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Quality of life in lung transplant recipients (LTR) is reported to be comparable with that of the general population. However, previous studies have shown that exercise capacity was reduced to 30 - 40 % of normal values. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gap between good self-reported quality of life and reduced exercise capacity in LTR, to describe possible correlations and to compare the results with those of a control group (CG).27 LTR 208 +/- 67 days after bilateral lund transplantation (16 male, 11 female; age: 46 +/- 10 years; body mass index: 24 +/- 3 kg x m (- 2), FEV (1) % 75 +/- 27 %) and 30 controls (17 male 13 female; age 47 +/- 15 years; BMI: 26 +/- 4 kg x m (- 2), FEV (1) % 103 +/- 15 %) performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing and were interviewed with the standardized German "Quality of life profile for chronic disease" self-rating questionnaire.Significant differences were shown in objective exercise related variables (peak oxygen consumption: LTR 15.1 +/- 1.8, CG 34.5 +/- 9.1 ml x min (- 1) x kg (- 1); p0,01); peak workload: LTR 1.0 +/- 0.2; CG 2.4 +/- 1.0 W. kg (- 1); p0.01); percentage of predicted workload: LTR 44 +/- 12, CG 115 +/- 33 %; p0.01). The rating of subjective quality of life in physical, psychological and social domains of LTR did not differ from values of the CG or of the general population (n = 1143). The quality of life in the physical domain correlated significantly with peak exercise capacity (LTR r = 0.44, p0.05; CG r = 0.37; p0.05).Patients 7 months after lung transplantation described their physical, social and psychological quality of life as equally good as the healthy control group. However, peak exercise capacity and oxygen consumption were markedly reduced. To improve physical capacity in the range of daily activities, an exercise training program should be offered to patients after lung transplantation.