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At the end of 2011, the Association of Lithuanian Serials initiated a survey, which aimed to ascertain whether Lithuanian journal editors, reviewers and authors encountered plagiarism, self-plagiarism and how they understood originality of a paper. Additionally, the survey looked at methods used for plagiarism prevention by editors and reviewers as well as ways, in which editors managed issues related to plagiarism. The survey suggests that no unanimous decision exists regarding the originality of a manuscript and that editors expect reviewers to identify plagiarism with little use of technologies. While answering to survey questions, respondents provided numerous comments. This demonstrates that plagiarism is a burning issue and scientific misconduct policy is needed in Lithuania. The survey was conducted during the period when the Lithuanian Research Council initiated the procedure for establishing the Ombudsman position. The Lithuanian Research Council funded several projects in 2012 and 2013, the aim of which was to familiarise the Lithuanian academic community with plagiarism prevention technologies and ethical aspects in academic publishing. The projects administrated by the Association of Lithuanian Serials provide research journal publishers and researchers related to journal publishing with a possibility of using CrossCheck system and discussing editorial policies.

Crisis management represents a multidisciplinary topic in many sciences. Social sciences, state affairs, medicine, engineering and many others are interested to handle unforeseen major great impact events. The paper presents some differences and common topics of crisis management using two different approaches. The first is Public Relations (PR), as part of the communication sciences; and the second is the Holonic Multi-Agent (HMAS) Concept, which is a research topic belonging to software engineering and computational sciences. We have two different approaches, but one common goal: providing the feasible support for the crisis management team under abnormal working conditions. Dealing with the holonic approach, the paper suggests a centralized distributed crises management, a non-linear approach in which the human factor's intuition, skills and expertise are key elements.

The paper explores the higher education institution experience activities regarding minors’ protection against abuse and exploitation within the international framework of the challenge under study. The research stands on the comparative analysis of the Lanzarote Committee documents, explored Parties’ replies to Question 2 (Education for children) of the Thematic Questionnaire and Question 8(a) (Education, awareness raising and training), first indent, of the General Overview Questionnaire. The analysis also took into account Academia's publications on the issue under study. The Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) faculty members’ participation in the Lanzarote Committee work also contributed to the research. The paper highlights qualitative analysis findings that cover such issues as the education contexts for preventive information delivery, their contents, tools and forms of disseminating preventive information, terminology used, parents’ engagement, situations of risks, etc. The above aspects are considered through the lenses of university engagement in the analysis. The paper argues that the university can contribute to capacity-building measures for minors’ education to prevent their abuse and exploitation; the university capacity to perform the relevant activities rests on its multiprofiled structure, comprehensive nature, and opportunities to collaborate with various agencies and engage specialists in pedagogy, law, medicine, psychology and psychiatry, etc. The research findings reveal that the university might play a significant role in shaping information, bridging institutional responses, coordinating the legislation, government policies and the public initiatives to promote action plans towards the nation-wide and international levels to protect minors and combat against their abuse and exploitation.

The paper presents a descriptive study that analyzes the relationship between science and common culture in the social representations of problems arising from climate change, stressing the importance of promoting adequate communication and education on climate risks and their implications for health. The global climate change on Earth due to natural and anthropogenic causes that occurs at different time scales is a matter of controversy among scientists, policy makers and especially among ordinary citizens who are informed, generally, for the most common means of communication, creating a common culture in relation to this aspect that reveals very interesting facts about what is meant and is known for Climate Change and the consequences that such knowledge can lead to mitigate or otherwise increase. The construction of the common culture on climate change and the problems that entails is comprised of different construction way scientific element; so that knowledge of the common culture on Climate Change can improve education and communication about the threat of it to health. The study was conducted from the selection of a significant sample of 512 university students taking as independent variables the branch of knowledge and the course. Has been used as a tool for data collection a questionnaire with 45 questions of closed type, of which the first 32 questions are made with the intention of assessing students' knowledge regarding Climate Change and the remaining 13 questions are related personal and subjective aspects This paper is part of the research RESCLIMA project supported by the Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, Government of Spain (EDU2015-63572-P) SI

This paper revisits the existing literature on the concept of citizenship in digital age. It provides a detailed discussion on the proponents and opponents of technological determinism. The paper should be read as an effort to reinitiate an important debate in the scholarship, which has been largely undermined while studying the Internet phenomenon in the information age. Thus, instead of offering a solution-oriented conclusion, the paper sets the stage to invite mass media and communication scholars’ attention back to revisit the important ideological concepts, so as to evolve and improve our existing theories on communication and change in the society.

Conditions in which contemporary employee teams are created and operate undergo dynamic changes. This paper presents research in the field of intergenerational cooperation in Polish organisations in the context of the observed demographic trends, based on literature studies and research conducted by the authors. The main aim of this paper is to attempt to answer the question: Is the age of employees reflected in the approach to intergenerational cooperation in Polish organisations? Therefore, statistical analyses were carried out to verify the research hypotheses. The statistical analysis was based on authors’ own pilot study on the age management in Polish small and medium-sized enterprises. The results of this research have approximate characteristics and refer only to the examined sample size.

In this paper are discussed the tools of marketing communication which the Department of communication of The Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications of Zilinska univerzita v Ziline uses in its activities. Specifically, we pay attention to various areas as advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion. The paper presents a survey of customer satisfaction with the presentation of the Department of communications. We have used a direct survey method, specifically the marketing research. The aim was to find out how students of selected classes perceive level of marketing activities in the field of communication at their department. This set out four key proposals arising from the previous stages of research and analysis. It is an informative brochure for potential students, informative board, innovation of the department's website, and suggestion for promotional products. Planning of marketing activities can be targeted at different defined objectives. In the case of the communication policy of the Department of Communications, this planning is designed to increase the effectiveness of marketing presentations. Through a detailed marketing plan drawn up by the various instruments of communication mix their introduction into the process of using will facilitate.

This auto-ethnographic paper intends to bring forward trust and control issues in a practical setting of a communications department of a Dutch municipal organization. The current situation entails that management in the municipality approaches IT projects from a linear and reductionist perspective, assuming that the world is controllable, predictable and manageable. Experience has shown that these projects often do not lead to the desired results. In this paper we discuss the balance between trust and control that is essential for sustainable change management, but it is important to note that this balance is context dependent and can only be achieved by learning from our own behavior by reflecting on our thoughts and actions. This approach, which puts practical experience in the centre, is based on insights from complex responsive processes theory, could lead to more sustainable project management, and allows us to explore what is really going on within the municipal organization.

This paper addresses intercultural competence to carry-out projects in North-Africa with success, taking the example of Algeria and Morocco. There are only few publications related to project management in North Africa and even less related to intercultural competence. The paper makes a modest attempt to help close this knowledge gap. The case study approach taken offers a trans-disciplinary approach to a vast subject and facilitates the transition from an academic /model-driven approach to the day-to-day practical challenges of the project manager's profession in a North African context. The objective of the paper is to underline the importance of intercultural competence to create a non-for profit project management organisations in Algeria and Morocco. The paper refers to existing models and examines behavioural elements of the intercultural competence by giving tangible examples collected in the field. Finally the paper comes up with recommendations to be considered before and during project start, in order to manage projects successfully.

Historic cities of developing countries’, architectural heritage need conservation. Public participation (PP) of high school students’ can be an effective tool. Aim of this paper is to share an experience in a historical neighbourhood, Yeldegirmeni, Istanbul. Yeldegirmeni was examined by final year students in “Analysis of Historical Buildings” course in Yeditepe University, Architecture Department. Results of the course were shared with high school students/teachers. These works which try to document and safeguard local cultural heritage, will be investigated in this paper. The paper presents findings of the course's presentations, workshops, exhibitions; discusses future scenarios of PP for architectural heritage conservation.

The ever-changing business environment resulting from changing consumer behaviors, fierce competition and advances in technology affect the strategic positioning of a brand. Maintaining healthy brands or embarking on a rebranding or repositioning strategy calls for a more creative set of branding management competencies in order to respond to the marketing challenges of the 21st century. This research paper attempts to assess brand management competences, attitudes and knowledge important in current business environment, to further accurately design branding-related curricula that truly reflect needs in the contemporary business and professional environment. Using a qualitative research approach, the data was collected from focus group interviews and questionnaires with seventeen management people from the private sector. The results identify the top-rated knowledge and/or competencies needed in branding a business, which are competence in research development, knowledge of brand strategic planning, ability to communicate added value in a clear way, knowledge of brand identity development, and ability to manage and keep the brand management process ‘alive’, respectively. The paper concludes with a discussion of the underlying key implications for both academia and business.

The purpose of this paper is to assess if and to what extent PPPs contribute to value creation for user and owner, by highlighting how PPP contribute to value creation in public schools in a Norwegian context. Little research has been found concerning PPPs contribution to value creation for user and owner. The analysis and document studies in this paper show that PPP compels to consideration of the life cycle, incentivises project owners to focus on output-based specifications and indicates commitment for the contractors to deliver. In sum, this indicates that PPP is suited for public schools in Norway.

Communicative city can be seen as interface to achieve urban development strategies. This paper focuses on the importance of increasing public awareness as agents of development through the development of communicative city elements where the community becomes more involved in city development process along with the increase and development of technological innovations, without forgetting the local cultural base. This paper focuses on the study of literature and related studies, and then analyze that before the agenda of the technopolis, or the development of cities based technology as the soul of development into growth centers that are innovative, it is necessary to create a conducive atmosphere in stakeholders interest at the municipal level, including the urban community itself to learn and innovate in a way to participate in urban development. Communication in the context of planning as the key to the creation of a coordination based on the development of science as a basis for competitiveness in sustainable city. Results of this paper show that the four keys of a communicative city have a big role to understand the concept of technopolis, and furthermore to make technopolis as the spirit of its development. The four keys of the comminicative city are; to develop condusive communication system between citizens, encouraging community participation, technology support (not limited to information and communication technology), and optimizing processes and procedures of city planning itself.

The objective of the paper is to look deeper on how these emergent and fast growing factors affect the relationship between ethical dilemma and governance in a newly industrialised country from the corruption and bribery aspect. The paper is explorative in nature. It identifies the need for new governance thinking, based on stakeholder and stewardship theories and transparency as well as its impacts in reducing corruption. The empirical study involves multiple qualitative case studies of multi-national corporations of transparency and governance in China (5 cases of multinational companies, and 1 corporate governance code). In this paper, we are not arguing on the role of governance as a control or reporting initiative for corruption, but its role to shun institutional weakness in reducing corruption and resource integration. The study will reveal the challenges of transforming the role of governance in fighting corruption. Strong governance system is a vital component of company efforts to reinforce the right incentives and practices and to address the corrupted practices that they confront and defy ethical dilemma. Governance takes account of all the interests that affect the viability, competence and moral character of an enterprise. Thus, the present results indicate, not only the positive relationship between governance and corruption, but also reveal the characteristics of dynamic governance thinking within a broader governance framework for developing values based service business. Future research in this area should focus on generalizing the present findings by studying the development and integration of governance and clearing the dilemma in other empirical settings and conceptualization, for instance developed economies.

Public art defined as artwork that is placed externally in public areas and mostly accessible for public appreciation and viewing purposes. The public art practice involves collaboration of stakeholders, promotes a sense of community and contributes to a substantial public realm. Therefore, to investigate the aesthetic and functional values of public art in the local context, this paper reviews several public art projects in Malaysia, as reference studies; examines the various typology and roles of public art installation. The outcome of this paper is hoped to provide a better understanding of public art for better quality of public realm.

When the National Educational Blueprint was launched in 2013, it had explicitly articulated its intention to provide an education system that would take into account the challenges of the 21st century. Adaptive leadership which originates from evolutionary biological sciences perspective has made significant strides toward the understanding of leadership in Knowledge-Era as an adaptive process in an unpredictable 21st century environment (Heifetz, 2004). This research was an attempt to take the first step toward the integration of leadership competence with capability that might lead to anticipated leadership effectiveness leadership in Sarawak schools. First, this paper defined the adaptive leadership (Heifetz, Karnia & Kramer, 2004). Second, it explained how leadership capabilities ( Hazy, 2004 ) could be used to compliment leadership competency in adaptive leadership to ensure leadership effectiveness. Third, this paper explained the leadership effectiveness processes based on Vanderbilt assessment for leadership effectiveness in schools (Porter, Polikoff, Goldring, Murphy, Elliot & May, 2010). Finally, it discussed the implications of adaptive leadership and leadership capabilities on leadership effectiveness in Sarawak schools particularly.

Qatar is exemplary for a country that has experienced fundamental economic and political changes in the last decades. One of the challenges that Qatar faces in achieving the national vision 2030 is the environmental development. This is by management of the environment such that there is harmony between economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Identity becomes an increasingly prominent topic in GCC region. It is a way of locating people within their social context and one with clear relevance to environmental attitudes and behaviors. This paper focuses on a valid input to strengthen the identity as a part of the urban context in Qatar and describe how it is relevant to the natural environment. There are many researches that have directly or indirectly addressed environmental identity, and that has shown the importance of identity in the building elements. This study analyzes data about three districts throughout Doha city- the capital of Qatar. The study aims at determining whether cultural practices were associated with stronger local identity. In this paper, a detailed review of the contemporary architecture in Qatar is carried out. This review demonstrates where ‘Traditional Criteria’ are available in three chosen contemporary areas in Doha- Native Function/ Activities responsive contemporary trend. An analytical study based on a survey process produces a framework of unifying cultural practice with contemporary architecture in the State of Qatar. The results of the cases study demonstrate what was learned and what was gained in understanding the Qatari contemporary architecture and how the cultural practice can be integrated to the contemporary architecture to support the identity of the country.

This paper analyses corporate social responsibility in relation to corporate reputation building and management. It provides theoretical analysis of reasons for corporate social responsibility and main practices of corporate social responsibility in relation to building good corporate reputation. However, main findings of this paper are related to the examination how corporate social responsibility activities increases and enhances corporate reputation. This affect is analysed from the perspective of various stakeholder groups.

This paper aims to highlight early and contemporary ideas on educational leadership from an Islamic perspective. It started with the definition of the term. Educational leadership in this context could be the process of guiding and influencing the members of the organization so that they will display initiative and love for the work that they do as a kind of worship towards achieving the common objectives of the organization. Educational leadership roles have been discussed in this paper. These are the visionary leader, the servant leader, the leader as a guide, the influential leader and the educative leader. The paper discussed also the styles of educational leadership that include brotherhood, collaborative, Shuratic or consultative and supportive leadership.

Purpose. According to the author of the paper, the basic assumption of Corporate Social Responsibility as the management concept, is the conviction that it should be oriented towards not only its own profits but it also should take into consideration social interests and, simultaneously, bring about an increase in the value of the company. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the essence of Corporate Social Responsibility as the source of competitive advantage and innovation on the example of the selected company. Methodology. In the paper there are briefly presented the theoretical assumptions of the essence of Corporate Social Responsibility, followed by the analysis of its impact on the performance of the selected company. There is indicated some basic information on the selected company, with special consideration of the examples of initiatives in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility introduced by the enterprise. There is also made a comparison of the number of clients visiting one of the stores of the selected company and the amount of takings of that store in the selected month of 2013 and 2014. Results. The initiatives presented in the paper, undertaken by the selected company, among others, in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility, so far, have resulted in the achievement of good financial results by them. The actions for the benefit of Corporate Social Responsibility are also reflected by numerous awards and distinctions, achieved by the company, in the categories of customer service and implementation of innovation. The conducted analysis allows for the conclusion that enterprises paying attention not only to the achieved profits but also taking into consideration the social aspect, are able to achieve the leading and competitive position on the market. Summing up, it is possible to conclude that running a socially responsible business, we help not only others but also ourselves. The theoretical contribution. The basic theoretical contribution of the paper is to indicate the essence of Corporate Social Responsibility, and then, to transfer the theoretical assumptions into the practical example reflecting the significance of initiatives of Corporate Social Responsibility developed by the selected company. Practical implications . In the paper, there is presented the practical example of the development of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in the selected company. The indicated specific initiatives in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility, undertaken by the selected company, may bring about the orientation of similar enterprises towards the opportunities to approach the development of the CSR strategy by appropriate social progress, investment of the resources, time and skills to provide the society with benefits. The analysis of the impact of these initiatives on the results achieved by the company, its performance, constitute an actual example of practical implication of the validity of the development of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in this company. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Effectiveness, Business Management. Paper type : Research paper.

Organizational change is a risky and challenging endeavor for any type of organization. There are many aspects to change management and one important aspect is persuasion. Persuasion helps to implement a successful change management program. A social hub is person who has social ties to many other people compared to most people. In popular culture, this type of person is also called a popular person. In organizations, there are popular employees who are in fact a social hub. These employees have influence on other employees and they can persuade others towards a particular belief. In this paper, we investigate the role of persuasive social hubs for organizational change. We believe persuasive social hubs can be used to achieve organizational change. In social studies, it is hard to replicate conditions and isolate certain factors. Therefore, in this paper, we benefit from computer simulations and isolate the effect of persuasion by stabilizing all other factors. Our analysis revealed that using social hubs increase the chance of success in organizational change.

The purpose of this paper is to report a qualitative study with fifteen Malaysian women managers, which explored the various ways women managers developed competencies at work via their lived experiences. Feminist epistemology was incorporated into the in-depth interview protocol with the aim of loosening the androcentric moorings of the empirical process in management research. The findings highlight that women managers valued informal learning using strategies such as ‘hit-the-road-running’ and being reflective. The paper highlights the need to understand women managers’ workplace learning so that their progression to senior management can best be supported.

This paper examines the correlation between Tomsk universities and local communities under the circumstances of current economic and social situations. Mutual influences (economic, social, cultural, etc.) are considered. The main directions of the development are outlined. Both benefits and problems of these relationships are analyzed. The paper involves the results of the network project “Universities and local communities: perspectives of the innovative development of the territory” (ISE-Center, Moscow, 2012).

This paper is based on literature search. The contribution of organisational knowledge is widely acknowledged. It is one of the indispensable assets for the organisations. Organisations (NGOs) may use it for their internal administration and external operations. Thus this knowledge is used for the socio-economic development of the beneficiaries. Organisational knowledge harbours in the policies, procedures, experiences of the organisations. The employees are also the good sources of organisational knowledge. This paper understands that organisational knowledge may be used for the mobilisation of resources, it helps the organisation for their capacity development, organisations may use this knowledge to gain strategic advantages and organisational knowledge helps the organisations to response with the changing environment. Future researchers may empirically examine the issues in the context of NGOs, or any For-Profit organisation.

Generally speaking, terminology management refers to a range of activities involved in designing, collecting, documenting and processing data to create a terminology resource. Given that terminology is essential to professional communication and practice in any field of expertise, the present paper argues in favour of integrating fundamental principles of terminology management into ESP teaching. In particular, the aim of the paper is twofold: to share the authors’ experience with such an interdisciplinary approach to teaching ESP to second-year students in Communication and Public Relations at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, and to pinpoint the ways in which practical terminology work, carried out by our students among other more traditional ESP specific activities, greatly benefits future Public Relations (PR) specialists.

In the age of globalization, a university's brand has a crucial value in facing change, competition and challenges set forth by the sometimes confusing expectations of the society. The current paper discusses the importance of image audit and possibilities to work with the inner stake-holders’ perceptions in order to consolidate and promote the university brand. The authors have relied on sociological surveys and image of organizations as main instruments while carrying out the research in 2011-2012, on a sample of 1099 students and 532 professors from Politehnica University of Timisoara (UPT), determined by probabilistic methods, namely through stratified sampling in the first phase and the second phase sampling group, with a rate of responses of 71%. Among the items measured in the case of students were: reasons for choosing the specialization offered by UPT, students’ information sources when selecting a college, institutional attributes of the university's personality. Professors have been asked to evaluate, among other items: the communication channels and their efficiency in institutional communication, their evaluation of the position of Politehnica University as compared to other universities in Romania and abroad, institutional attributes of the university's personality. The results were then subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. Recommendations and conclusions point at the necessity of communication campaigns and strategic planning for consolidating the image anchors identified through the methods discussed in the paper.

Members of parliament have central constitutional roles in passing laws, approving budgets, being accountable to the people and making decisions on behalf of the entire nation. Thus they have necessarily to possess the needed capacities and qualifications enabling them to fulfil their functions efficiently and effectively in a complex and globalised world ( Donohue and Holland, 2012 ). Purpose of this paper is to introduce the empirical research relating to the Lithuanian parliamentarians and former candidates to the parliament attitudes towards capacity building. The findings of this paper are based on the analysis of 29 semi-structured expert interviews conducted with the members of the Lithuanian parliament and former candidates to the parliament. The empirical research indicated that capacity building of the Lithuanian parliamentarians is not systematic and attitudes of the experts towards capacity building are ambiguous: from considerations that such activities are waste of tax payers’ money to personal responsibility taking and active involvement into qualification development activities. The conclusions were made that the system of capacity building of the Lithuanian parliamentarians should be improved paying special attention to the parliamentarians’ consciousness, ability to understand their own limitations and readiness to learn.

This paper shares the experience of an ongoing research on stakeholder-based planning and development in Solo City. The goal of the research is to find the connectivity among actors and the aspect that makes collaboration in Solo City happened. What makes the collaboration happened is hypothetically a growing trust and a good leadership with sense of entrepreneurship. The objective of the paper is to externalize and share the documentation of collaborative practices in city planning and development process, as lessons learned for other Indonesian cities. The observation indicates that trust from the community to the city hall is acquired as the city hall is consistent to the collaboration process in carrying the plan into implementation. The willingness of local community to participate and to deliver innovation in the process indicates a supportive foundation for the growing collaboration.

The paper focuses on ethical culture as one of the components of culture in an institution, an organization, a business or a company. We look into those characteristics of culture in which the ethical dimension may become dominant, or significant. The main problems of an institution, an organization, a business or a company include above all excessive self-centeredness, focus on short-term goals only, moral problems, the lack of cohesiveness between individual components of the organizational structure, strong sub-cultures, and individual barriers to positive development of culture. These problems often result in a number of ethical risks which can only be identified through ethical auditing. Ethical auditing is defined as a tool for development of favorable ethical climate. The paper presents three basic forms of ethical auditing: integrity auditing, ethics quick test, and moral values and weaknesses assessment. The aim of the audit should not be just to check something as an audit proves meaningful only after activities of the management, ordinary personnel, and the whole organization have improved. In the final part of the article we present partial results of empiric research based on a pilot ethical test completed by 77 part-time students of Travel & Tourism Management who commented on the situation in their workplace and at their faculty. The respondents consider the situation at the faculty as more favorable.

The paper discusses recent changes occurring in the sphere of research worldwide. A special accent is made on the difficulties that face Russian scholars within adaptation to Bologna Agreements, European Framework for Research Careers and the necessity to integrate into the world research market characterized by transparency, international cooperation, active mobility and worldwide scientific interdependence. The paper provides theoretical analysis of the mentioned changes, highlights the most significant barriers and constraints to becoming an internationally recognized researcher as pointed by the Russian scholars within the case-study of Southern Federal University in Russia. Eventually the author's conclusions and offers are made concerning the tactics for overcoming these constraining factors when planning contemporary researcher‘s lifelong transition trajectory at the international level.

This paper represents an analysis of the concepts of educational marketing and educational market offers in Romania. The paper intends to underline the main actors involved on the Romanian educational market and their predilect manners of presenting themselves on the market. We present the role of the marketing initiatives in the context of the management of the educational institutions, as marketing is an intrinsic component and a function of the institutional marketing. We make a distinction between the general marketing and the educationally focused marketing, on the bases of the market segmenting principles, that are traditional marketing principles, yet relatively new in the educational field. We present results of a research on the factors that lead to decisions in parents or students’ decision in choosing the school, in their relative order of importance. The research focused on the analysis of the factors which parents from Romania consider important when choosing a school in comparison with the factors recognized worldwide.

This paper examines the extent to which the affirmation of local identity is achieved in the context of cultural projects deployed in rural tourism by guesthouse owners from Maramures, asking if their initiatives of collecting “heritage” and displaying it in private family museums and exhibit-rooms contribute to raising awareness about their sense of belonging. More precisely, this paper explores the role these private “cultural agents” assign to their local “heritage” in the encounter with tourists. The interrogations concerning their choice to display “peasant goods” in exhibit-rooms and private family museums allow us to assume that the guesthouse owners’ recourse to these practices entails a reflexive process on the transformations of their rural domestic universe. The progress and changes they are forced to admit under the incidence of globalization determine them to choose their own identity reference system. Assuming the changes deliberately implies the claim of their “peasant past” and its display in exhibit-rooms and private family museums. In addition, it reinforces the local action of “heritage-making” as a means of negotiating social and cultural values on a regional scale. Using a reflexive approach, this study proposes to investigate the backstage underlying local “heritage-making”, to explore “heritage knowledge” produced by non-specialized “cultural agents”, to examine various interfaces of local “heritage” interpretations by guesthouse owners, and to question the meaning tourists are compelled to search beyond the exhibits. In sum, the purpose of this study is to examine the biography of “heritagised goods” through the narratives they enclose, as a lens to reveal the cultural and social “work” that private “cultural agents” from Maramures carry out in their rural communities in addition to the aim of their economic regeneration.

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are one of the most prominent trends in higher education in recent years. The term ‘MOOCs’ represents open access, global, free, video-based instructional content, videos, problem sets and forums released through an online platform to high volume participants aiming to take a course or to be educated. With time and place flexibility, MOOCs gathers scholars and ‘like-minded fellow learners around the globe’. Although it has a great prominence in its implementation, there is a lack of research studies and critical papers examining its current situation around the world. For this aim, beginning with the definition and a brief history of MOOCs, this paper examines it from various dimensions: pedagogical and technological implementations around the world and its research focus. Therefore, a literature review on MOOCs characteristics, timeline of its development and a blend of practical issues with the experiences of well-known MOOCs providers are presented.

This paper presents the reasons why teachers engage in professional development as well as the tensions and dilemmas that arise from professional development. The voices of 14 teachers are heard through individual semi-structured interviews. The transcripts of the interviews were analysed using thematic coding to uncover the themes related to the tensions that teachers feel when they are faced with decisions pertaining to professional development matters. Three dilemmas surfaced from our analysis and in this paper, we present them in a dualistic manner to highlight the tensions that resulted from these dilemmas faced by the teachers. The first dilemma concerns the issue of needs that are served through engagement in professional development activities. Here we discuss whether professional development should serve the needs of individual teachers or whether it should serve organizational needs. We highlight the forms of professional development activities that teachers should engage in and how they often find themselves torn between the urge to attend professional development activities that they personally enjoy and those that their peers and school would like them to attend. The second dilemma is related to teachers’ sense of responsibility to their pupils when they are engaged in professional development activities. The question that teachers commonly ask themselves before they decide on professional development activities is whether their students’ learning will be affected in their absence. The last dilemma is related to the first and it deals with whether professional development activities should be made compulsory or whether it should be voluntary for teachers. Understanding the tensions and dilemmas of professional development as experienced by teachers allows the policy makers and professional developers to make better decisions so that the fidelity of professional development policies and programs can be enhanced.

This paper considers the problem of universities as an important determinant of development of society. It is based on the mission of higher education in the context of the current needs of society. It accentuates the essential need for quality of higher education and also highlights some of the social problems associated with the application of university graduates in practice that results from economic and societal problems as well. This is particularly due to the absence of mechanisms to evaluate and present the responsibility of universities to society. Advancing trend of declining quality of educational process and research is noticeable in connection with the worsening climate for work at universities, increasing the number of university students etc. Part of the paper is a survey of student satisfaction with their university studies. Acquired research findings highlight some problems in university preparatory from the university students’ point of view. At the same time it also points to the possibility of improving higher education in the context of the needs of society.

This paper examines the characteristics of social media consisting a sense of belonging and following an online community in the context of tourism. A representative stratified sample of 301 respondents of foreign arrivals of tourists in the Athens airport, Greece in 2014 collected in June and July 2014 was employed. The sense of belonging was measured when following an online travel community. Results illustrated a statistically significant difference between men and women regarding how important it is for them to belong to an online travel community. In addition, research illustrated and described the shared characteristics of an online travel community. Essential features such as language specification requirements, the association of ideas, the exchange of comments and experiences among members are examined for the first time to date in this context in order to identify the framework of this relation. The paper describes the abovementioned characteristics in regard to belonging to an online travel community. The implications of the findings for companies, authorities and Destination Marketing Organizations concerning the shaping of their marketing and communication strategies and the opportunities that are created are further presented.

In recent years the flood of new technologies and the expanded use of social media have already changed the way people communicate with each other. New technologies and social media, however, can change the communication between Government and the citizens as they contribute decisively to the transformation of public administration towards a new and open format that will be characterized by: a) active participation of citizens in public affairs, b) close collaboration between public services and between government and citizens, and c) transparency of the State activities. The transition to an open governance is a process with many stages. This paper presents different models of e-government and open government referred to in the literature, and proposes a new model of open government. Furthermore, in this paper we will try to answer questions such as: What are the guidelines and commitments to Greece, Europe and the world? What is the level of penetration of new technologies in public administration in different countries and which ones are actively moving towards a model of open government? We will also present representative efforts developed in Greece and abroad that attempt to serve the principles of transparency, active participation, innovation and collaboration in the public sector. Finally suggestions and recommendations are made for further study and research.

Framed around the context of the historical policies and practices that have brought us to the current state of affairs in the education sector, this paper presents several key themes which focus on the need for schools to provide educated adults who can enter the society and the workplace fully prepared and ready to contribute to the organizations and corporations of a 21st century global economy. This preparedness now includes both work readiness and the development of global citizenry (diversified, culturally sensitive and fully contributing social citizens). The challenge of educating such citizens becomes particularly poignant to post-secondary (PSE) institutions. The paper explores self-directed learning, a stronger focus on andragogy (versus pedagogy) and re-visiting the role of the multidimensional stakeholders who have a vested interest in the success of adult learners. A theory of action is presented as a starting point for educational leaders to leverage collaborative relationship-building, connectivity and linkage to key groups such as alumni and community leaders.

Public relations studies emphasize significantly on the issue of public to gain organizational effectiveness. Grunig (1992) discussions on public describing organization's decision affect the public and secondly the public affects the organization's decision. In these situations, strategic management of public relations is required. This paper discusses the development of strategic public, issue and participation in the development of slope area in Bukit Antarabangsa, Selangor. This paper employs the situational theory of publics (Grunig, 1992) and discusses three variables of public communication behavior. Multiple methods of data were collected. This study supports the strategic management of public relations in public participation program planning.

The shareholders’ meeting conventionally is significant in determining the main direction of a company. However, since the separation of ‘ownership and control’, retaining the true purpose of having a meeting proves to be challenging. Modifications were made to the basic concepts of a meeting in order to meet with the demand of corporate practice. The question is to what extent the significant role of a meeting will subsist? This paper aims to address the issue by analysing the concept of a meeting and its development. In the end, this paper will reiterate on the importance of having a shareholders’ meeting.

Over recent years, the number of foreign students in South Korea continues to increase on the back of a global economy and cultural exchanges. However, there are many problems existed in campus under this background, because of international students demands often ignored in campus life. Therefore, this paper is focused on the campus environment for foreign students in Korea University and this paper is used the questionnaires and in-depth interviews to analyze the current situation. Results of this paper can be considered for the improvement of international education spaces in the campus and help university to cope with the contemporary challenges.

This paper discusses the relevant literatures with regard to the conceptualization of accountability from different perspectives, particularly from private and public sector. The importance of discharging accountability and related problems are also discussed in the paper. The next section of the paper deals with the linkages between accountability and performance measurement system comprising the issues of using performance measurement in the public sector and other implementation issues. The discussion of these issues is then relates to the philosophy of new public management (NPM) being adopted by public sector. The conflicting results on the roles of NPM in enhancing effectiveness are also being articulated, blending together the human aspects and the cultural values as pre-requisites for the success.

Local governments (LGOVs) are ubiquitous institutions for human cooperation and all need to communicate with their communities. Most Australian LGOVs employ at least one communicator but there are few principles to guide practice. This paper examines ‘responsible flexibility’, ‘soft governance’ and trends driving LGOV to enhance dialogue with communities and share ownership of problems and solutions. The paper argues that communicators are well placed to clarify and enhance their role in LGOV of the future by shifting communication focus from telling to listening, advocating the importance of transparency and communication in government, and developing expertise in facilitating community participation.

This paper attempts to reveal the use of ‘hedges’ as the realization of media ethics on newspaper. Hedges, expressing ‘grey’ meaning, are widely used by the journalists to convey certain information related to ethics. According to ethics, sensitive case associated with ‘ethnicity’, ‘race’, ‘religion’, and ‘social group’ should be presented in prudent way to avoid conflict which might appear among parties involved in the news. Accordingly, such information might not clearly and explicitly expressed. This paper will discuss the relationship between hedges realized in impersonating and protecting participants and journalistic ethics codes. This is a case study of ‘hedges’ employed in the editorial of Solopos, local Indonesian newspaper published in Surakarta.

The main problem discussed in the paper is the new challenges for public administration of vocational education and training (VET) due to innovations and globalization. Most of the attention in the paper is paid to the readiness of entrepreneurs jointly with municipalities to participate in the preparation of future qualified specialists. Co-operation among various educational establishments, the local government and the employers is crucial. A much neglected aspect still is the co-operation between VET and higher education (HE) institutions – which the authors see as a real driving force for the success of local partnerships to promote regional economic development with respective training of modern labour force at all levels. For the empirical research focus group discussions with public administration representatives, educators and entrepreneurs, as well as survey of entrepreneurs was used. The aim of the empirical study was to investigate the employers’ opinions and readiness at regional level to support the learners – the future labour force. The discussion on ‘common language’ was initiated at the focus group discussion. This requires further investigation for application at regional level with the involvement of all the relevant stakeholders.

Businesses have traditionally contributed to inclusive growth primarily through philanthropy or CSR. However, these initiatives have a modest societal impact when compared to the impact of core business operations on society. So businesses now have to integrate the social responsibility in their core business operations. Business should address inclusiveness and sustainability in their business strategy and not just as an afterthought. Many companies are now adopting such new business models that can deliver affordable products and services to those living in the middle and bottom of the pyramid. This paper looks into examples of how inclusivity can be made an important aspect of business strategy. This paper will look into how select organisations are running successfully and also addressing the larger societal needs through creative solutions to issues like healthcare, livelihood security, poverty etc which are very characteristic of the developing economies.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between social support and impression management on the well-being of flood victims in Malaysia. Literature review so far shows that there is a limited research on these variables especially in the area of disaster management in Malaysia. The paper is based on a quantitative approach by conducting a survey among flood victims. This study provides theoretical contributions to organizational communication research and the literature on disaster management context. On the other hand, the findings provide support for the effects of relationships between social support and impression management on the well-being of flood victims.

Financial literacy of individuals, the factors contributing to the level of financial knowledge, as well as tools for improving financial competence are frequently discussed topics in the academic papers. Most attention is paid to the measuring issues, because this is an initial step of developing a national strategy to enhance citizens’ financial literacy level. Measuring process requires a clear understanding of the concept, underlying components and an appropriate evaluation instrument. The current paper reflects the results of the authors’ conducted survey, based on the sample of 169 respondents. A set of 12 questions on financial matters was developed to detect perceived importance and complexity of financial literacy components, as well as to get financial literacy self-assessment scores. Data was processed by means of SPSS 20.0, applying such methods, as analysis of means, analysis of frequencies and independent samples t-test. Received results assist to precise the content and wording of questions to be included into the questionnaire for evaluation financial literacy level of Latvian citizens.

This paper seeks to discuss the functions of communication in ensuring effective leadership in the 21st century organization. The definition concept of leadership often intertwines and this provides various dimensions which create challenges to define leadership which encompasses all traits. Further, this paper later expanded from concept and definitions of leadership to leadership communication models. This paper recommended that leadership is about setting direction and aligning people to desired direction. Significantly, future leaders must be able to ensure that the subordinates are treated as members of the organization, whereby consistency in providing sound leadership would determine employee motivation and performance.

A rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is predominantly due to unhealthy urban lifestyle (e.g. work stress, being sedentary and unhealthy eating habits. This paper identifies health issues in Malaysia, and it reviews preventive measures to make people aware of the importance of healthy living. The paper contends that green space is beneficial, which encourage people to make good choices about their health. It reviews, researches that show that green space support greater outdoor activities and influence healthy behaviors. Thus, green space in the built environment is a significant health promotion agenda that improves the urban quality of life.