many years in different projects to find an environmentally beneficial offset for the waste sand. For many of the waste sand categories there are today many acceptable offsets. This has led to a more practical way to view the waste sand, has led to several new waste sand treatment methods to reduce the contaminants, and has led to new practical re-uses of the waste sand. This leads to substantially smaller amounts of solid waste. Future challenges are to 1) use life cycle assessment to compare alternative ways to solve the needs where sand is now being re-use, 2) apply long-term eco-efficiency analyses of linear and circular re-uses of sand, as well as 3) further research to find circular techniques and materials for casting forms, to move away from the need to continuously extract, transport and use a virgin natural resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey on solid waste management for sustainable development and public health in Dutse metropolis was conducted. One hundred (100) designed questionnaires were distributed across four major areas within the town which included Yadi, GidaDubu, Dan Masara and Mopol base quarters were twenty five (25) are distributed to each of the four sites. From the result, it was discovered that residence of Danmasara quarters discharge all their waste 100(100%) in government approve sites while Yadi quarters are the lowest in terms of discharging waste in government designated locations 6(24%). Based on flooding, Yadi recorded the highest rate of flooding 21(84%) while Dan masaraquartes recorded the lowest 9(36%). Proper waste discharge was also summarized according to educational status of individual respondents within the affected areas under study. It could be observed that people with secondary education had the highest of (47%) while informal education recorded the lowest (08%) in terms of proper waste discharge respectively. It is concluded that most of places in Dutse metropolis do not access to drainage system as well as government designed areas for waste disposal and hence, it is recommended that government should provide adequate waste disposal sites to each area within Dutse metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management is one of the major challenges faced by most of the developing countries like India. The scarcity of land due to large population and increasing waste production due to urbanization impose a challenge to find innovative methods for waste disposal. Thermal treatment is seen as an emerging technology which can help in reducing the volume of the waste and also extract energy and value added products during processing of the waste. However, the raw material mostly has low calorific value which causes problem for its thermal treatment. Pyrolysis, combustion and gasification are the major thermal treatment processes. Pyrolysis, found more promising than other processes, is discussed in this paperin regards to its kinetics and reaction conditions and products formed to understand and further develop the technology. Any improvement in the treatment processes requires an understanding of the fundamentals of the reactions specific to the waste being treated. It is concluded that suitable combination of reaction conditions along with reactor design needs to be formulated once the process kinetics for the treatment of mixed municipal solid waste during pyrolysis is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study hereby is an attempt to evaluate the process of landfill mining as a remediation technique for Municipal Solid Waste dumpsites, which are an inherent feature of each city of note, in the developing countries. These dump sites, more often than not, nothing more than a piece of land where all of the city's refuse is collected, are threats to the environment and consume valuable land, which could otherwise be converted into a revenue generating asset. Many cities are extremely short on land and some are also facing the negative impacts of these dumps in terms of water contamination, air pollution and land degradation to name a few. Encouraged by the positive outcomes of studies carried out earlier, this study was aimed at applying the idea on a broader scale in terms of encompassing a number of cities across the country. The solid waste characterization for the cities taken into the study was obtained and the amount of solid waste deposited in the landfills of these cities was estimated. Based on these, various revenue generating fractions were identified. From the current market cost of the land used as dumpsite and the material salvaged by the landfill mining operation, the benefit-cost scenario was judged. It was found that for most of the scenarios the overall operation of mining the landfills was economical in terms of cost, but the intangible benefits, which cannot be monetized, are expected to be far greater than the rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management has always been about collection and disposal of garbage. We have currently moved on to a more efficient collection and disposal by using Engineered Sanitary Landfills in the Philippines. However, with the increase in population and the consequent increase in solid waste generation, we are now running out of spaces to establish solid waste disposal facilities. A global trend in solid waste management is towards resource recovery rather than disposal of waste. Resource recovery is no longer limited to recyclable materials such as tins, glass, paper, plastic and rubber. Resource recovery now involves the recovery of all solid waste materials, including residual waste. This is the value of RDF or refuse-derived fuel. RDF uses highly combustible residual waste, such as plastics and some biodegradable materials as fuel for cement kilns. It is currently being used by giant cement manufacturers Holcim and La Farge, consisting about 10% of the fuel they use in their cement kilns, which still uses an estimated 90% coal. The use of RDF, however, as a waste-to-energy technology must still be closely monitored under RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000 as well as the Clean Air Act. It remains to be an incinerating technology that requires equipment for flue gascleaning system to prevent air pollution. If RDF can be maintained as a clean technology and recovery of RDF-qualified waste materials can be increased, resource recovery from solid waste will become more efficient, then someday, we will finally be able to achieve zero waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to United Nation's World urbanization prospects Report, urban population in the world is expected to touch 70% of the total population by 2050. Urbanization trend in the world has made residential land-use, a major shareholder amongst urban land uses. This land-use has become the major deciding factor for urban infrastructure development at large. Municipal solid waste management and its related infrastructure provision have become a major concern to many of the urban local self-governments in India. Major objective of this paper, which is based on a doctoral research work on the residential land use impact on urban environment is to examine the relative position of municipal solid waste management sector among the other identified sectors of urban environment and also to evolve a waste management index that can be used to compare urban areas in terms of its waste generation and management perspective. An AHP based expert questionnaire survey of 93 experts across India was conducted to identify the significance of municipal solid waste management sector along with the identified impacted sectors of urban environment due to residential land use activities. A household survey was conducted in 51 wards of Kozhikode Corporation to check the performance of the waste management index generated out of the expert survey. The results of the survey show that the municipal solid waste management sector is the most impacted sector among the urban environment sectors. Waste management index of the surveyed wards revealed that the index is aligning very well with the residential density as well as the residential land-use characteristics of the area under consideration. This index has immense potential to identify the urban areas that require intervention possibly by providing infrastructure for municipal solid waste management. Survey inputs are gathered, compared and composed in this regard and the results are presented and communicated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, a substantial fraction (∼0.85) of total expenditure on MSW management is spent on collection of waste. Nevertheless, the average waste collection efficiency is about 70% in Indian urban areas. Waste collection efficiency can be increased by utilising staff and collection vehicles effectively with transfer stations (TSs), though choosing best sites (in an economically optimal manner) for TSs siting is a major task. Also, many parameters (e.g., waste-generation rate, running cost of facilities, transportation cost, revenues etc.) in MSW management system are associated with uncertainties. To study the apportionment of these uncertain input parameters into the results, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis has been performed. Furthermore, the effect of interaction among most sensitive parameters is examined through design of experiment. Also, a facility location two stage stochastic model has been proposed to select the best sites for TSs siting, which is basically a framework of facility location problems involving uncertainty. The developed model is applied on the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India. The model has 9186 constraints and 8152 variables, which has been written in AMPL (a mathematical programming language). KNITRO 5.2 (nonlinearinterior-point trust region optimizer) have been used to solve the developed model. Sensitivity analysis abduces waste generation as the most sensitive kind of parameter followed by the unit transportation cost of waste from source to TSs. Furthermore, multivariate SA identifies the importance of a facility location framework involving uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our day-to-day living, a simple underlying principle is to consume resources in one form or another. This consumption generates waste, which needs to be dealt with in a responsible, efficient and effective manner. Waste is mostly collected and disposed by municipalities. This presents a challenge for these municipalities in dealing with ever increasing amounts of waste to be managed. This is particularly critical in cities, where the demand for these services is increasing. Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) continues to be one of the top priorities for human communities in the 21st century. The model of integrated solid waste management, reduction of waste right at the source points before it enters the chain of waste stream, reuse of generated wastes for recovery by recycling, and disposal through environmentally sound combustion facilities and landfills that meet policy standards are being used by communities as they evolve. Solid waste management is known to be an important contributor to various environmental problems, for example climate change (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions from landfills), disturbing multiple ecosystems (e.g. heavy metal emissions into air, soil and surface water), and improper use of resources leading to depletion (e.g. inexistent or inefficient recycling processing methods for a few particular key minerals or metals) among others. The formidable rise in solid waste generation require suitable management systems, which methodically handle these environmental issues and eventually contribute to move towards a more environmentally sustainable society. This paper presents a method based on Data Envelopment Analysis to analyse the efficiency of Waste to Energy systems, looking not only at maximising the positive outputs (e.g. Energy), but also minimising the negative ones (e.g. emissions). The results provide a benchmark for municipalities to aim in the operation of their Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste management is a major issue in most of the developing countries in the globe. India and China are two faster growing economies who also have similar problems to handle huge amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). Moreover, with the population growth and the increasing GDP, the MSW generation rate is increasing proportionately. Both the countries investing a loads of funds in landfill sites, MSW handling and treatment, but still the problem is not resolved. The main hurdle is the awareness of the citizen and poor institutional initiative all through the country, in general. There are a number of good initiatives, of course. This study aims to explore the present situation of the management of MSW and analyse the sustainability of the initiatives to protect the environment and resource utilisation leading to the least amount of landfill in India and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management all over world is looked as major challenge to civil bodies. Pune corporation has taken initiatives to collect, segregate and treat solid waste and system for handling around 1600 MT / day is operative. Composting, biogas and inert waste recycle are present mode of treatment. Praj Industries limited, Pune has taken the activity further to noticeable level and can integrate overall waste management activities so that from biodegradables, biodiesel, bio CNG, fuel ethanol and liquid manure can be safely produced. No waste is left over. Biodegradable solid waste in Pune has potential to generate Biodiesel-18 to 20 MT/ day, Fuel ethanol-7 to 9 M3/ day, BioCNG-10 to 12 MT/ day and in addition 1100 to 1200 M3 liquid manure / day can be produced. These energy rich compounds can generate electricity, run vehicles and maintain solid fertility. One has to look scientifically in the optimization of collection and segregation from the point where waste generates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the optimum design of windrow composting is discussed. There are many reasons to consider implementing centralized open-windrow compost technology in developing countries, especially in municipalities which are not subject to the severe space restrictions. Compared to mechanized or in-vessel operations, windrow composting has many advantages as discussed in the paper. Design aspects of windrow composting facility such as process design, composting area sizing, runoff collection pond sizing, land treatment design for runoff, and capital and operating cost estimation are discussed in detail. In particular, the process design components such as feedstock (solid wastes) recovery, feedstock preparation, composting, stabilization, curing, refining and storing are analysed. A detail cost analysis (Capital and O&M Cost) is made based on processing 3000 tons/yr of yard waste, food waste, etc. to produced 1,500 tons/yr. of finished compost is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery buffing dust (TBD) contains high amount of potential chemicals including Cr (III) besides carcinogenic organic compounds. The Cr (III) present in TBD can be thermodynamically feasible to convert into carcinogenic Cr (VI). The obnoxious gases such as oxides of sulphur, ammonia and other volatile organic compounds are emitted from tannery buffing dust during the thermal decomposition. Pyrolysis of a chromium-tanned buffing dust under controlled O 2 atmosphere has been carried out in a thermal reactor to eliminate the environmental burden of these toxic pollutants. The effect of process variables, such as temperature, pyrolysis time, and heating rate on the pyrolytic product distribution was studied. Flash pyrolysis upto 550°C and slow pyrolysis from 550 to 800°C with applying O 2 at the rate of 1LPM in the temperature range between 700 and 800°C were studied. The pyrolysed tannery buffing dust was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA and CHNS analyzer. The pyrolysed TBD was effectively solidified / stabilized using Portland cement and also bitumen mixture. Unconfined compressive strength of the blocks was in the range of 16-99KN. The leachability of the stabilization of Cr (III) in the solidified matrix was confirmed through XRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) plan is a complex process. As a foundation and prerequisite for efficient MSWM plan, quantification and prediction of Solid Waste (SW) generation is very much essentials. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) prediction cannot be done directly and depends on so many factors. In actual practices, due to uncertainties and unavailability of sufficient data, modelling methods are needed for prediction of MSW generation. A number of researchers have predicted SW generation using various modeling methods. The main objective of this paper is to review such models related to MSW generation using economic, socio-demographic or management-orientated data and identify possible factors that will help in selecting the crucial design options within the framework of mathematical modeling. Five characteristic classification criteria, namely, modeling method, area covered, time series, independent variables and waste streams are focused in this review. The entire published models are diverse in nature for application from whole country to households. Successful modeling depends significantly on selection of waste stream. From the review and discussion of models the research aims to identify the limitations of previous models which will help in identifying the crucial design options within the framework of modeling. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of solid waste, including the municipal solid waste (MSW), is a major challenge in urban regions of most part of the world, including Southeast Asia. Due to the lack of effective management programs, regulations, and policies; the waste is causing severe health hazard including several communicable diseases, bad odors, nuisance, and environmental impacts, such as, contamination of water, soil, and air. Most Southeast Asian cities are lacking efficient MSW management programs. Thus, in order to contribute to building a good dataset on MSW for the Southeast Asian region, we quantified solid waste generation and analyzed waste composition for Ho Chi Minh City. Ho Chi Minh City is a major urban region of Viet Nam in Southeast Asia. In Ho Chi Minh City, about 8,175 tons of solid waste was generated per day in 2014, consisting 6,800-7,000 of MSW, with 1.02 kg/capita/day generation of waste. The trend in MSW generation from 1992-2010 showed that 98,338 tons of MSW has been increasing every year. The MSW of Ho Chi Minh City contains 65-90% biodegradable matter. The major portion of MSW was food waste from 1.4 million households, 1,837 schools, and 12,000 hotels and restaurants. The current common practice of solid waste management in Ho Chi Minh City is landfilling. About 86% of the total solid waste was landfilled at two major landfill sites (PhuocHiep and Da Phuoc), and the rest 14% waste was recycled. Paper, plastic, metals, glass were the major waste being recycled with a quantity of 3364, 3794, 1124, and 384 tons/month, respectively. Further to support the MSW planning in Ho Chi Minh City, we analyzed gaps and SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats) and provided recommendations to be incorporated in the action plans for efficient management of solid waste in Ho Chi Minh City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of rice stubbles after harvest of crop remains a major concern in all rice growing areas. In lowland rice ecosystems, where sole cropping is mostly practiced, low energy in situ composting may contribute tremendously towards recycling of solid waste and long-term sustenance of soil fertility. Spraying of a bacteria, isolated and characterized for its cellulose degrading ability (CDM), was done singly or in consortium with Azospirillum sp or with Bacillus sp or with both to rice stubbles under field condition after harvest of the crop. Spraying with glyphosate, or with glyphosate and sugar significantly reduced stubble dry weight, and carbon content during the three months period. Consortium of CDM, Azospirillum sp and Bacillus sp performed better compared to the others. Further works may complement the findings of the present study into a low energy, simple and easily acceptable in situ rice stubble management technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of the crucial urban basic services which influence the public health and environment of a town. While hill towns in India are already facing tremendous pressure due to lack of infrastructure, unfavourable climatic condition, difficult terrain, and public apathy towards waste management, Tourism induced challenges further aggravate the issue. Although in case of hill towns, tourism has a profound impact on the economy of the town, it comes with new challenges in terms of waste generation resulting into negative impacts on the sensitive hill environment. It is in this context, an effort has been made in this paper to examine the current issues and challenges in MSWM practice in Pahalgam, a small hill town located in the state of J&K, commonly known as “Mini Switzerland”, with special reference to impact of tourism on overall MSWM of the town. The methodology adopted includes review of case of SWM in other hill towns in India, and the legal and policy aspects at the national level. Primary survey of households and hotels was conducted by using stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected through structured questionnaire containing key information related to the issues and challenges in MSWM with special focus on tourism. Interview of city officials was conducted to capture institutional perspective. The study revealed that, in Pahalgam, tourism sector is the major generator of solid waste, Religious-touristic activities during the peak season. The study also finds crucial issues related to lack of capacity of the local body and the issues related to lack availability of plain land, improper location of waste collection infrastructure due to undulated terrain and inadequate collection capacity. The study also finds very strong correlation between unscientific disposal of MSW and degrading surface water quality and increasing occurrence of water borne diseases in the downstream during the peak tourist season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is a major generator of wastes and other seemingly unusable materials that can easily be discarded as solid waste. Basically, contractors are responsible for maintaining a sanitary work environment and to dispose of their waste from their working area. Since the presence of the contractors is contingent to the construction period, the primary method of getting rid of the construction waste is to haul them away from the work sites, without much regard to the long term repercussion of their actions. As the focus of compliance in most construction sites is on the maintenance of sanitary surroundings, the management methods for waste which considers reuse, recycling and resource recovery are not clearly followed through. With this prevailing conduct of business, the construction industry misses its mark in contributing to correct waste management. Materials, be it excess from construction process, or residual from demolition, can still be usable should the contractor exert efforts in finding ways to use them rather than dispose them. At worst, when not fully checked by the supervising engineer, these materials end up dumped in the surroundings, which can potentially cause contamination to the environment. This paper presents the issues of construction wastes encountered by the author in projects that he worked on, with some suggestions on how these materials easily regarded as waste can be reused. In addition, the author also presents some issues that lead to lax implementation and enforcement of proper waste management in the work sites. Finally, recommendations are presented that the construction industry can espouse in order to improve the compliance of the construction industry to an ecological solid waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper, which is one of the largest constituent of Municipal solid waste, has become a severe problem for disposal in developed and developing countries due to the shrinking landfill capacity. It is very important and challenging task in managing the solid waste. Newspaper, which is a cellulosic feed stock, is emerging as an attractive option for the production of bio-ethanol because of lower feedstock costs, higher potential for fossil fuel displacement and also there will be reduction in greenhouse gas emission as compared to production of ethanol from corn. The main objective of the current project is to minimize the newspaper load on municipal solid waste by efficiently utilizing the waste newspaper in the production of bio-ethanol. Experimental studies have been carried out to optimize the pre-treatment process for increasing the efficiency of bacterial hydrolysis, the efficient conversion of cellulose to sugars from cellulose degrading microorganisms and to convert the sugars released to Ethanol by using Fermentation process. Pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation are the steps involved in the production of Bioethanol. In the pre-treatment process, the Lignin, Hemicellulose and Cellulose are separated to enhance the hydrolysis process. The optimized condition for the pre-treatment was found to be 1.5% concentration of H 2 SO 4 at 121 °C and 45 minutes. The bacteria CytophagaHuchnosonni was used for hydrolysis process, which helped in converting the cellulose to sugars and was analysed using DinitroSalicilicacid. The reducing sugars were fermented to produce Bioethanol using the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisae and the yield was estimated using specific gravity method and also by using HPLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste, which constitutes more than 30% of the solid waste stream in India is not given proper attention and loses it's recycling potential. Absence of enforcement and negligence on behalf of the authorities has given rise to independent overlords who fight among themselves for the control of waste thereby making it even more difficult to categorize and quantify C&D waste. Re-utilization of Solid Waste is in developmental stage and thus ends up mostly in landfills without taking into consideration the malignant effects on the environment. Elements like Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Silica find their way into the soil and are then transported into the ground water (Stefania Butera, 2015). So the directive is to minimize the exploitation on the environment and find a means for recycling the waste into environment friendly building materials. Estimation of CD waste is carried out by making use of Building specific and region specific waste generation rates. An all encompassing model which can successfully predict the total amount of waste generated from a particular project does not exist and this fact is quite evident given the diversity of construction techniques and composition of building materials. Even If such a database were to be compiled, end users would find it hard to comprehend and apply this data into meaningful quantity. The most appealing way of making users more aware of the need to recycle is by offering a perspective where they can perform a cost benefit analysis of the revenue that can be generated from proper optimization and reutilization of CD waste. Contractors can make a prior estimate of the investment for a particular project and order precise quantities of the materials required. This would not only eliminate the additional cost incurred but also reduce waste on site from off cuts and poor handling of surplus materials. Therefore the objective is to propose a model which makes use of easily available data like transportation rates and resale value of recyclable materials which would provide an intuitive and simple optimization model while imbibing the basic principles of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle into action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, nearly 210 Million Metric Tonnes/Annum of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generated in India and most of it gets disposed in Open and un-scientifically managed Landfills. The typical Indian MSW contains approximately 50% of bio-degradable organic components that starts degrading under anaerobic conditions and generates LandFill Gas (LFG). The LFG mainly contains Methane (40-50%) and CO 2 (50-60%). Methane is a Green House Gas (GHG), and is 25 times more potent than CO 2 in causing Global Warming and is the 2 nd largest anthropogenic source of Methane emissions after coal mining. Thus capturing and destructions of LFG shall lead to mitigation of GHG emissions. In addition, open Landfill sites also pose safety risks like fire hazard, explosion, and asphyxiation etc. apart from health risks. At the current MSW generation rate of 0.575MMT/day in India, the LFG generation potential is around 86.25 MMSCMD of LFG. Presently, LFG from the landfill sites is not being captured leading to fugitive GHG emissions. Further, due to rapid population growth and accompanying urbanisation and lack of new landfill sites, the existing waste handling infrastructure is getting stressed and leading to overflowing and vertical growth of the existing landfills. Thus Indian landfills provide good opportunities for the extraction & utilisation of Methane from LFG. However, there are lot of Issues that need to be overcome for exploitation of LFG in a sustainable manner. GAIL (India) Ltd, a Maharatna company, as a part of its R&D activities has taken up an initiative in this direction and implemented a Pilot project to ascertain the recovery of LFG from an un-scientifically managed open active MSW dumping site at Ghazipur Delhi. The utilization of LFG for energy recovery is being explored. This Paper shares the Challenges faced and Key insights gained during the LFG Project Implementation and its Operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management has become a serious concern in India, and for efficient management, it is important that accurate methods are developed for estimating solid waste types, quantities and its distribution. Objective of this research paper, which is based on a HUDCO funded project, is to understand how residential land use and associated activities’ based specific key generators of solid waste in a small/medium scale urban area are related to the quantity of waste generated and thereby to model the same. The study is aimed at deriving a more rational method to estimate quantity of solid waste generated type-wise, in place of the per capita based en-bloc estimation system practiced at present. Criticality of residential land-use and related generators are identified through a Delphi/AHP based expert survey process. Their relationship to waste generation is established based on the field survey conducted in 2 select wards of three cities namely Thiruvananthapuram, Coimbatore and Kozhikode in South India. The sample size was 150 households/ward. The results show that when solid waste estimation based on land use parameters is attempted for residential land-use, not only factors like household size, and income matter but also factors like housing typology, floor area of the residence and lifestyle of the family etc. have a decisive role to play. In its results part, the paper presents models for estimating solid waste for residential land-use based on the critical generator parameters with established correlation. Then the paper discusses the survey based validation results of the models. In conclusion, the paper briefly outlines a system that can be developed to estimate solid waste generation at an appropriate level with superior quantitative and qualitative precision of waste estimation. It can have immense application in waste management related capacity building and in formulating suitable policy guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for exponentially increasing rate of solid waste in the urban areas. The proper management and recycling is a major problem of Municipal Corporation which is great concern of human health and environment. The purpose of this study is to assess groundwater contamination in and around of Jawaharnagar Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumping site due to heavy metals and its relationship between hydrochemical data. Groundwater samples were collected from the wells located in the vicinity of the dumping site and its surrounds in a watershed. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties as well as for major ion concentrations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , CO 3 2ˉ , HCO 3 ˉ , Cl ˉ , NO 3 ˉ , F ˉ and SO 4 2ˉ using ion chromatograph. Results suggest the high concentrations of major ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and F − is observed in groundwater indicating differential weathering of minerals present in granite rocks in the study area. A good number of samples are showing higher values for NO 3 ˉ than that of World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guideline values. This demonstrates the oxidation of ammonia and similar sources from lechates originating from municipal solid waste of the study area. Further, heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer. The data revealed elevated concentrations of Arsenic (0.04-0.36 ppb), Cadmium (0.00-0.09 ppb), Chromium (24.0–28.0 ppb), Copper (0.61–2.9 ppb), Iron (11.99-35.26 ppb), Manganese (1.04-107.2 ppb), Lead (0.19-1.32 ppb) and Zinc (1.49 –49.59 ppb). The present study demands proper management of landfill site and municipal solid waste to reduce further groundwater contamination via percolation of toxic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of urbanization, industrialization, increase in socio-economic activities and technology growth, solid waste generation increases daily in Lagos State both in quantity and in complexity. Consumable and non-consumable goods come out of factories with new and complex packaging materials. Solid wastes thereby generated cannot be disposed with same method. Of these materials are nylon and low-density plastics (LDPs). Most foods, drinks and house-hold products are now plastics and nylon packages. To reduce the impacts on the global environment, the Government and private individuals in Lagos State have been working on ways of managing these materials for other purposes. The current research work is one the ways proposed and it intends to smelt the waste nylon and low-density plastics in a fluidized bed system. The paper is focussed on the research procedure, equipment design and heat source for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste to energy could be one of the greatest sources of renewable energy in Korea, especially municipal solid waste as it has high heat recovery rate and high energy density. Various types of waste to energy technology exist, including refining of waste oil, plastic pyrolysis, recovery of waste heat and SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel). Main advantages of waste to energy are commercialization in a short period and treatment of waste alongside energy recovery.SRF could be made from various source including MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), plastic, wood etc.SRF is also used as an auxiliary fuel of fossil fuel for cement kiln plants. Depending on theshape SRF could be fluff type and pellet type. Manufacturing processes of fluff type SRF are composed to screening and drying stages. In this study, an assessment on fluff type SRF made of MSW was conducted by thermal characteristics analyses. Thermal characteristics analyses include elementary analysis, TG (Thermogravimetry) analysis, HHV (Higher Heating Value) measurement and proximate analysis. For comparison, SRF with other fuel samples such as biomass, and coal were selected and we evaluated to determine whether SRF is good as fuel or not. In this experiment, representative of fossil fuel was bituminous coal and representative of biomass was EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch). Results of different characteristics analyses of fluff type SRF compared to other fuels, the feasibility of fluff type SRF to use as alternative fuels by waste to energy technology was good enough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the role of Dry Waste Collection Centers (DWCCs) in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bangalore which were set up following LokAdalat's intervention directing the Municipality to set up these centers to enable ward level recycling. The Karnataka High Court further validated the direction by instructing the municipality to set up necessary infrastructures to facilitate ward level decentralized management of waste for all categories. The DWCC is a hallmark of the triple bottom line of sustainable business operations– people, planet and profit, and modeled on three corner- stones – Social Considerations, Economic Considerations and Environmental Impact. Based on a zero-subsidy model for operations, the DWCCs are envisioned to meet the environmental objective of managing the MSW recyclable waste stream through responsible recycling. They are also expected to be a hub for social inclusion of the informal sector in the process, and ensure economic viability through market driven delivery mechanisms. The paper traces the history of DWCCs and studies the operations of 32 DWCCs which have been in operation for more than a year and operated by the informal sector. In addition, the paper will also analyze the effect of dry waste diverted from landfills at the ward level and will provide recommendations to enhancing performance of these centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management is fast becoming an insurmountable challenge across urban India, requiring urgent solutions, especially in view of rapid urbanization and inability of local urban authorities to tackle it. Saharanpur, a small city in Uttar Pradesh, represents a microcosm of most large cities and towns in India, grappling with similar challenges. With a decadal population growth of over 19% during 2001-2011, which is higher than the national growth, the city is confronted with the task of managing a rapid growth in solid waste. In order to come up with viable solutions to this problem ITC Limited, in collaboration with Muskan Jyoti Samiti, an NGO, and the local municipal authority, initiated a pilot PPP project on solid waste management in the year 2006. With persistent focus on processing, recycling and user fee, this initiative has been able to surpass the national benchmark of 80% waste recovery set by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). The cost of collection and processing is covered through revenue from user fees and compost sale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has emerged as a core issue, which needs to be tackled effectively in developing countries. The burgeoning population indicates increased MSW generation rates indirectly posing challenge to the final disposal. The final disposal is of critical importance as it largely impacts the environment and public health. A number of technologies are available for management and treatment of MSW but choosing the appropriate one depends on the nature of MSW and local conditions. Selecting the appropriate technology also helps to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thereby mitigating climate change. The opportunity to reduce GHG emissions is offered by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This paper reports how MSW can be managed effectively through CDM. 350 MSW projects have been registered under CDM across 56 developing countries. 51,292,568 metric tons of CO2e are estimated to be reduced through these 350 projects. China registered the maximum number of projects (102), followed by Brazil and Mexico registering 45 and 28 projects, respectively. Overall, 175 projects from China, Brazil, and Mexico account for about 51.63% of the total estimated emissions reductions. Asian region reported the highest number of projects (191) followed by South American region (123). 16 methodologies have been used as stand-alone as well as in combination for management of MSW through CDM and cover several areas through which the potential of MSW can be trapped. China and India used the maximum methodologies (9) followed by Brazil (7). Registering for CDM offers financial benefits as well as technology transfer and ultimately sustainable development. Source reduction and technology development to suit local needs are the areas where developing countries can focus. An integrated system for solid waste management is perfectly suitable for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, quantities of solid waste generation is increasing day by day and most of which is disposed off through landfilling and open dumping resulting into the release of significant quantities of GHG. CH 4 , the major gas produced by these activities, is known to cause global warming. The paper reports the estimates of CH 4 calculated by using IPCC Default, FOD method and LandGEM model, version 3.02 from Panki open dump site of Kanpur, India. The annual average CH 4 emission rates from Panki open dump site is found as 197.33, 24.27 and 25.14 Gg by IPCC Default method, FOD and LandGEM respectively for the period 2010-2030. The study reveals that IPCC Default method over estimate the result therefore it is not recommended for open dump site. however, LandGEM is recommended over FOD method for open dumps due to the fact that [a] estimates of CH 4 emission is very near to GHG emission by FOD method [b] simplicity in model parameters [c] avoidance of over estimation, if parameters are calculated as per the actual site conditions. So the present study reveals that LandGEM provides better estimation compared to other method and the CH 4 emission rate is found as 25.14 Gg/year for the Panki open dump site, Kanpur. The assessment of methane emission potential reveals the fact that upgrading the open dumps into landfill increases the methane emission rates and their utilization potential and adding the landfill to fill the future needs and utilization of landfill gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues related to waste management in the context of Indian Cities still requires a path finder as most of the SWM planners and Executers are still in the dark which part of the SWM rule 2002 needs to be addressed in the primary stage. In fact finding it hard to plan and execute it was thought it may be better to change certain part of the rules which is not even 15 years old. A draft rules awaits approval and most of the people are not actually knows what is being changed and why. In fact this part of the facilities has never been considered as part urban infrastructures neither the citizen's opinion was asked in any stage while framing the rules or while even changing it for betterment. The present paper generates Certain issues related to Waste management which have been experienced while being involved in various cities in national and International arena and picks up certain unaddressed issues related to Waste management in Indian Cities. The main aim of this paper is to combine the opinion with a learned group of participants and try to evolve an effective pathway for its management. One of the most prominent factors which is missing in the entire process is the role of Community as a stake holder and their inclusion in the entire process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste generation is an intrinsic part of human existence. Waste materials are usually characterized by their nature, components and quality. Variations in quality, quantity and composition of solid waste can be linked to various factors such as cultural, economic, social and financial status of inhabitants of the particular space being studied. These distinct factors will also determine the best waste management practice to adopt. This paper captures the current institutional solid waste management in a Nigerian Private institution of higher learning. Using key-informant interview and personal field observations, the waste generation rate, pattern and characterization was made. Results showed that between 0.3 and 0.4 kg/capita/day was generated daily by the students in their respective halls of residence, with population ranging from 762 – 848 students in each of the halls. All the solid wastes generated were collected using appropriate waste collection bags and mobile bin positioned at strategic corners of the university premises. The waste materials after collection were segregated into plastics, bottles, nylon and organic materials by scavengers. After these non-bidegradables were sold in the secondary market, an estimated total sum of 639,900 naira (2908.6USD) was realized daily. At this rate a total sum of 230 million Naira (1,045,454.5 USD) is realizable yearly as wealth from waste. It was concluded that if all the organic waste streams from kitchens, cafeteria and animal houses are utilized for bioenergy and organic fertilizer, the wealth to be generated would be phenomenal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2010 the new landfill has been put into service in Tbilisi, the territory of which equals to 94 ha and is divided by inner roads into several areas, on which the waste disposal cells (area 5 ha) are installed. The goal of our project was the determination (elaboration of energetic scenarios) of economically profitable ways of utilization/application of basic greenhouse gas CH 4 , on the basis of inventory of methane emission from Norio landfill of municipal solid waste of Tbilisi city by IPCC methodology, and prevention from global climate changes caused by greenhouse gases with the use of methane in the energy sphere. The share of the landfill of municipal solid waste in the greenhouse gases emission in Georgia equals to 7% of the total emission of CH 4 and CO 2 that is very high rate. Our goal was the determination of amount of greenhouse gases (CH 4 and CO 2 ) emerged on the Norio landfill and forecasting of gases emission for the subsequent period. According to inventory data the whole potential of methane emission from Norio landfills equals to 930 mln. m 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El-Arab is an informal settlement in Hurghada that was the focus area of an urban upgrading project for the Master's students of the department of Urban Development at the Technische Universität Berlin Campus El-Gouna. Its main target was to develop the physical and economic conditions. The goal was to highlight the different potentials of the area and propose solutions to the already existing challenges based on the identified potentials. Three components were found the fittest: physical upgrading, solid waste management and urban agriculture. Those topics were elaborated in different, yet interconnected projects. Accordingly all three projects interact and complete an integrative approach towards the improvement of living conditions and livelihoods in El-Arab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of waste accumulation can be highly drastic for many communities in developing countries. In Egypt, the issue gets more challenging as there are no clearly-defined strategies for an efficient management of solid waste, which inflicts serious environmental risks on Egyptian communities and drains a considerable portion of the local economy. This study aims to improve solid waste management in Egypt by exploring the options by which solid waste can be sustainably managed, and reviewing international models of sustainable management systems. Eventually, a strategy is formulated for the sustainable management of solid waste on the local scale of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing public attention has been brought to bear on the solid waste management in Macau, due to the continually increasing generation amount and the limited space. In this study, we discussed residents’ attitudes and willingness to pay for solid waste recycling through a questionnaire survey. The results showed that Macau residents owned the relatively good environmental awareness. In regard to Macau environmental quality, most respondents (92.4%) expressed their satisfactions on current situation. About 50.2% respondents thought that the solid waste pollution in Macau was more serious than other three environmental pollutions. The survey data revealed a positive attitude towards source separation in Macau. Most of respondents (95.7%) were willing to sort the solid waste at home, if the government required them to do it. In addition, for the question how to improve the solid waste recycling in Macau, “enhancing residents’ environmental awareness”was considered as the most effective methods, accounting for about 38.5% respondents. In our study, most respondents (85.4%) also provided positive answers to the questions about WTP. Using the logistic regression method, these survey results support the hypothesis that the probability of the respondents’ saying ‘yes’ to the WTP question increases with education level. The monthly mean WTP was 38.5 MOP per household and the annual WTP was approximately 79.7 million MOP for all of Macau. The results can be useful for understanding the residents’ attitudes and WTP for solid waste disposal, for the policymakers and managers, and can be used to promote the recycling of solid waste in Macau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling programmes have been conducted by various stakeholders including Government sector and private sector to reduce waste generation from being disposed into the landfill. The objectives of this study was identifying the correlation between the community participation in recycling programme and community attitude and their knowledge on solid waste segregation. The fully structured questionnaires were filled in by 382 respondents through random sampling. The result shows that there was a weak and positive correlation between community participation in recycling programme with community attitude on solid waste segregation, r = 0.343; and community knowledge on solid waste segregation, r = 0.251. Policy review by Government is highly recommended to identify the factors that can influence more community participation in recycling programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article focuses on household waste management in Indonesia, with particular emphasis on inorganic and hazardous waste. It seeks to identify the current situation and also aims to provide a review of the existing policies that are particularly related to inorganic and hazardous waste management. Kitchen waste is the highest fraction of household waste, followed by recyclable inorganic wastes such as plastic, paper and card board. The results suggest that the majority of householders dispose hazardous waste together with other household waste, which will then be disposed at the landfill Although the fraction of hazardous and toxic waste from the household waste stream is low, there is still the need to separate these types of waste in order to avoid soil pollution and the contamination of compost products that are produced from household waste. Policies for the proper management of waste through source separation and treatment are in place, although further implementation should be pursued to make them effective. At-source separation requires awareness and a strong will from the bottom-up, coupled with regulatory mechanism from the top-down, whereas application of automated sorting equipment would require capital cost. Further in-depth studies into the dynamics and mechanisms of source separation of domestic wastes are required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study evaluates the efficiency of using mechanical activation for the extraction of zinc from sphalerite and zinc ferrite in lean zinc ores or EAF dusts in alkaline. The mechano-chemical leaching is more effective in comparison with the chemical leaching of non-activated samples. It was found that over 82% of Zn can be extracted from lean zinc ores containing sphalerite with lead compound as additive, and over 45% Zn in EAF dusts can be extracted by mechano-chemical leaching when the leaching process is operated in 5mol/L NaOH solution at 90°C, and Φ5 mm stainless steel ball as activation medium, the mass ratio of ball to raw materials of 30:1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The important issues on disposal of solid wastes from metal mines are to choose the right varieties for the comprehensive utilization of mining waste and to control contamination from waste rocks and tailings. Environment- friendly disposal of solid wastes from mines is the key pathway. This paper summarizes and enumerates some comprehensive utilization methods and proposes new ideas on the disposal and comprehensive utilization of solid waste from mines, including reducing the discharge of solid waste by recovering sand from ore dressing flow for construction industry and a mine back filling approaches. The process flow of tailings separated for different purposes that could be carried out in iron mines is putting forward. The authors put forward certain guidance on disposing and utilizing of solid waste from mines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, according to the characteristics of rural solid waste logistics system and process, the ecological footprint evaluation method and model for rural solid waste disposal has been established, and taken Yuhong district of Shenyang as an example, the results showed that the ecological footprint of rural solid waste disposal was 226.95hm2, in which, the ecological footprint of livestock manure was 185.31hm2, which accounted for 81.65% of the total results, indicating special management measures should be taken on livestock manure to release the negative environmental effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]