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There are an increasing number of initiatives that recognize arable weed species as an important component of agricultural biodiversity. Such initiatives often focus on declining species that were once abundant and are still well known, but the ethnographic relevance of such species receives little recognition. We carried out an extensive literature review on the medicinal, ornamental, and cultural applications of three selected species, Papaver rhoeas , Centaurea cyanus, and Delphinium consolida , in the relevant Hungarian literature published between 1578 and 2021. We found a great diversity of medicinal usages. While P. rhoeas stands out with its sedative influence, D. consolida was mainly employed to stop bleeding, and C. cyanus was most frequently used to cure eye inflammation. The buds of P. rhoeas were sporadically eaten and its petals were used as a food dye. All species fulfilled ornamental purposes, either as garden plants or gathered in the wild for bouquets. They were essential elements of harvest festivals and religious festivities, particularly in Corpus Christi processions. P. rhoeas was also a part of several children's games. These wildflowers were regularly depicted in traditional Hungarian folk art. In poetry, P. rhoeas was used as a symbol of burning love or impermanence; C. cyanus was frequently associated with tenderness and faithfulness; while D. consolida regularly emerged as a nostalgic remembrance of the disappearing rural lifestyle. These plants were also used as patriotic symbols in illustrations for faithfulness, loyalty, or homesickness. Our results highlight the deep and prevalent embeddedness of the three iconic weed species studied in the folk culture of the Carpathian Basin. The ethnobotanical and cultural embeddedness of arable weed species should also be considered when efforts and instruments for the conservation of arable weed communities are designed.

Jacaranones are a small group of specific plant metabolites with promising biological activities. The occurrence of jacaranones is limited to only a few plant families, with Asteraceae being the most abundant source of these compounds. Therefore, jacaranones can also serve as chemotaxonomic markers. Our phytochemical investigation of Crepis pulchra L. (Asteraceae) resulted in three jacaranone derivatives (jacaranone, 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxyjacaranone, 2,3-dihydro-2-methoxyjacaranone), and (6 R ,9 S )-3-oxo-α-ionol- β -d-glucopyranoside, fulgidic acid, 12,15-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, scopoletin and apigenin-7- O - β -d-glucoside. This is the first report on the isolation of jacaranones from a species belonging to the Cichorioideae subfamily of Asteraceae. Jacaranone derivatives were subjected to an in vitro antiproliferative assay against a panel of human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, and C33A), revealing high or moderate activities, with IC 50 values ranging from 6.3 to 26.5 μM.