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1. Study of compositions of musks in different types secreted by forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii).

Author

Tianxiang Zhang, Weijiang Jin, Shuang Yang, Yimeng Li, Meishan Zhang, Minghui Shi, Xiaobing Guo, Dawei Li, Baofeng Zhang, Shuqiang Liu, and Defu Hu

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Musk is a secretion of the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Normal musk is a brown solid secretion with a light fragrance. In this study, abnormal types of musk, namely, white and black musks, were discovered during the musk collection process. Researchers have long been concerned with the components of musk. Herein, GC-MS, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were used to analyze the nonpolar organic components, volatile organic components, and sample similarities among different musks, respectively. Abundant steroid hormones and proteins were also found in the musk. The steroid hormone concentrations were detected using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Proteins in the samples were hydrolyzed and the amino acids concentrations were detected. The steroid hormone and amino acid concentrations in white musk were significantly lower than in normal and black musks (p

Published
2021
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2. Transcriptome analysis of muskrat scented glands degeneration mechanism.

Author

Yimeng Li, Tianxiang Zhang, Juntong Zhou, Shuang Yang, Mengyuan Fan, Xiaoning Sun, Meishan Zhang, Shanghua Xu, Muha Cha, Xiaolong Hu, Lei Qi, Shaobi Lin, Shuqiang Liu, and Defu Hu

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The scented gland, a musk-secreting organ of male muskrats, shows clear seasonal changes. When entering the secreting season in March, scented glands gradually increase in size and active secretion starts. In September, scented glands become gradually smaller and secretion decreases. By November, scented glands are gradually replaced by adipose tissue. In this study, six healthy adult male muskrats were analysed: three from the secreting season (March) and three from the non-secreting season (November). Using RNA-Seq analysis, gene expression profiles of scented glands from both seasons were determined. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, we found that genes involved in calcium and TGF-beta signalling pathways were significantly more expressed in the non-secreting than in the secreting season. These changes in gene expression correlated with alterations in scented gland size. Both calcium and TGF-beta signalling pathways are important regulators of cell apoptosis, which may thus be involved in muskrat scented gland degeneration.

Published
2017
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3. Study of compositions of musks in different types secreted by forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)

Author

Baofeng Zhang, Shuang Yang, Defu Hu, Weijiang Jin, Minghui Shi, Meishan Zhang, Tianxiang Zhang, Xiaobing Guo, Dawei Li, Shuqiang Liu, and Yimeng Li

Subjects
Moschus berezovskii, Physiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Social Sciences, Forests, Biochemistry, Cortisol, Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Spectrum Analysis Techniques, Psychology, Lipid Hormones, chemistry.chemical_classification, Mammals, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Chromatographic Techniques, Eukaryota, Ruminants, Amino acid, Smell, Vertebrates, Physical Sciences, Amino Acid Analysis, Medicine, Sensory Perception, Research Article, Science, Zoology, Research and Analysis Methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Steroid, medicine, Sex Hormones, Animals, Molecular Biology Techniques, Molecular Biology, Secretion, Molecular Biology Assays and Analysis Techniques, Steroid Hormones, Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, Deer, Organisms, Cognitive Psychology, Biology and Life Sciences, biology.organism_classification, Hormones, Steroid hormone, Amniotes, Cognitive Science, Perception, Organic component, Physiological Processes, Neuroscience
Abstract

Musk is a secretion of the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Normal musk is a brown solid secretion with a light fragrance. In this study, abnormal types of musk, namely, white and black musks, were discovered during the musk collection process. Researchers have long been concerned with the components of musk. Herein, GC-MS, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were used to analyze the nonpolar organic components, volatile organic components, and sample similarities among different musks, respectively. Abundant steroid hormones and proteins were also found in the musk. The steroid hormone concentrations were detected using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Proteins in the samples were hydrolyzed and the amino acids concentrations were detected. The steroid hormone and amino acid concentrations in white musk were significantly lower than in normal and black musks (p

Published
2020

4. Transcriptome analysis of muskrat scented glands degeneration mechanism

Author

Lei Qi, Shanghua Xu, Muha Cha, Sun Xiaoning, Mengyuan Fan, Shuqiang Liu, Shuang Yang, Shaobi Lin, Meishan Zhang, Tianxiang Zhang, Yimeng Li, Xiaolong Hu, Juntong Zhou, and Defu Hu

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Scent gland, Nucleotide Receptor Signaling, Physiology, Gene Expression, Adipose tissue, lcsh:Medicine, Apoptosis, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Biochemistry, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ion Channels, Transcriptome, 0302 clinical medicine, Cell Signaling, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Databases, Genetic, Gene expression, Medicine and Health Sciences, Membrane Receptor Signaling, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Cell Death, biology, Arvicolinae, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Physics, Gene Ontologies, Genomics, Electrophysiology, Cell Processes, Physical Sciences, Seasons, Transcriptome Analysis, Research Article, Signal Transduction, Biophysics, Neurophysiology, Research and Analysis Methods, Andrology, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, Genetics, Animals, Secretion, Scent Glands, Calcium Signaling, KEGG, Molecular Biology Techniques, Molecular Biology, Gene, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Proteins, Cell Biology, Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ligand-Gated Ion Channels, Genome Analysis, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Q, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience
Abstract

The scented gland, a musk-secreting organ of male muskrats, shows clear seasonal changes. When entering the secreting season in March, scented glands gradually increase in size and active secretion starts. In September, scented glands become gradually smaller and secretion decreases. By November, scented glands are gradually replaced by adipose tissue. In this study, six healthy adult male muskrats were analysed: three from the secreting season (March) and three from the non-secreting season (November). Using RNA-Seq analysis, gene expression profiles of scented glands from both seasons were determined. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, we found that genes involved in calcium and TGF-beta signalling pathways were significantly more expressed in the non-secreting than in the secreting season. These changes in gene expression correlated with alterations in scented gland size. Both calcium and TGF-beta signalling pathways are important regulators of cell apoptosis, which may thus be involved in muskrat scented gland degeneration.

Published
2017

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