4 results
Search Results
2. Role of ambient pressure in self-heating torrefaction of dairy cattle manure
- Author
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Kazunori Iwabuchi, Katsumori Taniguro, Siyao Chen, Takanori Itoh, and Naohiro Maemoku
- Subjects
Fossil Fuels ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Physical Chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochar ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Materials ,Multidisciplinary ,Moisture ,Atmospheric pressure ,Organic Compounds ,Chemistry ,Chemical Reactions ,Agriculture ,Deoxygenation ,Coal ,Atmospheric Pressure ,Charcoal ,Physical Sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,Medicine ,Organic Materials ,Research Article ,Chemical Elements ,Ambient pressure ,Livestock ,Science ,020209 energy ,Materials Science ,Dry basis ,Fuels ,Heating ,Animal science ,Oxidation ,Animals ,Cellulose ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Organic Chemistry ,Chemical Compounds ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Torrefaction ,Manure ,Carbon ,Oxygen ,Energy and Power ,Chemical Properties ,Cattle ,Heat of combustion - Abstract
This paper describes the role of ambient pressure in self-heating torrefaction of livestock manure. We explored the initiating temperatures required to cause self-heating of wet dairy cattle manure at different ambient pressures (0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 MPa). Then, we conducted proximate, elemental, and calorific analyses of biochar torrefied at 210, 250, and 290 degrees C. The results showed that self-heating was induced at 155 degrees C or higher for 0.1 MPa and at 115 degrees C or lower for 0.4 MPa or higher. The decrease of the initiating temperature at elevated pressure was due not only to more oxygen, but also to the retention of moisture that can promote chemical oxidation of manure. Biochar yields decreased with increasing torrefaction temperature and pressure, and the yield difference at 0.1 and 1.0 MPa was more substantial at lower temperatures: a 29.8, 16.4, and 9.4% difference at 210, 250, and 290 degrees C, respectively. Proximate and elemental analyses showed that elevated pressure promotes devolatilization, deoxygenation, and coalification compared to atmospheric pressure; its impact, however, was less at higher temperatures as the torrefaction temperature became more dominant. Calorific analysis revealed that elevated pressure can increase the higher heating value (HHV) on a dry and ash-free basis at 210 degrees C because of the increase in carbon content, but its impact is limited at 250 and 290 degrees C. Meanwhile, the HHV on a dry basis exhibited the opposite trend due primarily to an enlargement of ash content. The present study revealed that ambient pressure considerably affects the initiating temperature of self-heating and the chemical properties of biochar at a low torrefaction temperature.
- Published
- 2020
3. Digitization of natural objects with micro CT and photographs
- Author
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Kenji Kohiyama, Takashi Ijiri, Akira Hirabayashi, Hideki Todo, and Yoshinori Dobashi
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,business.product_category ,Computer science ,Physiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Digital Cameras ,Computed tomography ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Diagnostic Radiology ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Photography ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Computer vision ,lcsh:Science ,Tomography ,Digitization ,Digital camera ,Multidisciplinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Ecology ,Radiology and Imaging ,Plant Anatomy ,Eukaryota ,Cameras ,Climbing ,Bone Imaging ,Insects ,Optical Equipment ,Plant-Insect Interactions ,Engineering and Technology ,Algorithms ,Research Article ,Arthropoda ,Imaging Techniques ,010607 zoology ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Equipment ,Neuroimaging ,Flowers ,Research and Analysis Methods ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Texture (geology) ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Plant-Animal Interactions ,medicine ,Humans ,Animals ,Micro ct ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,business.industry ,Biological Locomotion ,Plant Ecology ,lcsh:R ,Ecology and Environmental Sciences ,Organisms ,Reproducibility of Results ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Invertebrates ,Computed Axial Tomography ,X-Ray Radiography ,lcsh:Q ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Volume (compression) ,Neuroscience - Abstract
In this paper, we present a three-dimensional (3D) digitization technique for natural objects, such as insects and plants. The key idea is to combine X-ray computed tomography (CT) and photographs to obtain both complicated 3D shapes and surface textures of target specimens. We measure a specimen by using an X-ray CT device and a digital camera to obtain a CT volumetric image (volume) and multiple photographs. We then reconstruct a 3D model by segmenting the CT volume and generate a texture by projecting the photographs onto the model. To achieve this reconstruction, we introduce a technique for estimating a camera position for each photograph. We also present techniques for merging multiple textures generated from multiple photographs and recovering missing texture areas caused by occlusion. We illustrate the feasibility of our 3D digitization technique by digitizing 3D textured models of insects and flowers. The combination of X-ray CT and a digital camera makes it possible to successfully digitize specimens with complicated 3D structures accurately and allows us to browse both surface colors and internal structures.
- Published
- 2018
4. Emotion computing and Word Mover's Distance
- Author
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Ning Liu and Fuji Ren
- Subjects
Computer science ,Emotions ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social Sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Anxiety ,computer.software_genre ,Infographics ,Machine Learning ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Feature (machine learning) ,Psychology ,lcsh:Science ,Language ,Multidisciplinary ,Applied Mathematics ,Simulation and Modeling ,Semantics ,Physical Sciences ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Graphs ,Natural language processing ,Word (computer architecture) ,Algorithms ,Research Article ,Computer and Information Sciences ,Feature vector ,Emotion classification ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Machine Learning Algorithms ,Dimension (vector space) ,Artificial Intelligence ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,business.industry ,Dimensionality reduction ,Data Visualization ,lcsh:R ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,020207 software engineering ,Linguistics ,Models, Theoretical ,Visualization ,Cognitive Science ,lcsh:Q ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Mathematics ,Neuroscience - Abstract
In this paper, we propose an emotion separated method(SeTF·IDF) to assign the emotion labels of sentences with different values, which has a better visual effect compared with the values represented by TF·IDF in the visualization of a multi-label Chinese emotional corpus Ren_CECps. Inspired by the enormous improvement of the visualization map propelled by the changed distances among the sentences, we being the first group utilizes the Word Mover's Distance(WMD) algorithm as a way of feature representation in Chinese text emotion classification. Our experiments show that both in 80% for training, 20% for testing and 50% for training, 50% for testing experiments of Ren_CECps, WMD features get the best f1 scores and have a greater increase compared with the same dimension feature vectors obtained by dimension reduction TF·IDF method. Compared experiments in English corpus also show the efficiency of WMD features in the cross-language field.
- Published
- 2018
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