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Global warming is posing a serious threat to crop production that can cause various types of environmental stresses. The genetic information of lentil in response to environmental stresses is severely lacking. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) can help plants deal with the adverse conditions caused by abiotic stress. Therefore, the identification of key HSPs can help provide comprehensive insights into molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress. In this study, RNA sequencing data analysis was used to identify, classify, and study the changes in expression of HSPs in lentil under cold, heat, drought, and salt stresses. Finally, the expression changes of the top HSPs under all treatments and control condition were validated by qRT-PCR. The results showed that among the six identified HSP classes, HSP40 and HSP60 have the highest and lowest percentage of transcription members, respectively. Our findings also show that the expression of HSPs is opposite under heat and cold stress. In addition, the results showed that the highest levels of HSPs’ expression occurred in response to temperature stresses, especially heat stress, while this change was not significant in drought and salt stresses. In general, our findings show that there is variation in the expression of HSPs in response to abiotic stresses, which can play an important role in better understanding the molecular mechanism of lentil tolerance to abiotic stresses.