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In order to improve its water resistance and compatibility with polymer matrix, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is modified with melamine‐trimesic acid (MEL‐TA) aggregates by supramolecular self‐assembly technology. Chemical structure and morphology of APP@MEL‐TA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Intumescent flame retardant system of APP@MEL‐TA and charring‐foaming agent is introduced into polypropylene (PP) matrix. The flammability and combustion behavior of PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry tests. In terms of LOI values and cone combustion results, APP@MEL‐TA performs better than pristine APP. Char residue of PP composites is investigated by SEM and Raman spectra. Flame retardant mechanisms are proposed based on thermal decomposition, combustion results, and analysis on char residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piperazine cyanurate (PCA) is designed and synthesized via hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reactions between piperazine and cyanuric acid. Chemical structure and morphology of PCA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The prepared PCA is combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. Thermostability, flammability, and combustion characteristics of PP composites are analyzed. The maximum thermal decomposition rate of flame‐retarded PP composites has an apparent reduction compared with that of pure PP, and obvious char is left for this intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system of APP and PCA. A high limiting oxygen index value and UL‐94 V‐0 rating are achieved with addition of APP and PCA. In cone calorimetry test, heat and smoke releases of PP are significantly decreased by this IFR system. Gaseous decomposition products during the thermal decomposition of flame‐retardant composites are studied. Chemical structure and morphology of char residues are analyzed. The results illustrate that APP and PCA have a superb synergistic action in the aspect of improvement in fire safety of PP. A possible flame‐retardant mechanism is concluded to reveal the synergism between APP and PCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γ‐Al2O3 nanoflakes are decorated on the surface of graphene nanosheets by hydrothermal method. The chemical structures, composition, and morphology of the graphene nanohybrid are characterized. Alumina nanoflake‐coated graphene nanohybrid is incorporated into polypropylene (PP) matrix by master batch‐based melt mixing method. The effects of alumina‐graphene nanohybrid on the thermal stability and combustion behavior of PP are investigated. More char residue is left for PP composite containing alumina‐graphene nanohybrid. Peak heat release rate of pure PP is greatly decreased by this nanohybrid, corresponding to 30.6% reduction. Fire safety of PP is considerably enhanced. Flame retardant mechanisms are concluded based on the combustion results and char analysis. The barrier effect of graphene and catalytic charring actions of γ‐Al2O3 nanoflakes make the contribution to the enhanced flame retardant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]