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1. The epidemiological signature of influenza B virus and its B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the 21st century.

Author

Saverio Caini, Gabriela Kusznierz, Verònica Vera Garate, Sonam Wangchuk, Binay Thapa, Francisco José de Paula Júnior, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Richard Njouom, Rodrigo A Fasce, Patricia Bustos, Luzhao Feng, Zhibin Peng, Jenny Lara Araya, Alfredo Bruno, Doménica de Mora, Mónica Jeannette Barahona de Gámez, Richard Pebody, Maria Zambon, Rocio Higueros, Rudevelinda Rivera, Herman Kosasih, Maria Rita Castrucci, Antonino Bella, Hervé A Kadjo, Coulibaly Daouda, Ainash Makusheva, Olga Bessonova, Sandra S Chaves, Gideon O Emukule, Jean-Michel Heraud, Norosoa H Razanajatovo, Amal Barakat, Fatima El Falaki, Adam Meijer, Gé A Donker, Q Sue Huang, Tim Wood, Angel Balmaseda, Rakhee Palekar, Brechla Moreno Arévalo, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Raquel Guiomar, Vernon Jian Ming Lee, Li Wei Ang, Cheryl Cohen, Florette Treurnicht, Alla Mironenko, Olha Holubka, Joseph Bresee, Lynnette Brammer, Mai T Q Le, Phuong V M Hoang, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, John Paget, and Global Influenza B Study team

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

We describe the epidemiological characteristics, pattern of circulation, and geographical distribution of influenza B viruses and its lineages using data from the Global Influenza B Study. We included over 1.8 million influenza cases occurred in thirty-one countries during 2000-2018. We calculated the proportion of cases caused by influenza B and its lineages; determined the timing of influenza A and B epidemics; compared the age distribution of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata cases; and evaluated the frequency of lineage-level mismatch for the trivalent vaccine. The median proportion of influenza cases caused by influenza B virus was 23.4%, with a tendency (borderline statistical significance, p = 0.060) to be higher in tropical vs. temperate countries. Influenza B was the dominant virus type in about one every seven seasons. In temperate countries, influenza B epidemics occurred on average three weeks later than influenza A epidemics; no consistent pattern emerged in the tropics. The two B lineages caused a comparable proportion of influenza B cases globally, however the B/Yamagata was more frequent in temperate countries, and the B/Victoria in the tropics (p = 0.048). B/Yamagata patients were significantly older than B/Victoria patients in almost all countries. A lineage-level vaccine mismatch was observed in over 40% of seasons in temperate countries and in 30% of seasons in the tropics. The type B virus caused a substantial proportion of influenza infections globally in the 21st century, and its two virus lineages differed in terms of age and geographical distribution of patients. These findings will help inform health policy decisions aiming to reduce disease burden associated with seasonal influenza.

Published
2019
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2. Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination?

Author

Saverio Caini, Winston Andrade, Selim Badur, Angel Balmaseda, Amal Barakat, Antonino Bella, Abderrahman Bimohuen, Lynnette Brammer, Joseph Bresee, Alfredo Bruno, Leticia Castillo, Meral A Ciblak, Alexey W Clara, Cheryl Cohen, Jeffery Cutter, Coulibaly Daouda, Celina de Lozano, Domenica De Mora, Kunzang Dorji, Gideon O Emukule, Rodrigo A Fasce, Luzhao Feng, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Raquel Guiomar, Jean-Michel Heraud, Olha Holubka, Q Sue Huang, Herve A Kadjo, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Herman Kosasih, Gabriela Kusznierz, Jenny Lara, Ming Li, Liza Lopez, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, Maria Luisa Matute, Alla Mironenko, Brechla Moreno, Joshua A Mott, Richard Njouom, Nurhayati, Akerke Ospanova, Rhonda Owen, Richard Pebody, Kate Pennington, Simona Puzelli, Mai Thi Quynh Le, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Ana Rodrigues, Juan Manuel Rudi, Raymond Tzer Pin Lin, Marietjie Venter, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Sonam Wangchuk, Juan Yang, Hongjie Yu, Maria Zambon, François Schellevis, John Paget, and Global Influenza B Study

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

INTRODUCTION:Determining the optimal time to vaccinate is important for influenza vaccination programmes. Here, we assessed the temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and in the tropics, and discuss their implications for vaccination programmes. METHODS:This was a retrospective analysis of surveillance data between 2000 and 2014 from the Global Influenza B Study database. The seasonal peak of influenza was defined as the week with the most reported cases (overall, A, and B) in the season. The duration of seasonal activity was assessed using the maximum proportion of influenza cases during three consecutive months and the minimum number of months with ≥80% of cases in the season. We also assessed whether co-circulation of A and B virus types affected the duration of influenza epidemics. RESULTS:212 influenza seasons and 571,907 cases were included from 30 countries. In tropical countries, the seasonal influenza activity lasted longer and the peaks of influenza A and B coincided less frequently than in temperate countries. Temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics were heterogeneous in the tropics, with distinct seasonal epidemics observed only in some countries. Seasons with co-circulation of influenza A and B were longer than influenza A seasons, especially in the tropics. DISCUSSION:Our findings show that influenza seasonality is less well defined in the tropics than in temperate regions. This has important implications for vaccination programmes in these countries. High-quality influenza surveillance systems are needed in the tropics to enable decisions about when to vaccinate.

Published
2016
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3. The epidemiological signature of influenza B virus and its B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the 21st century

Author

John Paget, Olga Bessonova, Joseph S. Bresee, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Binay Thapa, Francisco José de Paula Júnior, Jenny Lara Araya, Florette K. Treurnicht, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Brechla Moreno Arévalo, Zhibin Peng, Raquel Guiomar, Gabriela Kusznierz, Q. Sue Huang, Herman Kosasih, Antonino Bella, Doménica de Mora, Rakhee Palekar, Olha Holubka, Maria R. Castrucci, Rudevelinda Rivera, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Gideon O. Emukule, Rodrigo Fasce, Rocio Higueros, Sandra S. Chaves, Fatima el Falaki, Mai T. Q. Le, Herve A. Kadjo, Patricia Bustos, Luzhao Feng, Ainash Makusheva, Vernon J. Lee, Richard Njouom, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Coulibaly Daouda, Gé Donker, Alfredo Bruno, Alla Mironenko, Cheryl Cohen, Jean-Michel Heraud, Li Wei Ang, Sonam Wangchuk, Mónica Jeannette Barahona de Gámez, Maria Zambon, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Angel Balmaseda, Lynnette Brammer, Amal Barakat, Richard Pebody, Adam Meijer, Verònica Vera Garate, Tim Wood, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research [Utrecht] (NIVEL), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni [Santa Fe, Argentina] (INER), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], Ministry of Health [Brasília, Brazil], Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Public Health England [London], Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), US Naval Medical Research Unit No.2 [Jakarta, Indonesia] (NAMRU-2), Naval Medical Research Center [Silver Spring, USA] (NMRC), Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Institut National de Santé Publique d'Abidjan-INSP, Ministry of Healthcare [Kazakhstan], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Kenya], Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut National d'Hygiène [Maroc], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), Pan American Health Organization [Washington] (PAHO), Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud [Panamá], Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal] (INSA), Ministry of Health [Singapore], National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Sanofi Pasteur [Lyon, France], The study is supported by a research grant from Sanofi Pasteur: the ‘Global Epidemiology of Influenza B’ research project. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for two authors (CEGS and JP) but did not have any additional role in the data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., The 'Global Influenza B Study team' (group authorship) includes the following scientists: Juan Manuel Rudi (jmrudi@anlis.gov.ar), National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Emilio Coni', Santa Fe, Argentina, Dorji Wangchuk (dorjiwangchuk@health.gov.bt) and Sangay Zangmo (szangmo@health.gov.bt), Royal Centre for Disease Control, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan, Daiana Araujo da Silva (daiana.silva@saude.gov.br), Ministry of Health, Department of Surveillance of Transmissible Diseases, Brasília/DF, Brazil, Winston Andrade (wandrade@ispch.cl), Sub-Department of Viral Diseases, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Jiandong Zheng (zhengjd@chinacdc.cn) and Ying Qin (qinying@chinacdc.cn), Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China, Joanna Ellis (joanna.ellis@phe.gov.uk), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Simona Puzelli (simona.puzelli@iss.it), National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy, Caterina Rizzo (rizzocaterina@gmail.com), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy, Linus Ndegwa (ikf7@cdc.gov), Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, Marit MA de Lange (marit.de.lange@rivm.nl) and Anne C. Teirlinck (anne.teirlinck@rivm.nl), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Jeffery Cutter (jeffery_cutter@moh.gov.sg) and Raymond Tzer Pin Lin (raymond_lin@moh.gov.sg), Public Health Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore, Than T. Le (lmot82@yahoo.com), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam, and Peter Kinuthia 42 (polorien@gmail.com), IHRC Inc., Atlanta, USA.

Subjects
RNA viruses, Male, Infecções Respiratórias, 0301 basic medicine, Viral Diseases, medicine.disease_cause, MESH: Influenza Vaccines, Seasonal influenza, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Influenza A virus, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH: Influenza B virus, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Northern Hemisphere, Vaccines, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, Geography, MESH: Influenza, Human, virus diseases, Medical microbiology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Influenza Vaccines, Population Surveillance, Viruses, Epidemiological Monitoring, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Medicine, Southern Hemisphere, Female, Age distribution, Seasons, Pathogens, MESH: History, 21st Century, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Infectious Disease Control, Science, MESH: Influenza A virus, Biology, Microbiology, History, 21st Century, Virus, MESH: Population Surveillance, MESH: Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, Population Metrics, Influenza, Human, medicine, Influenza viruses, Humans, Epidemics, MESH: Epidemics, Disease burden, MESH: Humans, Biology and life sciences, Population Biology, Organisms, Viral pathogens, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Estados de Saúde e de Doença, Virology, Influenza, MESH: Male, Microbial pathogens, Earth sciences, Influenza B virus, Vaccine mismatch, 030104 developmental biology, Virus type, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Epidemiological Monitoring, Geographic areas, MESH: Seasons, MESH: Female, Orthomyxoviruses
Abstract

Free PMC article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/31513690/ We describe the epidemiological characteristics, pattern of circulation, and geographical distribution of influenza B viruses and its lineages using data from the Global Influenza B Study. We included over 1.8 million influenza cases occurred in thirty-one countries during 2000-2018. We calculated the proportion of cases caused by influenza B and its lineages; determined the timing of influenza A and B epidemics; compared the age distribution of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata cases; and evaluated the frequency of lineage-level mismatch for the trivalent vaccine. The median proportion of influenza cases caused by influenza B virus was 23.4%, with a tendency (borderline statistical significance, p = 0.060) to be higher in tropical vs. temperate countries. Influenza B was the dominant virus type in about one every seven seasons. In temperate countries, influenza B epidemics occurred on average three weeks later than influenza A epidemics; no consistent pattern emerged in the tropics. The two B lineages caused a comparable proportion of influenza B cases globally, however the B/Yamagata was more frequent in temperate countries, and the B/Victoria in the tropics (p = 0.048). B/Yamagata patients were significantly older than B/Victoria patients in almost all countries. A lineage-level vaccine mismatch was observed in over 40% of seasons in temperate countries and in 30% of seasons in the tropics. The type B virus caused a substantial proportion of influenza infections globally in the 21st century, and its two virus lineages differed in terms of age and geographical distribution of patients. These findings will help inform health policy decisions aiming to reduce disease burden associated with seasonal influenza. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Published
2019

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