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Toothing of bevel gear is a crucial operation for the automobile industry. To achieve the required performance characteristics of the gear it is essential to optimize the toothing process. Herewith, the task of understanding the proceeding the heat processes during cutting is important to forecast of the tool wear, accuracy, and undulation of the processed surface. In the article the results of numerical simulation of thermal processes appearing during processing of bevel gear are considered. This paper presents the results of numerical modeling of thermal processes occurring in a tool, workpiece, and chips during bevel gear cutting. Also the influence of the design parameters of the cutting tool on the value of maximum temperatures and heat flows occurring in the process of cutting was investigated. The approaches which were used in that paper can also be applied to other cutting processes with the removal of a complex U and / or L shaped chips (gear shaping, broach etc.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milling on NC machines is the most commonly used method of production of the parts of a complex space form. Special complexities arise during the machining concave surfaces, the preliminary treatment of which forms an uneven allowance for finish machining. The existing CAM-systems solve only trajectory problems without taking into account the power changes in the area of chip formation because of which the accuracy of machining does not meet design requirements. For this reason the investigations directed to the increase of efficiency and accuracy of space milling without the use of additional adaptive devices are urgent. The purpose of the investigation is the increase of the efficiency of space finish milling based on power parameters control in a cutting process. The paper considers the procedure of cutting modes control at space milling on NC machines at the existence of a variable allowance on arbitrary areas of a work surface. In the course of the investigation the scientific fundamentals of engineering techniques were used. The experimental investigations were carried out under the conditions of industrial production with the use of three-axial milling machine. During the development of control programs NX9 program package was used. The theoretical and experimental investigations presented in this paper show a possibility of cutting modes control on NC machines without additional devices application along a variable trajectory of a tool, which allows increasing the efficiency and accuracy of machining considerably and avoiding tool failure as the cutting force increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating the best surface quality with minimum machining time is the main objective of CNC milling. Modern CAM systems do not always ensure constant scallop height even though an appropriate option has been specified for CNC program generation. The presented paper proposes simple mathematical relations providing a tool path with constant scallop height. The relations have been verified with a simulation of a spherical workpiece surface machining using the CAM program. By using such tool path processing, the productivity improved by for 10 percent. Thus, the paper presents a mathematical model, which links the relationship between scallops height, the mill sphere center path, and the workpiece surface. The model is based on the condition of featuring the contact of three circles in the section orthogonal to feed motion vector. The model is rather simple, rather reliable and provides a means of constant scallops height ensuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of rotor machines modification requires development of new approaches to the design of specific nodes. As bearings are considered to be the most important elements of rotor machines, such approaches can imply optimization application. The present paper considers the approach for enhancing energy efficiency of rotor machines by means of generating optimal trajectories using the example of fluid-film bearings. The authors provide the means to analyze the obtained trajectories types. The paper also covers the approach for setting the criteria of rotor’s trajectories energy efficiency. Besides, the paper presents the results of the conducted numeric analysis that led to the hypothesis about the existence of non trivial rotor energy-efficient orbital trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many cases in engineering practice when one needs to calculate the transient temperature field in a flat plate. This paper obtains the spline-method grade 3 defect 1 for solve such problems. This method allows simulating the process of thermal conductivity for the infinitely extended plate with temperature-dependent material properties. To conduct an accuracy evaluation of the spline-method the standard problem has been created for one-dimensional infinite flat plane with temperature-dependent material properties, which has the exact analytical solution. This paper shows that the use of splines allows obtaining solutions of transient heat conduction problems with thermal properties dependent on temperature at a relative error less than 1•10 -5 that is quite enough in solving many practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of limiting power correlation of electromechanical systems of edging and horizontal rolls of universal mill stand is relevant and understudied. The paper determines causes of looping or tension in the strip in the steady-state rolling mode. Main causes are incoordination of linear speeds of edging and horizontal rolls and steady-state error of speed control of DC electric drive at on-load operation. The method of coordination of horizontal components of linear roll speeds at universal stand has been developed. It is based on condition of equality of metal second volumes at outputs of edging and horizontal rolls. The paper considers the method of control of electric drives at the universal stand that provides compensation of static speed deviation of horizontal rolls due to control of edging roll speeds during simultaneous rolling. It proposes the structural diagram and analyses the functional concept of the device implementing this method. There are oscyllographs of coordinates of electric drives of edging and horizontal rolls obtained during experimental investigations of this method. It is shown that speeds of edging rolls may be corrected practically without error. The authors substantiate that speed control of the edging roll electric drive according to the difference of horizontal roll speeds before and after strip gripping eliminates inter-stand forces. They give recommendations for commercialization of the algorithm realizing the developed methods of speed coordination of electric drives at the universal stand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of modern industry is aimed at reducing the consumption of materials, improving the technological properties of products. The products made of expensive metals and scarce alloys should be produced as combined, with the base consisting of the cheapest materials, and on the working surface of fusing alloys with special properties. Such bimetallic structure is many times cheaper than structures made entirely of metal with the desired properties. The use of highly concentrated heat sources works to simplify the manufacture of such structures. The study of the technological possibilities of manufacturing laminates plasma arc of direct action of reverse polarity has been conducted. This paper presents the results of a study of corrosion resistance and wear resistance of composite metals received plasma welding torch when working on reverse polarity. The basis of the item was a composition of bimetal copper-steel, the welding was carried out in various modes of operation of the plasma torch. The results of the study into laminate structure of the composite material were compared to the results of light microscopy. The results of research of corrosion resistance and wear resistance of materials correlated with the results of light microscopy and put forward suggestions about the impact of surfacing mode on the properties of the material. The paper found that the use of plasma deposition technology enables the creation of composite materials without internal defects and variation in deposition mode allows you to adjust the structure and chemical composition of the material that is beneficial to the performance properties of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers a method of geometric interpolation of basic solutions for two-dimensional problems in the theory of elasticity and structural mechanics, particularly as applied to mechanical engineering. The scope of the study is the vibrations of thin elastic parallelogram plates of constant thickness. To determine the fundamental frequency of vibration it is suggested to use an interpolation method with a newly introduced geometric characteristic of plates which is a ratio of inner conformal radius to outer conformal radius. Taken from the theory of conformal mapping, the conformal radii of domains are obtained by mapping the plates onto the interior and exterior of a unit circle. The studies have shown that the use of the suggested ratio ​​gives up to twice more accurate results of the geometric interpolation. The paper presents the basic terms and formulas of the method with comparative analysis of the curve diagrams using a shape factor and a conformal radii ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the questions of experimental research of deformation of elastic elements regarding the foil gas dynamic bearings. This research is required to check the adequacy of developed theoretical basics and the applicability to the real operation of a high-speed rotor. The paper presents the description of a test rig, the choice of the controlled and measured parameters, the experimental set up of the systems of control and measurement; and identifies the range of controlled parameters deviation. The paper also features schemes and photos of original measurement system, which include a mechanical part and the data acquisition system. The data acquisition system is based on an ADC by National Instruments and inductive proximity sensors. The software developed in LabVIEW is used as an instrument of experimental data registration. The test results have been compared to the numerical results of the mathematical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the software module development for the processing of the experimental data obtained during the tests of running machines with the metal-concrete basic components. To develop the software module, an integrated block algorithm based on the method of computing the machine bed oscillation decrement is proposed. The module allows computing the damping decrement and filing a report according to user-preferred testing result files. The test data for thirteen machines has been processed in the developed module. As a result, a set of report files forming a summary table has been derived. The table data are analyzed and interpreted at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oily wastewater through union station was between 40-70 ℃. The sewage was injected to the ground or direct discharge after treatment and it resulted in heat waste in union station. In the meaning time, there were many energy demands in union station, such as building heating, the crude oil heating, the liquid heating and so on. Paper summarized the current status of heat waste in oilfield and absorption heat pump technology. The paper took the absorption heat pump heating project in Kenxi Oilfield Station as an example. The paper introduced the program design. And the energy consumption was compared before and after the transformation. The energy-saving efficiency (ζ) is up to 63% and the COP of lithium bromide unit was 1.54. It proved the absorption heat pump technology had distinct advantages of energy-saving in the union station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking current situation of energy regarding winter heating and study on heating as an example, this paper is based on field measurement, investigation and study, discussing the current energy consumption and usage of winter heating of rural areas in Shandong Province, China. The paper reveals that the most regions in Shandong are utilizing furnaces to keep warming which is a relatively primitive method. Most of villagers are satisfied with the indoor environment although this is not the case, which is contributed by the farmers’ strong passive adaptability. With the constant improvement in living standard of Shandong rural people, simultaneously, energy quality and quantity are required higher and higher. Traditional biomass energy cannot meet their needs. Therefore, more effective and cleaner energy are necessary for them to advance daily living quality and level. The heating measure that will save more energy should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the thermal performance of a typical building-integrated solar wall (we’ll call it solar wall later in this paper) which integrates flat plate solar thermal collector with building wall. The thermal performance of the solar wall during stagnation, temperature of the absorber plate and heat flow on the inner wall, is studied by space state method in summer and winter respectively. If the collector of solar wall stops running, the maximum absorber plate temperature during summer daytime can reach 92.2 °C, and the total heat flow on the inner wall in one day is 1063 kJ/m² which is about 5 times of the normal operation condition. In winter, the temperature and heat flow of solar wall is higher too, which is beneficial to reduce the space heating load and the room can obtain heat from the outside in some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pile heat exchanger has been developing rapidly in recent years and is an important research direction of ground source heat pump technology. This paper, from the aspects of principle structure, heat transfer model, numerical simulation, experimental study and engineering application and so on, sums up the domestic and overseas research status of pile heat exchangers in the construction industry and describes the laws and characteristics of heat transfer, underground soil temperature field and the factors impacting energy pile heat transfer. Pile heat exchanger has a variety of pipe laying methods, in which the spiral pipe-laying method can effectively increase the heat exchange area on the premise of security and reliability and has the best heat transfer efficiency. The paper also concludes the next step of research problems and development direction of pile heat exchanger technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrial applications, most of fluids have non-Newtonian fluid characteristics. It is of great significance to the economic development and energy consumption reduction to study the heat transfer of non-Newtonian power law fluid. In this paper, the heat transfer of non-Newtonian power law fluid in pipes with different cross sections are studied. The mathematical model and physical model of the non-Newtonian fluid are briefly introduced first, and the physical model is divided by the structured mesh. Then the numerical simulation of the laminar heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluid in different cross sections is carried out. On the basis of discussing the distribution of temperature field, many parameters which have influenced on the temperature field and the heat transfer is analyzed in this paper, such as tube shape, the power-law index ( n ) the Peclet number ( Pe ) and so on. The results show that the heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid are related to the parameters we mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the overall energy performance of a ventilated amorphous silicon photovoltaic (a-Si PV) window under different operation strategies in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone. A validated numerical model based on EnergyPlus was developed and utilized to simulate the thermal, power and overall energy performance of the a-Si PV window. With the integrated numerical model, the effects of air gap depth and ventilation modes on the electricity generation, energy consumption of the air conditioning system and building net energy consumption was investigated. The results indicate that the natural ventilation mode of the ventilated a-Si PV window performs best in summer while the non-ventilation mode is the best choice in winter in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone, Changsha. With the increasing of air gap depth, the net electricity use decreases first and then increases. Based on the simulation results, the optimal structure designing and ventilation operation strategy are recommended. The findings of this paper could provide guidelines for optimizing the structure and the operation strategy of the ventilated a-Si PV windows in hot-summer and cold-winter zone in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, dynamic simulation and analysis on building thermal environment and energy consumption achieved by computer software become a reality. However, it is found that defined gaps exist between simulation and on-site measurement. To explore the gaps, this paper takes typical air-conditioned university dormitories located in Chongqing as a case study. Simultaneously, the gaps are explored with a DeST-h building energy simulation model and on-site measurement. Indicators including indoor temperature, relative humidity and air conditioning energy consumption under different setting temperature are simulated and measured. Then, a comparison between simulation results and measured data is explored as well as the cause of these gaps. This paper studies thermal environment and energy consumption by combining on-site measurement and numerical simulation, and the conclusion is that the gaps can from occupant behaviour and physical parameters of the indoor and outdoor environment, which provides a reference for thermal environment of the dormitory and building simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulence modelling with the correction of buoyancy effects, we get the diffusion characteristics of different positions after the leakage and analyze the results under the influence of wind speed and the component transport model, which base on numerical calculation of flammable gas’s leakage and diffusion at different positions indoor. The results show that different hazardous areas are formed after the gas leaked out and diffused at different locations. The higher position indoor, the smaller explosive areas are formed without wind influence outside when leaking hole and exit are in opposite side; meanwhile the closer the leakage hole located in exit downwind side, the higher wind speed and the faster the gas diffused, the less hazardous area are formed. This paper plays an important role in interior design of gas piping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooling load characteristics play a key role to the building, especially in self-sustained building. It is determined mainly by the building envelope thermal performance. This research investigates the effect of the building envelope on cooling load in low latitude and hot-humid area. In this paper, based on cooling load simulations, the effect of reducing the cooling load of building envelope and the life cycle cost was analyzed. In addition, the energy-saving system was established. For the life cycle cost analysis, the cost of each strategy was obtained through a survey in local stores. This paper determining the effect of external walls, windows, roof, shading on the building cooling load, and pointed out the optimum insulation thickness of roof and all orientation exterior wall. And the optimum window structure and exterior shading length was give. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, solar heat gain through glass daylighting roof is deeply studied by theoretical calculation method, taking Guangzhou in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter (HSWW) zone as an example. The direct solar radiation is calculated by Bouguer formula whereas the diffuse solar radiation is calculated by Berlage formula, representing the basis for the calculation method of the solar radiation intensity through the glass daylighting roof. Through the establishment of solar radiation calculation model, the solar heat gain of the commonly used glass types has been calculated and analyzed, especially comparatively analyzing of Low-E cored-glass with double-coated silver and 6+12A+6 insulating glass. Then, comparison between solar heat gain as calculated and measured by field measurement tested the indoor solar radiation heat gain distribution by using adjacent rooms with different glass types in a hot summer area, with the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of the model. The research in this paper is expected to further improve the calculation accuracy of both thermal load and indoor temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel energy efficiency control method for a fan coil unit, the duty ratio fuzzy control method (DRFCM), which employs the concept of duty ratio on the electric valve control to fully utilize the cooling and dehumidifying capacity of a fan coil unit when the control valve is closed. This paper adopts a FCUs system with a three fan speed controls and an electric water valve on/off control in Chengdu, China. The application results show that DRFCM could obtain at least 10.3% energy savings over the conventional control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the impact of community form on building energy consumption of commercial district. Building typology and FAR (floor area ratio) are two important morphology factors in district energy efficiency design. To explore how they influence building energy consumption, two major questions are concerning: (1) how a given FAR generates alternative building typologies that have different effects on energy consumption? (2) how increasing FAR affects building energy consumption generally? In this paper, a group of representative hypothetical models are built based on the form of actual office buildings in Shanghai. The energy consumption of three building typologies (the pavilion, the slab and the courtyard) are examined using DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus. The results suggest that, with the same building density, office building energy consumptions have a positive relationship with FAR, and different building typologies can lead to variations in energy consumption as well as energy-FAR relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we all know, how to achieve better energy savings has been mentioned on various countries’ energy schedules. Public buildings as a large energy consumption. It’s air conditioning system has a lot of energy-saving space, and air-conditioning chilled water system to optimize energy-saving control is an important measure to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning system initiatives. This paper mainly focuses on the control system of variable frequency pump in chilled water system. For the water pump control strategy, the secondary pump frequency control strategy is discussed, in order to obtain a better control strategy, in detail the current commonly used differential pressure control strategy. In this paper, five kinds of differential pressure control strategies are analyzed, and then the simulation model is simulated by the established mathematical model. The input energy consumption model of the inverter - motor - water pump micro - system is obtained and the simulation results are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general district energy planning method that can realize the mutual interconnection and interchange among thermal grids was proposed in the paper on the basis of energy bus system (EBS). In the proposed method, via the distributed variable speed pumps, multi-sources and multi-users were connected together with a warm line and a cool line. Because of the simultaneous decoupled hydraulic and thermal features of the presented EBS configuration, both energy sources and users are capable of adjusting their thermal devices flexibly according to their own local demands. In order to demonstrate the new district energy planning method, a hydraulic and thermal model was developed in the paper firstly, and then a case study was illustrated. The results show that combined with ground source heat pump, water source heat pump and steam Li-Br units, the proposed method can have well efficiency to utilize low-grade energy resources, with an integrated COP of 3.85 in summer and 3.17 in winter respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a method to design the volume of the heat storage tank of the solar assisted water-source heat pump space heating (SAWHPSH) system. With the area of the solar thermal collector calculated according to the China national design code for solar heating system, the space heating load and the solar radiation are considered simultaneously in this method. The design method of the volume of the solar heat storage tank is elaborated afterwards. In order to show the advantage of this design method, TRNSYS software was used to simulate the same SAWHPSH case project with the volume of the heat storage tank designed by both the method brought out in the paper and the one described in the China national design code. Performances of the system designed by the two different methods are investigated and the results show that the SAWHPSH system with the heat storage tank volume designed by the method presented in the paper has a higher average system COP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverter is one of the most important equipment in photovoltaic power plant. Ventilation cooling can affect inverter efficiency, and then affect the photovoltaic power plant reliability. This paper analyses several different ventilation schemes for integrated inverter, and compares two CFD models which are ventilation with and without hood and duct using simulation software “ANSYS FLUENT”. The CFD simulation shows that hood and duct can improve the cooling effect. The paper shows that inverter ventilation with hood and duct can reduce the energy cost and ensures the photovoltaic power plant reliability, this ventilation scheme is recommend for inverter room ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the influence of outdoor inhalable particulate matter on the interior of existing public office buildings in Cold area, this paper uses the method of weight method and instantaneous detection to measure the indoor and outdoor inhalable particulate matter concentration of two existing office buildings in Shenyang in summer. The changes of daily average, instantaneous concentration and I/O ratio of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in the indoor and outdoor are analyzed, and the influence of outdoor particulate matter on the concentration of indoor and outdoor inhalable particulate matter in two buildings was analyzed by analyzing the correlation of indoor and outdoor concentration change and regression. This paper provides a reference for the study of the different airtight buildings on the barrier properties of outdoor inhalable particulate matter and the improvement of the indoor environment quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper made an actual investigation and survey surrounding the amount of hospital buildings in Shandong and energy consumption. At the same time, it gave a detailed analysis in terms of one certain hospital building in Jinan. In the aspect of amount of hospital buildings, the paper had a demonstration or analysis from these angles including the classification, rank, economic type, beds’ amount and floorage about hospital. And get a conclusion that now the main point to save energy in Shandong is general hospital and special hospital of pubic hospital where the tertiary hospital is the first and secondary hospital and the following is the second. In the aspect of the survey of energy consumption on hospital buildings, make a quota of hospital buildings’ energy consumption according to the investigated data, economy of every city and the feature to use energy of every city and so on. The paper carried out a field test of energy consumption, an evaluation of energy consumption and an analysis to energy conservation and made an estimation in allusion to the potential to save energy aiming at an actual hospital belonging to secondary hospital of general hospital in Jinan on the basis of obtained conclusions and quota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The students’ dormitory is the minimum living unit of the universities’ campus, carrying the students’ living, communication and learning activities. In this paper, CFD method is used to simulate the indoor environment of the student dormitory in Jinan. The indoor natural ventilation of the interior corridor dormitory and the outer corridor dormitory was analyzed under two meteorological conditions. The results show that the natural ventilation of outer corridor dormitory is better than the natural ventilation of interior corridor dormitory. And based on these analyses, this paper puts forward a design strategy and optimization method of natural ventilation in the dormitory. Through the discussing of natural ventilation design in college students’ dormitory in this paper, hoping that the natural ventilation design in the design of the college dorms is valued, so as to attach importance to students’ dormitory, a particular type of building which is closely related to students’ daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-low-energy buildings in China are still in the early stage of development. In the guide documents of the 13th plan of five-year national development published by Science and Technology Ministry, an energy consumption limit of 15kWh/m2 for heating, cooling and ventilation throughout the year was pointed out for residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter region. In this paper, current situation of winter heating in Shanghai was investigated, including analysis of heating energy consumption of more than 40,000 households, a large number of questionnaires about heating status, and the actual indoor heating environment monitoring. This paper also investigated the indoor ventilation environment under real living conditions, taking a typical residence in Shanghai as the research subject via continuous field measurements. The indoor CO2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity were monitored and two behavior-related parameters, the electricity consumption of air conditioner and the open/closed state of the window/door were recorded from summer to spring. Based on the investigation, the questionnaires and the monitored data for winter heating, heating strategies in winter for residential buildings in Shanghai will be discussed, from the perspective of gap analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric particle matters which contribute the most to the haze weather in China have raised the public awareness in recent years. This paper collected the current research status of PM2.5 and the hourly data which were recorded from authoritative websites shows the outdoor concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 from July 2015 to December 2015 in Tangshan urban area. The indoor data recorded by dust monitor were compared with outdoor counterparts to analyze the variation and factors of indoor concentration of PM2.5. The results indicate the close correlation between the indoor and outdoor concentration of PM2.5 in Tangshan urban district in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The living conditions and energy consumption have been gradually increased in rural area of Shandong Province, China. However, the existing heating technology cannot meet the requirement of occupants’ thermal comfort. Therefore, a more promising heating technology needs to be taken into account. With regard to public place in the rural area, this paper draws a comparison of heat source using Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP), gas boiler and biomass boiler in aspects of efficiency and economy, and conducts a simulation for the indoor air temperature field using different heating technologies, such as radiator, radiant floor and tuyere. Regarding the conventional residence, this paper summarizes the advantages of household ASHP in aspects of efficiency, environment, economy, technology and market. The results show that ASHP is suitable for application in Shandong rural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working principle of radiant cooling and characteristics of displacement ventilation are introduced in this paper, the essence of dew and the method to solve condensation are also analyzed in this paper. The research progress about condensation of the attached with a jet under the action of the floor radiant cooling with displacement ventilation system and evaporation cooling of floor radiant cooling with displacement ventilation system are summarized in this paper, analyzing the thermal comfort of the room using the two kinds of compound radiant cooling air conditioning system by contrast. The results show that the attached with a jet under the action of the roof radiant cooling with displacement ventilation air conditioning system prevent condensation is better than the former; Indoor air quality of attached with a jet under the action of the roof radiant cooling with displacement ventilation air conditioning system of is better than that of evaporation cooling of floor radiant cooling with displacement ventilation air conditioning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the complex underlying surfaces, the water body improved the local thermal climate in the surrounding area especially on water vapor diffusion and temperature. Therefore, this paper, taking the water effect and factor analysis as the research object, based on the CFD method, key factors were analyzed which influencing thermal and humidity environment in the waterfront areas. The factors mainly discussed in this paper are building type, building floor area ratio, embankment height, distance from water body, and landscaping. Each factor includes five levels. The results indicated that the influence scales of thermal and humidity environment were highly dependent on the geometry of ventilation gallery in the residential areas of the waterfront. The results also indicated that the temperature in area with the low plot ratio and large ventilation gallery was more easily affected by the waterbody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new research of seasonal thermal storage is introduced. This study aims to maximize the utilization of renewable energy source and industrial waste heat (IWH) for urban district heating systems in both heating and non-heating seasons through the use of large-scale seasonal thermal storage. Based on this research, a demonstration project of a central solar-IWH heating system with 500,000 m 3 borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) is implemented in Chifeng, China. The detailed design, control strategies and optimization methods of the project is presented and discussed in this paper. The study showed that a smooth system operation with stable energy output and supplying temperature of seasonal storage could be achieved by adopting the developed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinction coefficient of the material is an important parameter in simulating the optical performance of windows. It is very difficult to get the extinction coefficient of aerogel (ECA). In this paper, a test-room is built in order to get the practical transmittance of the aerogel glazing systems (AGSs). It is found more than 90% indoor radiation is diffuse radiation. To get the ECA, an integral model is set up in MATLAB. Incident angle and scattering phenomena are taken into account in this paper. The experimental data is the input data to the model. The calculation results of the ECA is 0.0296/mm. It also suits well with the experiment on July 27th and July 28th. So this model is a feasible and effective way to get the ECA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper designs and discusses a Micro-Plate Loop Heat Pipe which is suitable for the heat dissipation of various electronic chips, discusses and explains details of the loop heat pipe components. This paper also discovers the reliable sintering temperature and thermal insulation time for a sintering porous capillary wick which is made up of nickel powder using the method of cold pressure forming and sintering with vacuum protection. It can lay a solid foundation for the development of efficient Micro-Plate Loop Heat Pipe equipment. It is also important for circular heat pipe further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a hot topic whether the choice of heating supply is necessary and what is the most suitable form of heating system for hot summer and cold winter regions. Apparently, the difference of climate and building envelope makes it a complex problem, which cannot rely on the northern heating measures directly. At the same time, the form of building envelope is closely related to energy consumption and indoor thermal environment. Thus, this paper looked at the importance of different thickness of building external insulation for residential building in Chongqing. This paper discussed the thickness of building external insulation in Chongqing based on the intermittent heating system, which used Dest to draw the conclusion. Economic and technical analyses were also carried out in order to find the balance point between the growth of cost and the amount of energy saving, due to the different form of building envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of phase change materials (PCMs) integrated into building envelopes had attracted more and more attentions. The selection of the parameters of the PCM was important for the application of it. In this paper, the sensible heat capacity method was used to establish the heat transfer module of the PCM wall. External and inner surface heat fluxes were simulated by the module. Influence of the melting temperature and latent heat to the thermal performance of the PCM was discussed. Results showed that the melting temperature should be close to the indoor air temperature to reduce the heat transferring to the room from the PCM wall and to improve the usage of the PCM. The latent heat of the PCM had no significant influence to the heat flux of the inner surface, but took large effect to the phase change time. This paper aimed to give theoretical support to the application of the PCM wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to maintain a stable thermal environment of the data center, air-conditioning systems for the data center are in high energy consumption operation state yearly. Airflow organization in a data center impacts the cooling effectiveness of the air-conditioning systems significantly. This paper investigated a small-scale data center by combine of measurement and CFD simulation. To supply accurate boundary conditions, site measurement was conducted to validate the simulation results. In this paper, three optimization approaches of airflow organization were proposed and simulated by CFD software. The cooling performance of these approaches were compared by the temperature of 16 points on the same plane (Z=1.5m) in the room. The results indicated that cold aisle closure could eliminate by-pass airflow but also worsen thermal environment. Setting air return on both sides of hot aisle got most significant improvement in cooling performance. The temperature of hot points could be decreased by 0.5~5°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the rapid development of global economy, energy shortage and environment pollution are getting more and more serious. The implementation of heat metering is an important measure for avoiding energy waste and reducing polluted emission. As the core of heat metering, heat meter must meet the measure heat accuracy according to the"Technical specifications for heat metering of district heating system" (Ministry of Construction). Due to the poor water quality in China, impurities are the main factor that influences the measurement precision of heat meter. The sound attenuation caused by the particles on the propagation path will reduce the measurement accuracy of the ultrasonic heat meter. In this paper, the sound attenuation of ultrasonic wave in water containing impurities which leads to the measuring error of ultrasonic heat meter is studied. The researches in this paper have important scientific significance and practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In architectural design, solar energy building has become the focus of many architects. In order to achieve the expected energy efficiency, the appropriate energy system should be configured during the design phase in accordance with the idea of building integrated design. In this paper, a house was designed for Solar Decathlon competition 2017 in China. In order to reach the target of energy balance, the design team employed BIPVs, solar heating system and several energy efficient technologies. By the use of simulation-based method, the energy system of the house was designed and optimized, so that the house can meet the requirements of “passive building” completely with reasonable building design and energy system configuration. The optimal design method described in this paper can provide effective solution and practical reference for the design of solar energy buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel thermal conductivity measurement of microcapsule phase change materials (MEPCM) suspension. MEPCM suspension applied to solar powered air conditioning cold storage system can significantly save electric energy and improve the system efficiency. The experiment shows that MEPCM suspension’ heat transfer capability is better than conventional cooling medium pure water. The best thermal performance of MEPCM is in the certain temperature range 16℃~17.3℃. The 30% concentration MEPCM suspension have the maximum thermal conductivity. The optimization conditions for solar powered air conditioning cold storage system is further proposed. The results of this paper provides a useful guidance of the design and improvement about solar powered air conditioning cold storage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, coal-fired boilers and coal-fired combined heat and power plants (CHP) are primary heat sources for district heating, and there is severe heat loss due to flue gas flowing out at a high temperature level. This paper introduces an approach to regather the exhausted heat contained in the coal-fired flue gas based on direct-contact heat exchanger and absorption heat pumps (DAHP). This paper has established a mathematical model for the DAHP system and validated the model with experimental data, and the overall performance evaluation of the DAHP system were conducted, including energy consumption, environmental and economic feasibility. The results showed that the thermal efficiency is 104.5% (evaluated by lower caloric value), emissions significantly decrease and large amount of condensed water is regathered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the actual operation effect of the comprehensive environmental performance of the existing residential buildings after the green retrofitting in the severe cold and cold zones, this paper selects the existing residential buildings of typical city in the severe cold zone as the research object, using the established evaluation method—EM-GRERB (Evaluation Method of Green Retrofitting for Existing Residential Buildings in severe cold and cold zones) and through field investigation and field measurement, the comprehensive environmental performance improvement of the project is confirmed. The results show that the degree of green retrofitting of the project is not obvious, need to further enhance the green retrofitting effect. This paper further analyzes the problems existing in the green retrofitting of the project, and puts forward the green retrofitting program, which provides a reference for the green retrofitting of the existing residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of green eco-community planning, reasonable community energy planning requires accurate community load prediction. Hence, this paper focuses on the method of community load prediction. Given that community energy planning has great uncertainty and forward-looking requirements, this paper proposes an integrated method of buildings load prediction, which combines building simulation and scenario analysis. We apply scenario analysis to avoid simply adding up the loads which leads to overestimation. Establishment and calibration of the prototypical models are carried out. Using the proposed method, a case study is conducted to predict the cooling and heating load of a CBD in Shanghai. The results show that the energy system operates at relatively low efficiency and adjustment of area ratio of different building types is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both outdoor and indoor ozone concentrations have negative health effects on human. This paper proposes an artificial neural network to estimate the outdoor ozone concentrations and a mass balance model tool to estimate indoor ozone concentrations. The prediction of outdoor and indoor ozone concentration levels is of great significance for people’s health. The estimation models are validated by the measured data selected from the monitoring stations and field measurements in a room in Nanjing, respectively. The accuracy of the estimation models is evaluated. The neural network built in this paper can generally estimate the outdoor ozone concentrations to some extent, while the single zone mass balance model is useful for predicting indoor ozone concentration levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water tank（WS） with phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage (TES) has the characteristics of high heat storage density and great thermal storage capacity, and can effectively store solar energy resources. This paper tested the dynamin temperature change of a water tank immersed by phase change materials for thermal energy storage in solar heating system. The temperature change characteristics of the WS-PCM-TES in the charging process were obtained, and the thermal storage efficiency was analyzed. Combining with the engineering practice, this paper also put forward the way to optimize thermal storage performance of the phase change energy storage water tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar resource is abundant in the western Sichuan area of China, which is accompanied by the high altitude and cold climate. With the optimization purpose of the maximum solar energy collection over the year and in winter season, the optimum tilt and azimuth angles of the solar collection panels were analyzed in this paper, under the background of the six high altitude towns in this area. The installation angle of the solar heating collector had remarkable influence on the solar radiation collection, and the optimum tilt angles in winter season were 10°-20° larger than that over the year, while the optimum azimuth angles varied limitedly with the temporal and spatial variations. Results in this paper, on the one hand, had clarified the fitness of the recommending variation ranges in the solar collector installation angels which proposed in current standards, which recommended the azimuth angle should be ranged from -20° to +20° and the tilt angle should be within latitude±25°. On the other hand, the maximum decrement of the solar energy collection can amount to as high as 29.5% for the tilt angles and 6.5% for the azimuth angles, if choosing the installation angles arbitrarily within the recommending variation ranges. In addition, this paper had further proposed that, the key factor in affecting the variations of the optimum tilt and azimuth angles was the regional composite feature of the solar radiation, validating the importance of the regional optimization design in improving the solar energy collection locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building stock is one of the crucial energy consumers in Europe. The majority of the European residential and public buildings were constructed after the Second World War. The external building envelope of these buildings has very poor thermal insulation properties with regards to modern requirements. There are several well known building retrofitting technologies such as rendered and double facades. These retrofitting technologies require large amount of on-site human working mounts. However, there might be significant limitations in mounting processes of the unclassified buildings such as prisons, military buildings and other buildings with specific safety requirements. In scope of this article the benefits of modular retrofitting solutions are taken into consideration. The paper presents the results of the architectural project development specifics as well as selection of the optimal modular panel layout, integration of existing communication and modular panels junctions solutions. This paper is prepared in the scope of work done within the European Regional Development Fund project “NEARLY ZERO ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR UNCLASSIFIED BUILDINGS”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]