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Abstract: The aim of the study is to model and to simulate the thermal and electrical efficiencies of the cogeneration plant of a paper mill. The final purpose is the benefits optimization by adjusting production to the amount of energy to be sold. It is necessary to know it because the sale price goes down when the actual production of electrical energy does not match the scheduled power. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the automotive light-duty passenger vehicles, double dry clutch provides high comfort and fuel efficiency to passengers with automated gear box. Its functional performance and quality depends on its diaphragm spring. Fatigue analysis on this component and correlation is quite complex because of several manufacturing processes involved like stamping, heat stabilization and shot-peening. The procedure to predict the diaphragm fatigue strength is described in the paper; also it integrates the new simulation softwares capabilities to handle the process effects for evaluation of diaphragm. This paper outlines the different simulation stages involved to access the fatigue assessment on diaphragm spring; also it is done at various life situations of vehicle: normal, parking, overloading conditions. A great attention is paid for correlation through measurement fitting in simulation. Between each manufacturing process simulation, the deformed shape and its residual stress-strain data are mapped using customized scripts. After the process simulations, fatigue actuation on diaphragm is done for new, semi-worn and worn positions of clutch. Miner’s damage and its summation are done at each critical point in diaphragm to determine its total life under nominal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of rotor machines modification requires development of new approaches to the design of specific nodes. As bearings are considered to be the most important elements of rotor machines, such approaches can imply optimization application. The present paper considers the approach for enhancing energy efficiency of rotor machines by means of generating optimal trajectories using the example of fluid-film bearings. The authors provide the means to analyze the obtained trajectories types. The paper also covers the approach for setting the criteria of rotor’s trajectories energy efficiency. Besides, the paper presents the results of the conducted numeric analysis that led to the hypothesis about the existence of non trivial rotor energy-efficient orbital trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oily wastewater through union station was between 40-70 ℃. The sewage was injected to the ground or direct discharge after treatment and it resulted in heat waste in union station. In the meaning time, there were many energy demands in union station, such as building heating, the crude oil heating, the liquid heating and so on. Paper summarized the current status of heat waste in oilfield and absorption heat pump technology. The paper took the absorption heat pump heating project in Kenxi Oilfield Station as an example. The paper introduced the program design. And the energy consumption was compared before and after the transformation. The energy-saving efficiency (ζ) is up to 63% and the COP of lithium bromide unit was 1.54. It proved the absorption heat pump technology had distinct advantages of energy-saving in the union station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking current situation of energy regarding winter heating and study on heating as an example, this paper is based on field measurement, investigation and study, discussing the current energy consumption and usage of winter heating of rural areas in Shandong Province, China. The paper reveals that the most regions in Shandong are utilizing furnaces to keep warming which is a relatively primitive method. Most of villagers are satisfied with the indoor environment although this is not the case, which is contributed by the farmers’ strong passive adaptability. With the constant improvement in living standard of Shandong rural people, simultaneously, energy quality and quantity are required higher and higher. Traditional biomass energy cannot meet their needs. Therefore, more effective and cleaner energy are necessary for them to advance daily living quality and level. The heating measure that will save more energy should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrial applications, most of fluids have non-Newtonian fluid characteristics. It is of great significance to the economic development and energy consumption reduction to study the heat transfer of non-Newtonian power law fluid. In this paper, the heat transfer of non-Newtonian power law fluid in pipes with different cross sections are studied. The mathematical model and physical model of the non-Newtonian fluid are briefly introduced first, and the physical model is divided by the structured mesh. Then the numerical simulation of the laminar heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluid in different cross sections is carried out. On the basis of discussing the distribution of temperature field, many parameters which have influenced on the temperature field and the heat transfer is analyzed in this paper, such as tube shape, the power-law index ( n ) the Peclet number ( Pe ) and so on. The results show that the heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid are related to the parameters we mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel energy efficiency control method for a fan coil unit, the duty ratio fuzzy control method (DRFCM), which employs the concept of duty ratio on the electric valve control to fully utilize the cooling and dehumidifying capacity of a fan coil unit when the control valve is closed. This paper adopts a FCUs system with a three fan speed controls and an electric water valve on/off control in Chengdu, China. The application results show that DRFCM could obtain at least 10.3% energy savings over the conventional control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the impact of community form on building energy consumption of commercial district. Building typology and FAR (floor area ratio) are two important morphology factors in district energy efficiency design. To explore how they influence building energy consumption, two major questions are concerning: (1) how a given FAR generates alternative building typologies that have different effects on energy consumption? (2) how increasing FAR affects building energy consumption generally? In this paper, a group of representative hypothetical models are built based on the form of actual office buildings in Shanghai. The energy consumption of three building typologies (the pavilion, the slab and the courtyard) are examined using DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus. The results suggest that, with the same building density, office building energy consumptions have a positive relationship with FAR, and different building typologies can lead to variations in energy consumption as well as energy-FAR relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we all know, how to achieve better energy savings has been mentioned on various countries’ energy schedules. Public buildings as a large energy consumption. It’s air conditioning system has a lot of energy-saving space, and air-conditioning chilled water system to optimize energy-saving control is an important measure to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning system initiatives. This paper mainly focuses on the control system of variable frequency pump in chilled water system. For the water pump control strategy, the secondary pump frequency control strategy is discussed, in order to obtain a better control strategy, in detail the current commonly used differential pressure control strategy. In this paper, five kinds of differential pressure control strategies are analyzed, and then the simulation model is simulated by the established mathematical model. The input energy consumption model of the inverter - motor - water pump micro - system is obtained and the simulation results are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper made an actual investigation and survey surrounding the amount of hospital buildings in Shandong and energy consumption. At the same time, it gave a detailed analysis in terms of one certain hospital building in Jinan. In the aspect of amount of hospital buildings, the paper had a demonstration or analysis from these angles including the classification, rank, economic type, beds’ amount and floorage about hospital. And get a conclusion that now the main point to save energy in Shandong is general hospital and special hospital of pubic hospital where the tertiary hospital is the first and secondary hospital and the following is the second. In the aspect of the survey of energy consumption on hospital buildings, make a quota of hospital buildings’ energy consumption according to the investigated data, economy of every city and the feature to use energy of every city and so on. The paper carried out a field test of energy consumption, an evaluation of energy consumption and an analysis to energy conservation and made an estimation in allusion to the potential to save energy aiming at an actual hospital belonging to secondary hospital of general hospital in Jinan on the basis of obtained conclusions and quota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The living conditions and energy consumption have been gradually increased in rural area of Shandong Province, China. However, the existing heating technology cannot meet the requirement of occupants’ thermal comfort. Therefore, a more promising heating technology needs to be taken into account. With regard to public place in the rural area, this paper draws a comparison of heat source using Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP), gas boiler and biomass boiler in aspects of efficiency and economy, and conducts a simulation for the indoor air temperature field using different heating technologies, such as radiator, radiant floor and tuyere. Regarding the conventional residence, this paper summarizes the advantages of household ASHP in aspects of efficiency, environment, economy, technology and market. The results show that ASHP is suitable for application in Shandong rural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a hot topic whether the choice of heating supply is necessary and what is the most suitable form of heating system for hot summer and cold winter regions. Apparently, the difference of climate and building envelope makes it a complex problem, which cannot rely on the northern heating measures directly. At the same time, the form of building envelope is closely related to energy consumption and indoor thermal environment. Thus, this paper looked at the importance of different thickness of building external insulation for residential building in Chongqing. This paper discussed the thickness of building external insulation in Chongqing based on the intermittent heating system, which used Dest to draw the conclusion. Economic and technical analyses were also carried out in order to find the balance point between the growth of cost and the amount of energy saving, due to the different form of building envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of green eco-community planning, reasonable community energy planning requires accurate community load prediction. Hence, this paper focuses on the method of community load prediction. Given that community energy planning has great uncertainty and forward-looking requirements, this paper proposes an integrated method of buildings load prediction, which combines building simulation and scenario analysis. We apply scenario analysis to avoid simply adding up the loads which leads to overestimation. Establishment and calibration of the prototypical models are carried out. Using the proposed method, a case study is conducted to predict the cooling and heating load of a CBD in Shanghai. The results show that the energy system operates at relatively low efficiency and adjustment of area ratio of different building types is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North China University Of Science and Technology is not only as a role of education, research and community service task, and an important community constituting society, but also a large customer of resource and energy. this paper proposes systematically how to launch subjects of actual measurement and simulation of energy consumption and the analysis of energy-saving for the energy consumption of campus. On the basis of analysis of the college typical building energy consumption, this paper tests the illumination, noise and formaldehyde concentration of Yifu Library, gives a detailed analysis of the measurement data, and provides the basis for energy saving transformation, operation management and updating equipment.By using a building energy consumption simulation software-eQUEST to simulate and research the energy consumption of Yifu Library, and collecting and collating the 2012-2013 annual water, electricity and gas usage to analyze the above energy data, and obtain the current status and characteristics of campus energy consumption.Finally, by comparing the measured and simulated results, it shows that universities present tremendous potential for energy savings. Therefore, from energy conservation of the technology, management and behavior, the reasonable energy-saving reconstruction measures are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach for experimental research planning, based on Monte Carlo experiments, is suggested in this paper. The analysis is performed for AC permissible stress research in oil-barrier insulation system where paper insulated electrodes are used for insulation models production. The influence of sample size and high voltage test censoring on the accuracy of permissible stress estimation is examined as well as the possibility of using Monte Carlo experiments in costs and time-consumption optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximizing energy conservation, improving energy efficiency and integration and control of renewable energy sources are critical in order to achieve a low carbon future. An integrated modelling system is needed to evaluate and improve energy performance of urban energy systems’ design and operation, from both financial and environmental perspectives. To this end, this paper presents an urban energy co-simulation framework. It is based on co-simulation standard Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and CityGML-based semantic 3D city model and utilized programing packages, like PyFMI, FMILibrary, and mosaik, which is capable of orchestrating the execution of dynamic simulation models supporting the for co-simulation. To demonstrate the proof of concept, two simulation tools are coupled in the first instance: EnergyPlus and No-MASS. Based on the two use cases, the principles and workflow of the framework and results from its application are described. Results from use cases show that synchronization and interaction between our urban energy co-simulation framework and coupled co-simulation components works as intended. The paper concludes by discussing strategies to tackle more complex and multiscale energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) [1] was introduced by the International Maritime organization (IMO) to stimulate innovation and technical development of all elements that increase the level of energy efficiency of a ship at design stage. Sea going ships over 400 gross tonnage are considered in the current regulation of EEDI. Inland ships are not covered by current EEDI regulations by IMO. As inland vessels share 0.6% of the global CO 2 emission [2] , the reduction attempt will not have bigger impact. But from the commercial point of view of a country the significance is very high, specially for under developed countries like Bangladesh. Inland self propelled ships face additional restrictions (shallow water/channel, low density water, restriction of ship's dimension, etc.) which increase the power requirement at the same speed, burning more fuel and emit more CO 2 . This paper is a continuation of the Ph.D research of the author where previous published paper's [3] results were updated and verified. The result of this paper would be one of the 1 st attempts in the world was made to establish EEDI baseline for different types of self-propelled inland ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous increase of vehicle fleet along with the development of road transport networks has associated a wide range of externalities. Main types of externalities refer to environmental impact, expressed as Greenhouse Gas Emissions, raw materials depletion, energy and fuel consumption or disruption of ecosystem equilibrium, social impact, expressed as quality of people life, human health and economic impact, expressed as economic growth. The current development of road transport promotes a growing interest for sustainable and eco-friendly transportation worldwide. In the context of a wide range of externalities, the present paper aims to emphasize the ecological impact associated with road transportation traffic, customized for specific road networks from North-East Region of Romania and expressed in atmospheric polluting emissions. In correlation with traffic pollution, the current research highlights the exponential increase of the greenhouse gas effect and fuel consumption, providing specific strategies, necessary for the improvement of road network sustainability, based on the results of the undertaken study. The analysis of the environmental impact implies a quantitative assessment of energy consumption and CO2e emissions produced by road traffic. In this respect has been carried out the evaluation of atmospheric pollution produced by the traffic recorded in 2010, using the annual daily average traffic for the year in question. Based on the coefficients of traffic evolution it has been forecasted the pollution level for 2015, 2020 and 2030. The calculations have been performed based on the current configuration of the vehicle fleet from NE Region of Romania, investigated for two types of roads, namely a road with an optimum pavement condition in comparison with a road pavement with distresses. For the first case study, was considered a road pavement suitable rehabilitated, by intervention works of maintenance and rehabilitation, applied to an optimum moment. This case study presents the ideal situation, from traffic sustainability point of view, since the vehicles speed isn’t influenced by the pavement condition, the road level of service is free flow. The evaluation performed for this particular case study showed that, for the current vehicle fleet and average vehicles speed, the environmental impact expressed in pollutant emissions registers the lowest values. For the second case study, the evaluation focused on the ecological impact associated with the road traffic, based on the current road network pavement condition. Considering the traffic congestion and pollution increase due to road distresses, the studies in the present paper were focused on the pollution level, specific to County of Iaşi road network. For a proper analysis of pollutant emissions, associated with road transport traffic, has been used European Environment Agency (EEA) computer software COPERT 4. The software was developed to perform evaluations of air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions specific to road transport, the deliverables being consistent with the latest regulations in the field. The research objective was to deliver intervention strategies and scenarios, related with the high increase in vehicles fleet, usage of alternative fuels and CO2e emissions level, towards sustainable road transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of time demands human to evolve needs. House as a primary needs is inseparable from the development of human life needs, especially in urban areas. The phenomenon of urban houses requires architects, developers, and even residents to be able to plan and collaborate in considering needs and limitations of land use. Humid tropical climate condition is a challenge for the planners or architects in creating indoor condition of the building that is eligible for dwelling. This paper aims to describe a simulation of interior arrangement to proving a design of efficient energy houses. The houses in urban areas are density houses with diverse environmental situations including density environmental housing and real estate. The identity of urban houses is characterized by inability to organize a dense interior space. Therefore, the requirements of comfortable and healthy dwelling are not fulfilled properly. The efforts to develop efficient energy, environmentally friendly and sustainable houses can be done through optimization approach of architectural design. The purpose of optimization is to find answers for possibilities of architectural design problems in order to obtain the best solution. The method of this research has been done by field observations to determine the pattern of spatial planning in several houses in Medan. In the process of model optimization, a possible improvement of existing dwelling model is designed through cyclical and analyzing planning, and alternative solutions that are sustainable and affect each other. The results of this analysis are expected to be a benchmark for local architects, researchers, and also residents in developing design optimizations, especially houses that have been built. This paper is a further research related to model developments of houses for urban community in Medan. Through an appropriate alternative interior arrangement, this research is expected to achieve the optimum design of houses based on the character of the urban environment without losing its identity as dwelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By measuring practical temperature and performing questionnaire surveys, this paper investigates the energy consumption and existing indoor thermal condition in rural residential buildings during heating season in severe cold areas in northeast of China. Research is conducted on the characteristics of heating and energy consumption in rural residential buildings in severe cold areas from heating system such as Chinese “kangs”, rustic heaters, stoves and heated walls. The main results in the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) The remarkable characteristic of thermal environment in rural residential buildings is the uneven distribution of temperature both in one room and in different rooms; (2) Installation of insulation layers can effectively improve indoor thermal environment; (3) Income level of rural residents is the main factor that influences indoor thermal environment; (4) The main ways of heating are Chinese “kangs”, rustic heaters, stoves and heated walls in rural residential buildings in severe cold areas. These factors and laws obtained can influence the energy consumption in rural residential buildings in heating season in severe cold areas in northeast of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the results of research (2010-2015) on the concept of forced low power Micro Turbine Generator (MTG) to meet the requirements related to cost, power efficiency and specific indicators. The paper provides a general overview of the ICE forcing practices and illustrates the possibilities of its application to produce a competitive system; it also discusses the aspects and the possibilities of forcing low power MTGs using the parametric analysis and efficient thermal circuit synthesis methods. The paper illustrates that the required parameters are achieved when the intercooled recuperative cycle is applied. The concept is based on the unification of MTG with mass production turbochargers and generators as well as the use of turbochargers with cooling; this concept is now implemented and used by TurboGEN Technology, a developing company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value stream mapping is an effective tool of lean manufacturing to reduce the wastage in any process by segregating value added and non-value added activities. The present work uses the concept of value stream mapping and developed energy value stream mapping to address the non productive energy consuming processes. This paper focuses on achieving Green Manufacturing as overall productivity which has already reached an acceptable value. The main problem identified is that there is a void when it has been looked for a tool to achieve Lean Manufacturing along with Green manufacturing. It deals with the development of a method that allows a first quick, easy and comprehensive analysis of energy and material flows within the production processes. The paper concludes with discussing improvements in the processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents simulation of thermal stratification heat storage water tank with an inside cylinder with openings by three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Specifically, this paper focuses both on investigating the influence of the inner cylinder's design and operating parameters and on the water flow characteristic, thermal stratification and overall performance of the hot heat storage water tank during heat charging operation process installed in thermal energy systems. Validation of CFD results with experimental data found in the literature has a good consistency. In order to visually compare the efficiency of the energy storage tank with thermal stratification, and the dimensionless fluid temperature, one of existing methods for calculating stratification efficiencies is applied to hypothetical storage process of charging in this paper. Cylinder insides the tank plays a role of uniform diffuser, so that the water in the tank is formed thermal stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication is considered the most promising path leading to the creation of energy-efficient engineering solutions for various buildings. This path begins with the first design calculations. The foundation for creating cost-effective heating and ventilation systems is carried out at the stage of forming the heat and mass balances of the premises as building components. Besides drawing the heat and mass balances must be closely connected with the study of the geometric parameters of premises and the thermal performance of the building envelope. In this paper a special way of heat load computing of heating and ventilation systems is considered. It is shown that considered method allows refining the calculations of heat losses of the building. The application of the proposed method to determine the transmission heat losses with the elemental approach is considered. The calculating method of ventilation heat losses with different variations of accounting the infiltration component is shown. Way of the joint account of heat energy consumption factors in a single mathematical apparatus is presented. The method of optimizing of heat loads during extreme operating conditions is reviewed. The paper shows further way application of accurate method in the design of buildings and the results of calculations. Some conclusions are suggested as a conclusion of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to examine the savings potential and verify how to reduce the energy consumption in new hospitals by about 50%. Our results are also very relevant in other buildings complex with surplus heating, cooling and thermal storage. Conversion and utilization of surplus heat sources represent well known technologies and are under constant development. In large building complexes there is a potential for coordinated production, storage, and distribution of energy. Heat pump, chiller and thermal storage technologies enable re-use of surplus heat/cool energy throughout the year. Energy supply and demand are typically modelled with separate tools and timescales. Through our study new methods are developed for operation of interacting simulating models. These methods provide tools to step into optimization of combinations of integrated energy systems. The main issues focus on hydraulic water flow and storage systems as a basis. The layout is important not only with regards to utilize the energy quality, i.e. the temperature. In addition, control strategies are shown to have a highly relevant impact on the possible savings. Some details of new hydraulic layout and control design will be described and discussed in the paper. Both in combination with heating, cooling and storage system. Our research indicates that it is possible to save between 20-50% of the energy consumption with optimizing the technical installations in Oslo area. Another benefit of integrated thermal modelling is to reduce the risk of permafrost in ground source heat pump installations. This risk is relevant for large buildings in northern Norway, at annual mean temperatures are below 0̊C. This paper shows how integrated simulation and design can be used to avoid permafrost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper establishes the need to act at a city scale to reduce energy use and improve sustainability in general. The paper evaluates the plans that the City of Fargo (Climate zone 6), North Dakota has established to grow in a sustainable manner. As part of this effort, the City of Fargo is participating in the Georgetown University Energy Prize Competition to reduce the energy use of residential and municipal buildings. As such, the City is engaged in assessing, defining, designing and implementing the Go 2030 plan (2012) as the basis for a sustainable future. This paper reviews and evaluates several methods of city-scale assessments and identifies distinguishing characteristics of these tools and assessments and creates a categorization to make the methods ordered and understandable. The two broad categories developed are (1) category- and (2) indicator-based models of urban sustainability. Further, this paper reviews the tools through a literature search and compares the City of Fargo's Go 2030 plan against these categorizations. Based on this evaluation this paper proposes a framework that has the potential to fill the gaps in the current Go2030 plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected vehicle technology (CVT) is being tested at various research laboratories across the United States for its real-world applications. The aim is to properly know its benefits in order to make travel safe, reliable and environment-friendly. Although, with time, vehicles are becoming eco-friendlier and resourceful in energy consumption and utilization, majority of vehicles today still operate on fossil fuels and the resulting emissions are a by-product. Thus, most affordable cars and even trucks in future will continue to run on fossil fuels and might simultaneously be equipped with CVT features. Fossil-fuel dependent vehicles when fully equipped with CVT would need to accelerate or decelerate appropriately around critical junctions and locations of a network to avoid collisions. CVT in vehicles will be most appreciated for safety reasons at least at the roadway merge locations of the network. However, frequent accelerations and decelerations of the vehicles at merge points such as from ramp to freeway will also lead to increase in emissions and fuel consumption. This is precisely what this paper explores and investigates. A computer-based simulation exercise is carried out using an example of a ramp to Interstate 405 freeway merge location in Long Beach, California. Based on some basic but realistic assumptions for vehicular motion made in his paper, it is found that benefit from CVT in emission reduction is marginal for the three traffic conditions of free-flow, transitional period and rush-hour congestion. These findings will help engineers to prepare vehicles with a more sophisticated CVT that can provide better emission reductions and fuel savings at several ramp-to-freeway merge locations that exist across the city of Long Beach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of energy consumption in residential homes is a goal of sustainable construction. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) started a biennial Solar Decathlon competition in 2002, in which the students from universities around the globe built energy-efficient and affordable homes suitable for their climate and location. The main goal of this competition was to select the home best designed and built in a sustainable way. This paper describes the home designed and constructed for participation in the 2012-2013 competition by the students at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The home was designed for the desert climate of southern Nevada, part of the Mojave Desert. This paper describes the design and construction process of this home, and determines whether it is a net zero energy home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected vehicle technology (CVT) is being tested at various research laboratories across the United States for its real-world applications. The aim is to properly know its benefits in order to make travel safe, reliable and environment-friendly. Although, with time, vehicles are becoming eco-friendlier and resourceful in energy consumption and utilization, majority of vehicles today still operate on fossil fuels and the resulting emissions are a by-product. Thus, most affordable cars and even trucks in future will continue to run on fossil fuels and might simultaneously be equipped with CVT features. Fossil-fuel dependent vehicles when fully equipped with CVT would need to accelerate or decelerate appropriately around critical junctions and locations of a network to avoid collisions. CVT in vehicles will be most appreciated for safety reasons at least at the roadway merge locations of the network. However, frequent accelerations and decelerations of the vehicles at merge points such as from ramp to freeway will also lead to increase in emissions and fuel consumption. This is precisely what this paper explores and investigates. A computer-based simulation exercise is carried out using an example of a ramp to Interstate 405 freeway merge location in Long Beach, California. Based on some basic but realistic assumptions for vehicular motion made in his paper, it is found that benefit from CVT in emission reduction is marginal for the three traffic conditions of free-flow, transitional period and rush-hour congestion. These findings will help engineers to prepare vehicles with a more sophisticated CVT that can provide better emission reductions and fuel savings at several ramp-to-freeway merge locations that exist across the city of Long Beach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of energy consumption in residential homes is a goal of sustainable construction. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) started a biennial Solar Decathlon competition in 2002, in which the students from universities around the globe built energy-efficient and affordable homes suitable for their climate and location. The main goal of this competition was to select the home best designed and built in a sustainable way. This paper describes the home designed and constructed for participation in the 2012-2013 competition by the students at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The home was designed for the desert climate of southern Nevada, part of the Mojave Desert. This paper describes the design and construction process of this home, and determines whether it is a net zero energy home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of conserving campus is necessary to achieve sustainable development. Taking North China University Of Science and Technology for example, this paper proposes systematically how to launch subjects of actual measurement and simulation of energy consumption and the analysis of energy-saving for the energy consumption of campus. On the basis of analysis of the college typical building energy consumption, this paper tests the illumination, noise and formaldehyde concentration of Yifu Library, gives a detailed analysis of the measurement data, and provides the basis for energy saving transformation, operation management and updating equipment.By using a building energy consumption simulation software-eQUEST to simulate and research the energy consumption of Yifu Library, and collecting and collating the 2012-2013 annual water, electricity and gas usage to analyze the above energy data, and obtain the current status and characteristics of campus energy consumption. Finally, by comparing the measured and simulated results, it shows that universities present tremendous potential for energy savings. Therefore, from energy conservation of the technology, management and behavior, the reasonable energy-saving reconstruction measures are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PM2.5 concentration in Beijing China has become a focus for government and common people. It has been explored through source apportionment that heating generates significant influence on PM2.5 concentration in Beijing. However, there has still been great difficulty of quantitatively measuring the impact. In this paper, the author, taking PM2.5 in Beijing as research object, establishes a model of heating influence on PM2.5 emission. Data about the city's boiler number, distribution, fuel consumption as well as rural fuel consumption have been obtained through questionnaire. With the adoption of coefficients for producing and emitting pollutants, influence of heating factors in Beijing on PM2.5 concentration is evaluated quantitatively. High accuracy of the model in the paper has been proved through comparison with data of 2014 Beijing PM2.5 concentration monitored by Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection. According to evaluation result 10.9, heating contributes to 13.7% of PM2.5 emission in Beijing, 9.9% and 3.8% from the six urban districts and rural areas respectively. It has been suggested that measures including decreasing heating temperature should be adopted to alleviate PM2.5 pollutions in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes an analysis of the three heating mode of composite energy heating system compared with central heating. The composite energy heating system is also analyzed from the economic analysis, and the article expounds the superiority of composite energy heating system in some aspects. In terms of solar thermal storage heating mode, the reclaimed water source heat pump heating regenerative mode and composite energy heating mode, the paper carries out a detailed comparative analysis of the initial investment, annual operating cost and static payback period of these three areas. The result is that composite energy heating systems has higher initial investment but lower operating costs, combined static payback period of comparison, and the composite energy heating mode have significant economic benefits as well as a good prospect in market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION This paper mainly researches the practical engineering about Simulation of air-soil heat pump system in an office building of Shenyang, China. This system in the winter uses the air source as the main heat source and soil source as the auxiliary heat source for heating, in the summer only uses the soil source heat pump to refrigerate. METHODS This paper mainly applies DEST software and TRNSYS software to study engineering air simulated analysis of soil heat pump system and compare with a single heat source. Analyzing the energy consumption of the dual heat sources pump system and its results were compared with the single soil source heat pump system to draw a conclusion. RESULTS Analysis of energy consumption of dual-source heat pump system in summer and winter. And energy consumption analysis of single soil source heat pump system in summer and winter. CONCLUSIONS In terms of energy consumption, the annual energy consumption of dual heat source heat pump system is 25962.23 kWh. The annual energy consumption of single soil source heat pump system is 45573.78 kWh, saving about 43.03% of energy consumption. The superiority and development prospects of the dual heat source heat pump system is obvious and promising, in the operating cost and conservation area. This project was financially supported by the National science and technology support plan sub-topic (2011BAJ05B01-04). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain as much sunlight as possible, architects are chiefly concerned with the design of atrium forms and sky roofs at the stage of schematic design, with the effort of using the daylighting area in the greatest extent. Compared with previous single atrium forms, this paper focuses on the daylighting effect on double atriums. Based on the four parameters of double atrium daylighting, which are spacing, shape, position and area distribution of atriums, this paper analyses the influences on the daylighting effect to the first and sixth floors with the use of simulation software DAYSIM and the investigation of 5 indices of the lighting consumption of working planes such as DA, UDI100-2000, UDI>2000 and lighting evenness. It was found that for most indices, changing the spacing of the atriums brings a clear U-shaped curve; rectangle atriums are superior to square atriums, but the specific conclusion regarding the orientation of rectangle atriums needs to exclude the influence of their spacing; changing the shape and position of atriums has little influence on their lighting energy consumption; in the middle area of atriums, covering less, lighting is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced a kind of fluid supply system on ejector throttling. Comparing with the fluid supply system of thermodynamic expansion valve, this paper studied two kinds of fluid supply system on the freezing time, overall energy consumption and uniformity temperature distribute. The results showed that, in this working condition, the fluid supply system of ejector is 14% shorter than the thermodynamic expansion valve in freezing time, which reducing the power consumption by shortening the working time of compressor, condenser and other equipment. Meanwhile, Ejector can act like isentropy and recycle some expansion work, which could increase the refrigerant capacity of evaporator to save about 6.3% power consumption compared with the isoenthalpy throttling of thermodynamic expansion valve. The system can reducing 10 °C temperature difference by avoiding two-phase flow fluid supply of the evaporator and reduce the flow resistance of refrigerant in evaporator. Thus, the quality of the product is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new system named solar energy and gas heat pump, based on the solar heat pump system driven by electricity. The study established the models of the system according to the using of TRNSYS and SIMULINK. This paper mainly studies on the performance parameters of the new system, such as evaporation temperature, COP and heating capacity. At the same time, the paper makes a comparison of COP and PER between gas heat pump and solar energy heat pump, solar energy and gas heat pump. The results show that the evaporating temperature increases by 0.84°C when the thermal storage tank temperature increases by 1°C and the condensing temperature increases by 1.46°C when the condenser inlet temperature increases by 1°C. The COP of the new system can reach 4.76 and the primary energy ratio of the system is up to 1.96, which is superior to the other two systems obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 14 years, researchers have been developing energy indicators to better quantify where energy is being wasted in relation to the operation of a water distribution system. These energy indicators have helped municipalities identify ways to make their systems more energy efficient. This paper builds upon research completed by Cabrera et al. [4] where five (5) energy indicators were developed. The indicators strive to describe the efficiency of a distribution network by focusing on what is causing the energy consumption within a system (i.e. friction, leakage etc.). In this paper these indicators are applied to three (3) distribution networks. The energy use indicators are used to compare energy efficiency, energy lost to friction and leakage, and useful energy between each of the modelled distribution networks. This paper also discusses the key characteristics of the networks that account for the energy use patterns observed with the energy indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and discusses data taken from several studies about the building energy consumption in US, EU, and BRIC (Brazil, Russia. India, China) countries. Most of the current researches about energy consumptions deals with statistics in a specific country. However, international comparisons are useful to discover historical, actual, and energy consumption trends. Data presented in reports of the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Program, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,and the International Energy Agency are compared with national reports as well as with research studies. This analysis shows that the BRIC countries have already overcome the total energy consumption of developed countries, and the expansion of their building stock raises an imperative urgency for energy efficiency in buildings. At the same time, this paper shows that the measures actually adopted in developed countries are insufficient to guarantee a significant reduction in their energy consumption inbuildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and its consequences are of great concern. Buildings can be affected by climate change in different ways, such as changes in energy needs and thermal comfort. However, the challenge is to quantify and assess the uncertainties involved in future climate data as well as the relevant adoption strategies. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate potential energy consumption changes in high performance building construction systems in a changing climate. In this paper, current and future weather data of three time slices of 2020, 2050 and 2080 were used to simulate the performance of a simple building in Manchester and London using DesignBuilder software which employs Energy Plus as its calculation engine. Five of the most commonly used and high performance construction systems were examined in terms of energy consumption in this model and results are given. In general, this paper provides a useful methodology for simplification in design decision-making for current and future UK housing. It is observed that future climate scenarios do not have major effects in qualitative comparisons of construction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than two thirds of the U.S. electricity consumption occurs in buildings, which also are responsible for about 40% of the world's CO2 emissions. Therefore, the “green” building movement has become widespread in an effort to reduce buildings’ impact on the resource use and the environment. The USGBC's LEED rating system in one such effort intended to recognize high performance buildings. One of the USGBC's objectives is to reduce building energy consumption, and this paper aims to test this energy-reduction hypothesis. The methodology includes investigating LEED-certified buildings and comparable non-certified buildings on a university campus, and measuring differences in their energy performance. Heating, cooling, and electricity data was collected from all campus buildings and their energy unit intensity (EUI) was calculated. The preliminary analysis shows LEED buildings are not displaying major differences in energy performance when compared to their non-LEED counterparts. This paper's findings make the case for more performance-based certifications, similar to the LEED O&M certification, which should be awarded based on actual energy performance of facilities as opposed to intended performance based on design data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building sector in the United States is responsible for 41% of energy consumption and 39% of carbon footprint while the majority of energy consumption and carbon footprint are caused by aging buildings which represent 70% of existing buildings in the United States. The energy consumption of aging buildings can be significantly reduced by identifying and implementing green building upgrade measures based on available budgets. Aging buildings are often in urgent need for upgrading to improve their operational, economic, and environmental performance. This paper presents the development of an optimization model that is capable of identifying the optimal selection of building upgrade measures to minimize energy consumption of aging buildings while complying with limited upgrade budgets and building operational performance. This optimization model is designed to estimate building energy consumption using energy simulation software packages such as eQuest and it is integrated with databases of building products. This optimization model performs analysis of replacing existing building fixtures and equipment during the optimization computations to identify the optimal replacement of building products that minimizes building energy consumption and carbon emissions. The model is designed to provide detailed results for building owners and operators, which include specifications for the recommended upgrade measures and their location in the building; upgrade cost; expected energy, operational, and life-cycle cost savings; and expected payback period. This paper illustrates the new and unique capabilities of the developed optimization model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many data mining and machine learning techniques to manage large sets of complex energy supply and demand data for building, organization and city. As the amount of data continues to grow, new data analysis methods are needed to address the increasing complexity. Using data from the energy loss between the supply (energy production sources) and demand (buildings and cities consumption), this paper proposes a Semi-Supervised Energy Model (SSEM) to analyse different loss factors for a building cluster. This is done by deep machine learning by training machines to semi-supervise the learning, understanding and manage the process of energy losses. Semi-Supervised Energy Model (SSEM) aims at understanding the demand-supply characteristics of a building cluster and utilizes the confident unlabelled data (loss factors) using deep machine learning techniques. The research findings involves sample data from one of the university campuses and presents the output, which provides an estimate of losses that can be reduced. The paper also provides a list of loss factors that contributes to the total losses and suggests a threshold value for each loss factor, which is determined through real time experiments. The conclusion of this paper provides a proposed energy model that can provide accurate numbers on energy demand, which in turn helps the suppliers to adopt such a model to optimize their supply strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal actions on structures is complex phenomenon that is dependent from numerous parameters and therefore in the codes for structural design thermal actions are defined by using simple method, temperature profile is dividing on uniform temperature component and temperature difference component. General principles and codes for design buildings on thermal actions according with Eurocode EN 1991-1-5 will be presented in this paper. Also, this paper represents a way of defining the thermal actions on buildings and nationally determined parameters which are adopted in the draft version of Montenegrin National Annex of EN 1991-1-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and describes an innovative design solution for a compact Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA). Although the current trend in many mobile applications is towards the use of Electro Mechanical Solutions (EMAS) instead of Hydraulic Actuation Systems (HAS), HEAs can actually represent the best technological compromise. In fact, EHAs can combine the power to weight ratio advantage of hydraulic technology with the versatility and ease of installation and control of electric technology. Compared to EMAS, which are often equipped with low efficient load holding mechanisms, EHAs can also offer superior energy efficiency. Moreover, the EHAs do not suffer of jamming problems, which make them a strong candidate to be employed in harsh environments. Applications of EHAs like the one proposed in this work include aircrafts, cargo and vehicle doors, hatches and landing gears. The system studied in this research is based on miniature bi-directional gear pump (from 0.13 cc/rev), specifically designed to maximize performance in terms of efficiency, noise emissions and durability for the reference application. This pump is used in a system layout architecture that includes built-in valves to allow a power on demand strategy control of a differential linear actuator. In particular, a novel pressure compensation system was formulated to minimize power losses associated with the internal lubricating gaps in the whole field of operation. The paper details the numerical modelling of the system, showing also results which describe its main features of operation. Advantages in terms of energy consumption, with respect to a more common configuration of EHA are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper simulation results of two typical houses in St. John's are presented using BEOpt (Building Energy optimization) software. Simulation is done using one-year weather data, typical thermostat settings and occupation of two houses. BEopt provides capabilities to evaluate residential building designs and identify cost-optimal solution at various levels of whole-house energy savings along the path to zero net energy. It was noticed that the annual energy consumption determined using simulation in BEopt is almost same as the actual energy consumption, logged with a sampling time of 2 minutes for both the houses. This simulation, analysis and a comparison is necessary to validate the thermal model of houses. The developed model of the houses could be used to design a renewable energy system or study human behaviour impact on the house energy consumption. Simulation results and a detailed analysis of the logged data are presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and describes an innovative design solution for a compact Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA). Although the current trend in many mobile applications is towards the use of Electro Mechanical Solutions (EMAS) instead of Hydraulic Actuation Systems (HAS), HEAs can actually represent the best technological compromise. In fact, EHAs can combine the power to weight ratio advantage of hydraulic technology with the versatility and ease of installation and control of electric technology. Compared to EMAS, which are often equipped with low efficient load holding mechanisms, EHAs can also offer superior energy efficiency. Moreover, the EHAs do not suffer of jamming problems, which make them a strong candidate to be employed in harsh environments. Applications of EHAs like the one proposed in this work include aircrafts, cargo and vehicle doors, hatches and landing gears. The system studied in this research is based on miniature bi-directional gear pump (from 0.13 cc/rev), specifically designed to maximize performance in terms of efficiency, noise emissions and durability for the reference application. This pump is used in a system layout architecture that includes built-in valves to allow a power on demand strategy control of a differential linear actuator. In particular, a novel pressure compensation system was formulated to minimize power losses associated with the internal lubricating gaps in the whole field of operation. The paper details the numerical modelling of the system, showing also results which describe its main features of operation. Advantages in terms of energy consumption, with respect to a more common configuration of EHA are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the experimental research presented in this paper was to analyze the relationship between the cutting power and the roughness parameters characterizing the Spruce wood and MDF panel, brush sanded with two grit sizes, namely P180 and P220. Sets of samples were analyzed for each sanding conditions. The variables of the processing parameters were considered to be the feed speed and the rotation speed. The power consumption was measured using a power monitor device. The roughness was measured on a stylus based detector. The assessment of the quality of the sanded surfaces and the optimum energy was carried out by comparing these parameters, depending on the applied processing parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present world where there is an exponential increase in the energy crisis, it becomes an immediate necessity for the people to conserve energy. Manufacturing using foundries is a well established process in practice throughout the world. More than 50% of the energy consumed by the foundries is spent in melting the raw materials [18] and this energy goes waste when the molten metal solidifies in sand moulds. In this paper a novel idea is suggested where the heat released on the solidification of molten metal is used to preheat the raw materials. The experiment was done using aluminium and also with cast iron and the results were obtained. This heat recovering capacity was found to vary when the raw materials were insulated and also with the water moisture present in the casting sand. An exhaustive analysis on varying moisture contents was done and the temperature gaining time for the raw materials in each case of moisture levels was obtained. All these experiments clearly showed a considerable conservation of energy of about 10% - 20% of the required melting energy. This when practiced throughout the country it can conserve a large amount of energy which is mentioned in the paper in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turnarounds represent the most significant portion of a plant's yearly maintenance budget and can affect the company's bottom line if mismanaged. They are necessary to ensure that equipment will not fail and cause severe accidents, which could result in a catastrophe and a consequent unscheduled outage. Turnarounds are hard to manage. The most dangerous period for any company is not when it is fully operational, but rather when it is in transition. During a turnaround, thousands of separate procedures are performed, often by contractors who are unfamiliar with the specific site. Some of these procedures involve highly volatile substances or risk-laden working environments such as confined spaces. In order to realize the benefits of an effective turnaround, companies must fully understand the risk environment, and both plan as well as allocate resources accordingly. The risk profile of a turnaround is indeed quite broad. Poor planning and execution can lead to costly delays, damage to critical assets, extensive environmental damage and severe safety incidents, which may include the loss of life. Such incidents have the potential extensively to affect company assets and public image. With this challenge, however, comes opportunity – a turnaround provides an ideal context for optimizing assets, taking action to reduce energy consumption and improving process efficiency. Recent technological advancements, coupled with an integrated approach to sustainable operations management, can help to reduce production costs and to achieve the bottom line. This paper will describe the benefits of improving the front-end contractor hiring process, vital to keeping control of turnarounds, as it not only initiates safety dialogue, but also clarifies the financial and practical implications of incorporating expectations into contractors’ bids. The process steps covered include the selection of contractors with demonstrated satisfactory safety performance, contractual requirement to work safely and clarification of safety expectations upon award. Moreover, the paper will review the DuPont Turnaround Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]