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1. IgA and neutralizing antibodies to influenza a virus in human milk: a randomized trial of antenatal influenza immunization.

Author

Elizabeth P Schlaudecker, Mark C Steinhoff, Saad B Omer, Monica M McNeal, Eliza Roy, Shams E Arifeen, Caitlin N Dodd, Rubhana Raqib, Robert F Breiman, and K Zaman

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Antenatal immunization of mothers with influenza vaccine increases serum antibodies and reduces the rates of influenza illness in mothers and their infants. We report the effect of antenatal immunization on the levels of specific anti-influenza IgA levels in human breast milk. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00142389; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00142389).The Mother's Gift study was a prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial that assigned 340 pregnant Bangladeshi mothers to receive either trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine during the third trimester. We evaluated breast milk at birth, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months, and serum at 10 weeks and 12 months. Milk and serum specimens from 57 subjects were assayed for specific IgA antibody to influenza A/New Caledonia (H1N1) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a virus neutralization assay, and for total IgA using ELISA. Influenza-specific IgA levels in breast milk were significantly higher in influenza vaccinees than in pneumococcal controls for at least 6 months postpartum (p = 0.04). Geometric mean concentrations ranged from 8.0 to 91.1 ELISA units/ml in vaccinees, versus 2.3 to 13.7 ELISA units/mL in controls. Virus neutralization titers in milk were 1.2 to 3 fold greater in vaccinees, and correlated with influenza-specific IgA levels (r = 0.86). Greater exclusivity of breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life significantly decreased the expected number of respiratory illness with fever episodes in infants of influenza-vaccinated mothers (p = 0.0042) but not in infants of pneumococcal-vaccinated mothers (p = 0.4154).The sustained high levels of actively produced anti-influenza IgA in breast milk and the decreased infant episodes of respiratory illness with fever suggest that breastfeeding may provide local mucosal protection for the infant for at least 6 months. Studies are needed to determine the cellular and immunologic mechanisms of breast milk-mediated protection after antepartum immunization.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00142389.

Published
2013
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2. IgA and neutralizing antibodies to influenza a virus in human milk: a randomized trial of antenatal influenza immunization

Author

K. Zaman, Monica M. McNeal, Robert F. Breiman, Eliza Roy, Rubhana Raqib, Saad B. Omer, Shams El Arifeen, Caitlin Dodd, Mark C. Steinhoff, and Elizabeth P. Schlaudecker

Subjects
Male, Immunoglobulin A, Viral Diseases, Time Factors, Anatomy and Physiology, Breastfeeding, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Antibody Specificity, Pregnancy, Immune Physiology, Influenza A virus, lcsh:Science, Vaccines, Multidisciplinary, biology, Vaccination, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infectious Diseases, Breast Feeding, Medicine, Female, Research Article, Adult, Adolescent, Clinical Research Design, Influenza vaccine, Immunoglobulins, Breast milk, Antibodies, Young Adult, medicine, Humans, Clinical Trials, Milk, Human, business.industry, lcsh:R, Immunity, Delivery, Obstetric, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, Influenza, Immunization, Immunology, biology.protein, Clinical Immunology, lcsh:Q, business, Breast feeding
Abstract

Background Antenatal immunization of mothers with influenza vaccine increases serum antibodies and reduces the rates of influenza illness in mothers and their infants. We report the effect of antenatal immunization on the levels of specific anti-influenza IgA levels in human breast milk. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00142389; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00142389). Methods and Findings The Mother's Gift study was a prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial that assigned 340 pregnant Bangladeshi mothers to receive either trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine during the third trimester. We evaluated breast milk at birth, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months, and serum at 10 weeks and 12 months. Milk and serum specimens from 57 subjects were assayed for specific IgA antibody to influenza A/New Caledonia (H1N1) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a virus neutralization assay, and for total IgA using ELISA. Influenza-specific IgA levels in breast milk were significantly higher in influenza vaccinees than in pneumococcal controls for at least 6 months postpartum (p = 0.04). Geometric mean concentrations ranged from 8.0 to 91.1 ELISA units/ml in vaccinees, versus 2.3 to 13.7 ELISA units/mL in controls. Virus neutralization titers in milk were 1.2 to 3 fold greater in vaccinees, and correlated with influenza-specific IgA levels (r = 0.86). Greater exclusivity of breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life significantly decreased the expected number of respiratory illness with fever episodes in infants of influenza-vaccinated mothers (p = 0.0042) but not in infants of pneumococcal-vaccinated mothers (p = 0.4154). Conclusions The sustained high levels of actively produced anti-influenza IgA in breast milk and the decreased infant episodes of respiratory illness with fever suggest that breastfeeding may provide local mucosal protection for the infant for at least 6 months. Studies are needed to determine the cellular and immunologic mechanisms of breast milk-mediated protection after antepartum immunization. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00142389

Published
2013

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