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The application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria has been widely studied in remediating Cd-contaminated soil, but only a few studies have reported on the interaction of P and Cd as well as the microbiological mechanisms with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in the soil because the activity of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria is easily inhibited by the toxicity of Cd. This paper investigates the phosphorus solubilization ability of Priestia aryabhattai domesticated under the stress of Cd, which was conducted in a soil experiment with the addition of Cd at different concentrations. The results show that the content of Ca2-P increased by 5.12–19.84%, and the content of labile organic phosphorus (LOP) increased by 3.03–8.42% after the addition of Priestia aryabhattai to the unsterilized soil. The content of available Cd decreased by 3.82% in the soil with heavy Cd contamination. Priestia aryabhattai has a certain resistance to Cd, and its relative abundance increased with the increased Cd concentration. The contents of Ca2-P and LOP in the soil had a strong positive correlation with the content of Olsen-P (p < 0.01), while the content of available Cd was negatively correlated with the contents of Olsen-P, Ca2-P, and LOP (p < 0.05). Priestia aryabhattai inhibits the transport of Cd, facilitates the conversion of low-activity P and insoluble P to Ca2-P and LOP in the soil, and increases the bioavailability and seasonal utilization of P in the soil, showing great potential in ecoremediating Cd-contaminated farmland soil with plant–microbe-combined technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]