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Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive genetic multisystemic disease. In Germany, it affects at least 8000 people. The disease is caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene leading to dysfunction of CFTR, a transmembrane chloride channel. This defect causes insufficient hydration of the airway epithelial lining fluid which leads to reduction of the mucociliary clearance.Even if highly effective, CFTR modulator therapy has been available for some years and people with CF are getting much older than before, recurrent and chronic infections of the airways as well as pulmonary exacerbations still occur. In adult CF life, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is the most relevant pathogen in colonisation and chronic infection of the lung, leading to further loss of lung function. There are many possibilities to treat PA-infection.This is a S3-clinical guideline which implements a definition for chronic PA-infection and demonstrates evidence-based diagnostic methods and medical treatment in order to give guidance for individual treatment options., Competing Interests: Eine Übersicht der Interessenkonflikt findet sich im Internet unter http://awmf.org; AWMF-Registernummer 026-022, (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Patients with asthma should be vaccinated against COVID-19. This includes patients with severe asthma. Treatment with a biological for asthma is no contra-indication for vaccination against COVID-19., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The open-circuit nitrogen washout technique, as developed by Gerhardt et al., seems to be ideally suited for assessing functional residual capacity (FRC) in infants. By performing this measurement in over 250 infants throughout the last three years, we gathered considerable practical experience of our own, but also encountered several methodological problems, which, so far, have received only little attention by the relevant literature, or have remained unresolved altogether. Our data illustrate the importance of reproducing the infant's own breathing rate and tidal volume when calibrating the system. The choice of the O2-background-flow should be based on the individual peak tidal inspiratory flow, as derived from the tidal flow-volume loop. The importance of maintaining this O2-background-flow unchanged between calibration and measurement is also demonstrated. The question, at which N2-concentration the measurement should be terminated, has remained unresolved. Diffusion of N2 from blood and tissue into the alveolar space is responsible for considerable noise. Our own measurements resulted in widely differing FRC-values for different N2-target-concentrations; these differences seem to increase with more severe bronchial obstruction. Finally, there remains the question, how long the minimal interval between two subsequent measurements should be. In conclusion, these unresolved questions have to be answered in relevant prospective studies, before recommending this technique for routine clinical application.

To evaluate the reliability and accuracy of a rapidly performed enzyme immunochromatography method for measuring the serum concentration of theophylline, we compared it with a conventional technique (fluorescence-polarisation immunoassay). We investigated 103 venous blood samples from children and adolescents with bronchial asthma, medicated with sustained-release theophylline preparations. There was a highly significant correlation of the measured values; with a few exceptions, the individual values scattered only narrowly around the regression line. Based on this close correlation, the investigated enzyme immunochromatography test can be recommended for rapid theophylline serum level determinations in clinical practice.