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Interviews were carried out in 80 households in Dazhuyuan village, Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China. It was found that current rural houses have large living spaces, as much as 82.6 m 2 /person. Although 90% of these houses are aged less than 25 years, the thermal performance of these houses was found to be low due to lack of air tightness and thermal insulation of the building envelope. Visible mold was observed in the living rooms, and bedrooms of over half the houses interviewed. Air conditioning systems were installed in 90% of the houses; however, residents usually only used these systems in bedrooms in the evening. Straw combustion is used to supply energy to 8% of the houses for the supply of hot water and cooking. The ratio of annual energy expenditure to income is 1.65%. Temperature and humidity monitoring was conducted for two houses, which demonstrated that the indoor daily average vertical temperature differential can be as high as 15°C in summer. Double-glazed windows were also shown to improve the indoor thermal environment both in winter and summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the geometrical and thermodynamic variables of windows, of several types, sizes and materials, is presented in this paper. The heat conduction coefficients were calculated, for all the presented windows’ types. Results that are presented provide for the possibility to select the optimal construction solution of the window, as well as for the material of the frame and type of the filling, with respect to the best heat conduction coefficient. That, in turn, ensures the optimal energy efficiency of the window structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the cold and windy weather in southern Liaoning province in winter, the heat loss through doors and windows accounts for 20 to 30 percentage of the whole heat loss of house. To decline the heat loss through doors and windows, focusing on the typical rural house, an energy consumption system is built. On the basis of it, a study about the influence on the indoor temperature of windows’ heat transfer coefficient, airtightness, size and the outside door is made. The results show that on the condition of the same heat supply, the temperature of the room, which installs single frame double glass windows, is 2 centigrade higher than which installs single frame single glass windows, and is 0.4 centigrade higher than which installs double frames single glass windows. The indoor temperature of room installing casement windows is 0.5 centigrade higher than the room installing sash windows. For the southern window, the heat flowing into the house is more than the heat losing through window, and the bigger the window, the higher the indoor temperature. However, regarding there is no direct solar radiation in the north, for the size of northern window, the little, the better. In rural house, the foyer can prevent cold air from flowing into the rooms directly. In other words, there is a temperature buffer around rooms. The simulation results show that the existence of foyer can raise the temperature of kitchen 1.1 centigrade. The study of this paper will offer theoretical basis to the new countryside construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The barrier effect of window, windowsill wall and balcony is significant on vertical spread of window spill plume along building exterior facade. Fire Simulation experiments are conducted in a full scale model, consisting one 4m x 4m x 4m fire compartment with five windows, five windowsill walls and five balconies like geometries in order to observe vertical spread of window spill plume along building exterior facade under different dimensions of windows, windowsill walls and balconies, and then the correlation between smoke temperature near the exterior facade and dimensions of window, windowsill wall and balcony is obtained by numerical fitting and dimensional analyses. Finally concluded:(l) window, windowsill wall and balcony play different degrees of barrier effect on vertical spread of window spill plume along building exterior facade, balcony playing dominant barrier effect; (2) When the elongation of the balcony is not less than 1.2m, the critical hazardous temperature (70 ‘C) does not spread to the exterior facade of fire room upper; (3) When the width of the window is less than 2.4m, the critical hazardous temperature does not spread to the exterior facade of fire room upper. These quantitative conclusions provide fire Prevention of the building exterior facade with a reference. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy efficiency has become increasingly important to the community, regulatory bodies and industry in recent years. Dominant per capita energy consumption is associated with home used energy resources which also contribute to greenhouse gases. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the direct impacts of variations of multi-glazed windows on the sustainability through BIM software and determining the rate of energy consumption and carbon foot print in accordance with the implemented changes in a building. The altered parameters in this study are number of glazed layers, filled gases, sizes and orientations of the windows. The case study is a 56.25 m2 hut which is built in one level and located in Kuala Lumpur. The simulation is carried out by using ArchiCad 14 software which is one of the pioneers in BIM and its new sustainability plug-in integrated into this software known as Grafosoft EcoDesigner. It is concluded that the type of gas used in double and triple glazed windows and increasing the size of windows to 41% of an area of the window to floor surface ratio do not differ significantly from 34% of area of window to floor surface ratio with regard to the energy consumption and carbon footprint in tropical areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A method is proposed for estimating time delay between MFSK signals received at two spatially separated sensors. onsidering the periodical characteristic of the peaks of cross correlation, the proposed method combines window echnology and differential magnitude between cross correlation and its Hilbert transform. The time argument at hich the differential magnitude achieves the peak in the range of window is the delay estimate. The method is ompared with several other methods. Simulation results show that the proposed method can get better performance. nder certain conditions the performance of proposed method can be better than CRLB by using priori information bout the transmitter and receivers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Windows are known to be responsible for considerable portion of heating and cooling energy use in modern buildings. Many countries have tightened minimum requirements for window performance and design in building energy conservation codes and regulations. We analyzed and compared these requirements of window performance and design in building energy policies of many countries. We also investigated the status of window design of office buildings in Korea in terms of WWR, glazing types, window frames, and air-tightness, etc. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to improve Korean building energy conservation code, such as the necessity of more strengthened requirements on window air-tightness and shading devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]