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Structural and individual level factors in prisons create challenges towards detection and management of HIV/tuberculosis. WHO and India’s HIV/tuberculosis control programs recommend intensified case finding in prisons. Low HIV and tuberculosis detection rates suggest poor implementation of existing surveillance strategies within the prison healthcare system in Mizoram’s capital city of Aizawl. We explored the operational feasibility of implementing the intensified case finding strategy in Aizawl central prison. We implemented the intensified screening through entry screening of new inmates, mass screening of resident inmates and exit screening at release. We set up digital chest radiography, sputum smear microscopy and HIV testing facilities within the prison and referral to external facility for Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT). We screened 738 inmates (Male: 626; Female: 112). Of 53% inmates having presumptive tuberculosis symptoms, 37% underwent sputum microscopy. We detected 14 new tuberculosis cases; overall tuberculosis positivity 1.9%. We tested 65% of 657 inmates for HIV, of which 41 new cases were detected; overall HIV positivity 16.5%. Three male inmates had HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. It is feasible to implement intensified case detection for tuberculosis/HIV in the prison with inter-departmental coordination, albeit with certain challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Population Services International (PSI) Myanmar’s social franchise network of general practitioners, known as Sun Quality Health Clinics (SQHC), provided tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment with Direct Observed Treatment Short course (DOTs) across Myanmar since 2004, with a total of 898 clinics across the country. People who sought TB treatment from these SQHC by themselves were regarded as walk-in patients. To augment TB case notification, PSI Myanmar developed two treatment seeking channels: Community Health Services Providers (CHSP) and Interpersonal Communicators (IPC). They actively sought people who were suspected to have TB and referred them to SQH clinics. In this study, we compared the loss to follow-up rates of TB patients across three treatment seeking channels; and investigated risk-factors for loss to follow-up. Methods and findings: A retrospective cohort design was applied using TB client records between 2012 and 2016. Outcome was defined as loss to follow-up in comparison to successful TB treatment (completed or cured). Multivariate Poisson regression was conducted to estimate incidence rate ratio of loss to follow-up. Of the 62,664 TB patients registered at the SQHC, around 10% each were actively screened by the CHSP and the IPC, and 78.9% were walk-in patients. Overall cumulative incidence for loss to follow-up rate was significantly higher in the IPC channel (14.2%, 95% CI 13.4–15.1%) than walk-in patients (8.9%, 95% CI 8.6–9.1%) and the CHSP channel (5.5%, 95% CI 5.0–6.1%) (p<0.001). The median time after which patients were lost to follow-up from treatment was 4.04 months. We found that patients with older age, male sex, patients residing in hilly region, unknown smear status, retreated cases, HIV co-infection, and unknown HIV status were risk-factors for loss to follow-up in the continuation phase of treatment; whereas patients with higher initial body weight, patients who received travel support and patients taking treatment in older providers were less likely to be lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we recommend that implementation strategies for improving case notification and treatment seeking should carefully consider retention strategies in parallel, and the identified influencing factors for loss to follow-up should be taken account for such consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Candida lusitaniae is an opportunistic yeast pathogen in certain high-risk patient populations/cohorts. The species exhibits an unusual antifungal susceptibility profile with tendency to acquire rapid resistance. Here, we describe prevalence of C. lusitaniae in clinical specimens in Kuwait, its antifungal susceptibility profile and role in neonatal fungemia. Methods: Clinical C. lusitaniae isolates recovered from diverse specimens during 2011 to 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. All isolates were identified by germ tube test, growth on CHROMagar Candida and by Vitek 2 yeast identification system. A simple species-specific PCR assay was developed and results were confirmed by PCR-sequencing of ITS region of rDNA. Antifungal susceptibility was determined by Etest. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were recorded after 24 h incubation at 35°C. Results: Of 7068 yeast isolates, 134 (1.89%) were identified as C. lusitaniae including 25 (2.52%) among 990 bloodstream isolates. Species-specific PCR and PCR-sequencing of rDNA confirmed identification. Of 11 cases of neonatal candidemia, 9 occurred in NICU of Hospital A and are described here. Eight of 9 neonates received liposomal amphotericin B, which was followed by fluconazole in 7 and additionally by caspofungin in 2 cases as salvage therapy. Three of 8 (37.5%) patients died. No isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspopfungin, micafungin and anidulafungin. The MIC ± geometric mean values for amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin were as follows: 0.072 ± 0.037 μg/ml, 2.32 ± 0.49 μg/ml, 0.09 ± 0.01 μg/ml and 0.16 ± 0.08 μg/ml, respectively. Only two isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole. Conclusions: This study describes the prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profile of clinical C. lusitaniae isolates in Kuwait. No isolate showed reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B. The study highlights the emerging role of C. lusitaniae as a healthcare-associated pathogen capable of causing fungemia in preterm neonates and causing significant mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]