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Abstract: Just a few years ago, no one could imagine that ice swimming could evolve into a competitive sport. In the past, people swimming in ice-cold water were called madmen and, at best, were studied as scientific objects. Today regular competitions in ice swimming over different distances (ice mile, ice km, and shorter distances such as 50m, 100m, and 200m), and different disciplines are organized (freestyle, breaststroke, backstroke, butterfly). National championships, as well as continental and world championships, are also held, with new records set regularly. In this overview, we summarize the historical development of ice swimming up to a competitive sport and explore the risks in this nascent sports discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As compared to the general population schizophrenic patients are at increased risk of becoming delinquent. The majority of schizophrenic patients do not commit any crime, and the risk of the general population to be a target of a violent act by a person with schizophrenia is low. The causes of delinquency in schizophrenia are complex, but certain risk characteristics (e.g. an accompanying substance abuse) have been identified. The treatability and legal prognosis of schizophrenic offenders are good, which suggests that establishing a suitable helpers network could also be used for violence prevention in patients at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a disease of older people with preference for the female sex. A bilateral fracture of the sacrum in a premenopausal woman with osteoporosis is very rare. We describe the case of a 34-year-old premenopausal woman suffering a bilateral sacral fracture after lifting a bundle of paper. The reason for these fractures was a primary osteoporosis with the risk factors vitamin D insufficiency, smoking, decreased alimentary calcium intake, physical inactivity and nulliparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When comparing different studies on prison violence, it must be taken into account that correctional facilities vary considerably among one another. Studies conducted in Switzerland have shown that every one inmate in four is violent at least once during incarceration. These violent acts differ in regard to manifestation and a specific characterization of violence according to type, target, implication and trigger appears to be necessary. Existing criminal prognostic instruments are not suitable for estimating the risk of violent behavior in prisons. Therefore, the development of specific models is essential. International studies have identified various risk factors. However, due to the aforementioned differences in facilities, these predictors can only partly be transferred to a Swiss setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tests for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) rely on two main diagnostic principles, that is direct visualisation of coronary anatomy or detection of stress-induced myocardial ischaemia. Whether a given test is useful for the patient's management critically depends on the clinical context, that is pre-test probability for significant CAD. Not every test is suitable for every patient. Non-invasive tests have the highest diagnostic yield in patients with chest pain and intermediate pre-test probability. In these patients, tests typically confirm the presence of CAD or make it highly unlikely. In patients with low or high pre-test probability, non-invasive tests provide hardly any added diagnostic information. However, in patients with high pre-test probability of CAD, non-invasive tests are helpful for risk stratification. In asymptomatic patients, there is no established indication for any tests apart from calculation of a global cardiovascular risk based on traditional risk factors and initiation of primary preventive measures if appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is an important source of our prosperity. Miniaturization that is behind the combination of modules into new products together with today's high technology acceptance lead us to a wave of innovations, of such dimension humanity has never seen in its whole history. However, new technologies are accompanied by risks that often emerge rather late. In compliance to this, man reacts sensitively to the insertion of new technologies. Restrictions and bans are the consequences. Today, we face the challenge of assisting innovation by assessing and limiting their risks at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]