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Increased energy use and attendant green house emissions are associated with increased urbanization. At the same time, climate change poses challenges for the built environment where there are tensions between rapid city building and low carbon growth. This paper develops and tests a method for the institutional development of built environment professions in emerging economies that are dealing with a range of issues, including rapid urbanization, and rapid building and construction. The built environment professions comprise a range of disciplines including architecture. Using the architecture profession as a case study, a ‘deep-dive’ is taken to understanding the role of architects as a central player in the move towards low carbon futures in Indonesia. The architecture profession and practitioners are analysed from the perspectives of curriculum development and governance in universities, private industry, peak industry bodies and other bodies driving low carbon growth such as green building councils. While the paper focuses on one discipline comprising the built environment profession, in reality, all disciplines comprising the built environment professions need to be considered to understand how they interact within the profession and between each other so as to maximize outcomes for low carbon approaches. An institutional approach is helpful in guiding the built professions in other transitioning economies. Generally, transitions to low carbon futures in academia have taken the approach of curriculum development in the various disciplines. While this approach is laudable, it is not enough. It is clear that curriculum development alone is insufficient to bring about broad scale and lasting changes to low carbon futures. Educational changes in universities represent only one institutional approach. In reality however, educational institutions need to work in tandem with several other institutional agencies to drive, complement and support changes for low carbon futures; including government, industry practitioners and peak industry bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation about requirements of confining reinforcement on the structure of high-strength concrete has been progressed significantly since the last three decades. Research carried out intensively on high-strength concrete, produces a material which has a relatively brittle nature. Various parameters of the confining reinforcement design have been varied to obtain the optimal results regarding the behavior of high-strength concrete, especially for columns comprehensively. This paper discussed about the development roadmap of confined high-strength concrete research, includes constitutive equations of confined high-strength concrete developed by researchers. In this paper modified of analytical model for confined normal to high-strength concrete is also proposed. Results of this further discussion were associated with the need of the development research of confining reinforcement on high-strength concrete material adapted to the material properties and zones in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines returns to scale in building constructions in Indonesia based on large sample sizes of different project types (i.e., hotel or apartment, hospital, office, campus, and plant). The analysis demonstrates that costs tended to vary with sizes at a constant rate, as shown by cost capacity factors close to unity, with the exception of campus cases that supported decreasing returns to scale. This finding affirms those of previous studies that non-constant returns to scale in cost-size relationships appear to weakly exist for building constructions. At the very least, it also implies that a simple unit-cost approach remains a reliable method for early cost estimates. This paper also identifies some potential issues associated with constant returns-to-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the national road has an important role to increase the region’s economy, the road has the function to preserve inter-provincial or inter-provincial and regencies/cities. Road network in Indonesia has a significant length, of approximately 516, 239 kilometers, where the majority presents lack of information related to monitoring data and evaluation. As a consequence, road maintenance is not appropriated. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on multi objectives programming of pavement and to investigate the optimal maintenance strategy options applied as function of road surface distress conditions. This is supported by database of an Integrated Road Management System (IRMS) and taking into account of both road network condition and agency costs. The optimization strategies provided by the developed soft computing tool can help solving agency problems; minimizing costs and maximizing road services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the construction model of urban farming on vertical building envelopes to support the green building development in Sleman Regency, Special District Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The construction of vertical buildings in Sleman district is growing rapidly together with the increasing demand for the provision of housing and public facilities. The rapid physical development in Sleman has caused the reduction of green land such as green open space (RTH), agricultural land and rice fields. These developments potentially threaten food security in Sleman district. Urban farming is a method of agricultural activities to reduce the problems of agricultural land limitation in urban areas, like Sleman district. The construction design model of urban farming on the vertical building envelope is one aspect of green building that will support the efforts in vertical farming processes. This showed that the method did not require any horizontally ground space but effectively used the vertical space on the building envelope, including wall and building roof features and construction. In fact, the urban farming construction method will not only contribute to productive agricultural activities, but also support the greening of the urban area as well as reduce the crisis of agricultural land issues. The urban farming construction model of the vertical building facade includes the urban farming construction on the roof, wall, and balcony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Trans-Sumatera Toll Road (TSTR) is one of Indonesia's mega project infrastructures and is planned to stretch along Northern Sumatera provinces from Aceh to North Sumatera for about 800 km. Currently, the project development is only feasible in particular routes due to high investment costs and limited demand for revenue. This paper will investigate the best alternative route by considering related aspects to improve its viability. The research method used a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches through desk study and in-depth interviews. This research produced optimum route for the Northern Sumatera area and also revealed dominant sectors for both provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the assessment results and structural retrofitting of SPS Building. The building is a three story reinforced concrete structure with a mezzanine floor for a storage. The building was an office building with a live load of 2.5 kN/m 2 and then the building function changes to be an industrial building with a live load of 10 kN/m 2 . The existing concrete and rebars tensile strength, structural member dimensions and configuration were assessed before structural analysis and redesign were done using a commercial software. It is found that the average concrete strength is about 11 MPa and most of existing structural members are less flexure and shear capacity. Therefore, an external flexure and shear strengthening using external bolted steel plates were applied to those members with grouting materials to fill the gaps between the steel plate and existing structural members. A strength evaluation using direct loading with a maximum water depth of 1000 mm over an area of 60 m 2 to represent the live load of 10 kN/m 2 was conducted to ensure the retrofitting method works well. The test results show that measured deflections of beams and slabs are still less than the maximum deflection limits. This indicates that the strengthening system using external bolted steel plates can improve the member capacity to support the new design loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development concept is an important issue in construction industry, which becomes important mainly because of its role in infrastructure provision. Infrastructure availability will affect economic growth and increase a country's competitiveness. Indonesia as a developing country still needs to build a lot of physical infrastructure. The concept of sustainable infrastructure development is in line with the Indonesian government's development plans for the period of 2014-2015 called Nawa Cita. Carbon footprint modelling is one of the methods that contributes to the realization of sustainable infrastructure development. This paper describes the approach of sustainable infrastructure development through carbon footprinting in the construction supply chain. In the construction industry, carbon footprinting gives information in total emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in every stage of a construction project's supply chain activities. In creating a carbon footprint model, life cycle analysis (LCA) is used as a supporting instrument to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in each stage of the supply chain activities. It is shown that the implementation of sustainable infrastructure development needs a synergy from all parties involved in the construction supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential of hydroelectric plants depend on the availability of discharge and head flow. The steep slope of rivers and the abundant of water flow in rural areas are as potential locations of hydroelectric power plant site (HPPS). The lack of discharge data measurements on the tributaries are the main obstacles to determining the potential sites. This paper proposed a method to identify the potential sites for HPPS. The method based on two main information: (1) location of the steepest slope, and (2) discharge generation of tributaries. In this case, ASTER GDEM 2 was used to: delineate watershed boundary, determine river network, and derive slope. Then, long section of the selected tributaries was analyzed to obtain the location the steepest slope potentially to HPPS. Furthermore, generated discharges for selected sites were calculated using Clark UH running under HEC-HMS program. The model was calibrated using daily discharge data observed at the watershed outlet. The time series period used for calibration process is range from 2002 to 2014. Simulation model of rainfall-runoff at a variety of outlets were selected to obtain the dependable discharge assisted with hydro-office program. This result show that total potential of hydroelectric plants can reach up to 653 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The height crest profile of metal roofing sheets is the common option for Japanese factory buildings in Indonesia. The metal roofing sheets are installed on the supporting bars/ purlins with mechanical locking system without any holes. Based on this system, the paper describes how to design a similar height crest profile of roofing sheets made of a GFRP composite material that is produced in a continuous laminating machine. It was found six types of height crest profiles that are met to the profile that is installed on the purlins by mechanical locking system. The six roofing sheets structures are simulated with uniform static forces on the two local areas of valley of roofing sheets by using finite element method. Based on both stress and deflection distribution of the six finite element models of roofing sheet structure, the selected type of crest profile is the trapezoidal. The roofing sheets of GFRP material consist of three trapezoidal type crests and two valleys. It was produced in a continuous laminating machine by using seven until twenty rows of mold. A row/ set of mold consist of three parts, one bottom part and two upper parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tender evaluation in Indonesia is usually done under the basis of the qualification of expertise which is valued from 50% to 70%. The expertise is indicated in the portfolio of working experience and expertise certificates. However, one who has the same expertise certificate may have different performance in the project. This paper attempts to identify the critical point of certification in Indonesia, classify the critical point based on the source, find the most affected critical point and find the problems that can cause critical point in certification system in Indonesia. The method of this study is mixed method; meaning that the data collected are in the forms of numeric and non-numeric. The results of the study indicate that the weakest point in the certification system is in the working experience reference. The fact that the working experience reference enclosed as his portfolio does not reflect the actual experience and sometime some of them are fake that of course, it does not guarantee his competence in the project. The result shows that the score of working experience = 787; the system of validation and verification of the association = 677; the incomplete fulfilment of the applicants requirement = 636; the lack of additional information which supports the working experience reference = 320; the objectivity of the assessors = 297; and the process of interviews = 240. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a self-assessment model to measure the risk management (RM) maturity level of construction public client organizations within the Indonesian context. It used a mixture of Delphi method to select and validate the most relevant attributes and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign the weights of the selected attributes. A total of 34 attributes, categorized under four dimensions (i.e., organizational culture, RM processes, RM resources, and RM implementation) were used. It has been shown that top management commitment, integrity and ethics, and change management capabilities were found to be the most important attribute, suggesting that RM maturity level is more than formal and standardized systems. The RM maturity score was computed by summing the products of AHP-based weights and ratings which were expressed in a 0–3 scale with 0 representing immature and 3 denoting mature level. Given this score, the maturity level of a client organization under evaluation will be classified into one of the following four levels: naive (0–24), novice (25–49), normalized (50–74), and managed (75–100). This model was pilot tested on a governmental unit under the Ministry of Public Works with a satisfactory result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nusantara architecture has become master in its own house. In Indonesia, attempt to realign the understanding of traditional architecture into the Nusantara architecture proven effective disseminating the virus in preserving traditional houses. Even more, preserving Nusantara Architecture is not only about maintained the tradition physically, but also the value. One of them is gotong royong (mutual cooperation), the motor in reviving community architecture. Amid the insistence of modernity, Nusantara style gradually eroded, despite the fact of plenteous values on it as references for modern architecture. Furthermore, economically, added value for the region by ecotourism. This paper proposes recent review about conservation on Nusantara Architecture in Indonesia, with describing currently conservation efforts which being intensively carried out in various regions in Indonesia to reconstruct some rotten inhabited traditional houses. Examples described taken from Waerebo, Ratenggaro, Ngata Toro, and the exploration of vanished Tolakinese house. Overall, the process of participatory in planning and implementation is the key factors of these programs today, prove that gotong royong still exist. Academia also entangled, with students involved helping the community. Thus, the real learning process and transfer of knowledge at the same time sustaining at once. On the other hand, ex-situ conservation efforts also taken into consideration when attempt to push the equalization of protecting effort race against time. Conservation a la Europe becomes important once seeing the vast spread of custom/traditional houses in Indonesia and lacking attention from the government to drive faster. While, the occupants were unable to sustain maintenance and refrain of the clamour of modern life. Open-air museum might be the only solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On one hand, stronger steel materials certainly yield more slender structural elements so that a beam design is structurally governed by its stability. On the other hand, there is a variation in the dimensions of steel sections and their availability in the market. Those issues will lead to a complex procedure in obtaining the optimum steel beam designs. Actually, computers will help to overcome the complexity of the problems. Meanwhile, the solution is generally limited to a specific steel section and a specific unbraced length configuration. As a result, some trial-and-error attempts are needed several times to obtain a sufficient comparison to determine the optimum steel sections. To overcome this, a strategy to use the AISC-LRFD's chart-based method, which plots the relationships between the flexural capacities of steel sections and their unbraced lengths of lateral bracing and weights, will be helpful in determining the lightest steel sections in terms of their lateral bracing requirements and capacity. In other words, the most optimum steel sections can be obtained without a specific trial-and-error process. However, the chart-based method for steel beam designs is not yet popular due to the absence of a choice of steel sections commonly found in the Indonesian market. This paper will present how to make the design curve of those steel sections; therefore, the chart-based method for steel designs can be implemented. Beside that, some examples of its usage will also be introduced. Thus, if the design with a chart-based method using the Indonesian steel sections can be provided; then, it can be used to design steel beams more quickly and economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pantura lane road, which is located in north coast path of Java - Indonesia, with a length of 1300 km is a major transportation route used for the movement of goods and passengers. This road connects the westernmost side to the easternmost side region of the islands. From year to year, the condition of the road is always damaged, partly because of unstable base layer, which is consisted of clay with elastic properties, rain puddles, vehicle load which exceeds the capacity, and the volume of vehicles that reach 45,000 vehicles per day. For maintenance purpose, it is always incurred costs to repair the roads which are constantly increasing in number every year. In 2013, the budget for repairs reached 1.28 trillion (IDR), in 2014 increased to approximately 1.8 trillion (IDR), an increase of approximately 38%. In practice, performance-based contract method had been tried for road maintenance in addition to the traditional method of a contract, beside of the technical aspects approach. It was taken to ensure that such damage will not happen again. But until now, the damage is still going on and returned. Therefore, it is necessary to study on the implementation of the contract method of repair work that has been done so far, and it also needs to study the alternative solutions with a strategic approach, in addition to pay attention to the technical and juridical aspects. The purpose of writing this paper is to examine the factors causing damage to roads; the effective method of road maintenance contracts that could be implemented, i.e. between traditional contract method and the method of performance-based contracts; and to produce an alternative strategic decision that is an effective way of managing Pantura lane road in order to minimize the damage which usually happens every years. The conclusion is that a holistic view is needed to make sure all necessary, interrelated aspects are covered and dealt with. It must be much more than just an action plan to reach a single goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The fact that Indonesia is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire in which some big earthquakes frequently occur has increased concern on the needs for temporary shelter and building safety. Hence, the use of lightweight pre-cast wall becomes one of the ideal choices to fulfill the need of rapid temporary shelter and to increase building safety. This paper reported the investigation of the properties of pre-cast hollow concrete wall panel with different thickness of partition using self compacting concrete technology. The test of concrete properties consists of compressive strength of mortar, flexural strength of hollow concrete wall, the density of the wall. In addition, the flexural strength is tested on the hollow concrete panel wall with the dimension of 1,000 x 300 x 120mm. The result shows that the hollow concrete panel wall satisfies the properties requirement for concrete wall. Moreover, the pre-cast hollow concrete panel wall with the partition thickness of 15mm is the most optimum dimension of the panel wall and becomes one of appropriate technologies to provide rapid shelter for post disaster area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The liquefaction potential in Padang based on the observation and examination is described in this paper. The last 7.6 RS earthquake of 30 September 2009 has caused damage to houses, water facilities and road ways. Several damages of those are worsened by the soil liquefaction. The liquefaction in Padang was identified by numerous sand boils. The liquefaction was observed at a number of sites including roadway, river bank and play grounds. The samples of sand boils are then tested in the laboratory in the terms of soil grain size distributions. It is found that the fine-sand grains of the soil samples are more than 65%. These types of soils satisfy the criteria of liquefaction susceptibility. Based on the field soil test data, the liquefaction potential is also examined. For the future development of Padang city, it is suggested to make liquefaction resistant constructions on liquefaction susceptible soils that have the same criteria to the observed soils. By characterizing the soil distributions and doing the in situ shear test on a particular site, one can assess the liquefaction susceptibility and decide to make the structures to resist the effects of liquefaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In many developing countries, despite of much national and international effort to improve the water supply situation, the technical and ecological as well as economical solutions are still insufficient. The situation in karst regions is even more severe due to the extreme climatic and hydrogeological conditions. In karst areas, a large percentage of the precipitation rapidly infiltrates from the surface into the karst rock. The water resources are therefore mainly stored in the karst aquifers as well as in underground river systems. Because of lacking storage possibilities on the surface, bad accessibility of the underground resources and often long running dry seasons, serious water shortages occur. Against this backdrop, an interdisciplinary research group of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), together with industry partners, concentrates intensively on the development and implementation of concepts and technologies for an adapted water resources management in karst regions of Southeast Asia. This paper focuses on the Indonesian-German joint project for the development of an underground hydropower pilot plant in a karst region on Java, Indonesia, which is, from German side, supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). After years of research and construction works facing several setbacks due to earthquakes and flood events, since mid of 2011 the plant is operated continuously under the responsibility of an Indonesian operational team. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]