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Three new species of Isodon (Lamiaceae) from China are described and illustrated, based on both morphological evidence and our recent phylogenomic studies of the genus. Isodonattenuatus , a herbaceous new species known only from the Fanjing Mountain, is shown to be sister to I.villosus , but they can be easily distinguished by leaf and inflorescence indumentum, calyx teeth shape and corolla tube morphology. Isodongongshanensis , a herbaceous new species collected from the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China, represents a distinct lineage within the genus. Isodonsukungii , a shrubby new species also endemic to the Hengduan Mountains, was previously misidentified as I.tenuifolius , but they are phylogenetically distantly related and differ in lamina size and margin, inflorescence type and corolla length and shape., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Ya-Ping Chen, Hua Peng, Alan J. Paton, Chun-Lei Xiang.)

The genus Coleus is revised for DR. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, based on herbarium taxonomy. Ninety-five taxa are reported (89 species, 1 subspecies, 5 varieties). Fifteen new species and one new variety are described ( Coleusduvigneaudii , C.esculentusvar.kolweziensis, C.hildei , C.kaminaensis , C.kundelunguensis , C.linarioides , C.lisowskii , C.marunguensis , C.minusculus , C.mitwabaensis , C.mystax , C.pengbelensis, C.piscatorum , C.pseudoschizophyllus , C.ruziziensis and C.zigzag ). Fourteen species are newly recorded in DR. Congo and two species are newly recorded in Burundi. Four new combinations are made (Coleusbetonicifoliusvar.kasomenensis, C.esculentusvar.densus, C.esculentusvar.primulinus and C.parvifolius ). Ten names are lectotypified. One name is neotypified. Thirteen new synonyms are reported. Particular attention is paid to the Coleusbojeri complex. Three names are resurrected to accommodate the extensive variation patterns in Central Africa ( C.chevalieri , C.collinus and C.heterotrichus ); their distribution in Africa is outlined and the circumscription of C.bojeri is amended accordingly. Fifteen taxa are endemic to the study region. A determination key is provided., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Pierre J. Meerts, Alan J. Paton.)

Syzygiumkampotense is a new species from Cambodia. Syzygiumcerasiforme , S.foxworthianum , and S.angkae and S.thorelii are new records from Cambodia, Vietnam and China, respectively. Syzygiumprainianumsubsp.minor and S.densinerviumvar.insulare are placed under S.prainianum and S.densinervium , respectively. Eugeniacochinchinensis , E.eburnea and E.ripicola , are reduced to synonymy under S.pellucidum . Lectotypes for Eugeniadensifloravar.angustifolia, E.pellucida and E.pellucidavar.contracta are designated., Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist., (Pranom Chantaranothai.)

Twenty-three species of Strobilanthes Blume with capitate inflorescences are enumerated in Thailand. Strobilanthesphengklaii Kladwong & Chantar., a new species from North-eastern Thailand, is described and illustrated. Strobilanthespaniculiformis J.R.I.Wood, S.phyllostachya Kurz and S.squalens S.Moore are new records in Thailand. Strobilantheskerrii Craib is reinstated, and S.evrardiivar.parviflora J.B.Imlay, S.bombycina J.B.Imlay, Hemigraphishispidula Craib and Sericocalyxthailandicus Bremek. are treated as new synonyms. 19 taxa are lectotypified. A key to species, taxonomic notes and photographs are provided as well as a preliminary conservation assessment and distribution maps., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Pornchai Kladwong, Pranom Chantaranothai.)

CarexsectionJunciformes is one of the most diverse groups of the genus in South America, consisting of approximately 30 species. Here we describe a new species, Carexrecondita , belonging to this section. We studied its placement within a molecular phylogeny of the group and found it to constitute an independent lineage. The new species is morphologically very close to C.austroamericana , from southern Patagonia, despite being phylogenetically divergent to the rest of Patagonian species of sect. Junciformes. So far, this species is known only from a few specimens recently collected in its type locality, despite growing in a well-collected area in the Andes of Metropolitana Region of Santiago, the most populated administrative region of Chile. We provide a detailed morphological description, comments on its relationship with other Southern Cone species of sect. Junciformes and relevant ecological notes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Paulo Muñoz-Schüler, Ana Morales-Alonso, José Ignacio Márquez-Corro, Mary T. K. Arroyo, Santiago Martín-Bravo, Pedro Jiménez-Mejías.)

Caesalpinioideae is the second largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) with ca. 4680 species and 163 genera. It is an ecologically and economically important group formed of mostly woody perennials that range from large canopy emergent trees to functionally herbaceous geoxyles, lianas and shrubs, and which has a global distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Following the recent re-circumscription of 15 Caesalpinioideae genera as presented in Advances in Legume Systematics 14, Part 1, and using as a basis a phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear gene sequences for 420 species and all but five of the genera currently recognised in the subfamily, we present a new higher-level classification for the subfamily. The new classification of Caesalpinioideae comprises eleven tribes, all of which are either new, reinstated or re-circumscribed at this rank: Caesalpinieae Rchb. (27 genera / ca. 223 species), Campsiandreae LPWG (2 / 5-22), Cassieae Bronn (7 / 695), Ceratonieae Rchb. (4 / 6), Dimorphandreae Benth. (4 / 35), Erythrophleeae LPWG (2 /13), Gleditsieae Nakai (3 / 20), Mimoseae Bronn (100 / ca. 3510), Pterogyneae LPWG (1 / 1), Schizolobieae Nakai (8 / 42-43), Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f. (5 / ca. 113). Although many of these lineages have been recognised and named in the past, either as tribes or informal generic groups, their circumscriptions have varied widely and changed over the past decades, such that all the tribes described here differ in generic membership from those previously recognised. Importantly, the approximately 3500 species and 100 genera of the former subfamily Mimosoideae are now placed in the reinstated, but newly circumscribed, tribe Mimoseae. Because of the large size and ecological importance of the tribe, we also provide a clade-based classification system for Mimoseae that includes 17 named lower-level clades. Fourteen of the 100 Mimoseae genera remain unplaced in these lower-level clades: eight are resolved in two grades and six are phylogenetically isolated monogeneric lineages. In addition to the new classification, we provide a key to genera, morphological descriptions and notes for all 163 genera, all tribes, and all named clades. The diversity of growth forms, foliage, flowers and fruits are illustrated for all genera, and for each genus we also provide a distribution map, based on quality-controlled herbarium specimen localities. A glossary for specialised terms used in legume morphology is provided. This new phylogenetically based classification of Caesalpinioideae provides a solid system for communication and a framework for downstream analyses of biogeography, trait evolution and diversification, as well as for taxonomic revision of still understudied genera., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Anne Bruneau, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Jens J. Ringelberg, Leonardo M. Borges, Roseli Lopes da Costa Bortoluzzi, Gillian K. Brown, Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso, Ruth P. Clark, Adilva de Souza Conceição, Matheus Martins Teixeira Cota, Else Demeulenaere, Rodrigo Duno de Stefano, John E. Ebinger, Julia Ferm, Andrés Fonseca-Cortés, Edeline Gagnon, Rosaura Grether, Ethiéne Guerra, Elspeth Haston, Patrick S. Herendeen, Héctor M. Hernández, Helen C. F. Hopkins, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Colin E. Hughes, Stefanie M. Ickert-Bond, João Iganci, Erik J. M. Koenen, Gwilym P. Lewis, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Alexandre Gibau de Lima, Melissa Luckow, Brigitte Marazzi, Bruce R. Maslin, Matías Morales, Marli Pires Morim, Daniel J. Murphy, Shawn A. O’Donnell, Filipe Gomes Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva Oliveira, Juliana Gastaldello Rando, Pétala Gomes Ribeiro, Carolina Lima Ribeiro, Felipe da Silva Santos, David S. Seigler, Guilherme Sousa da Silva, Marcelo F. Simon, Marcos Vinícius Batista Soares, Vanessa Terra.)

Phlomoides is one of the largest genera of Lamiaceae with approximately 150-170 species distributed mainly in Eurasia. In this study, we describe and illustrate a new species, P.henryi , which was previously misidentified as P.bracteosa , from Yunnan Province, southwest China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that P.henryi is found within a clade in which most species lack basal leaves. In this clade, the new species is morphologically distinct from P.rotata in having an obvious stem and, from the rest, by having transparent to white trichomes inside the upper corolla lip. In addition, micro-features of trichomes on the calyx and leaf epidermis can differentiate the new species from other species grouped in the same clade and a key, based on trichome morphology for these species, is provided. The findings demonstrate that the use of scanning electron microscopy can reveal inconspicuous morphological affinities amongst morphologically similar species and play an important role in the taxonomic study of the genus Phlomoides ., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Yue Zhao, Fei Zhao, Alan J. Paton, Jin-Fei Xiao, Ya-Ping Chen, Chun-Lei Xiang.)

The genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) has a wide and disjunct geographic distribution ranging from Eastern and South Asia to Malaysia, extending across the Neartics and reaching into the Neotropics. Regarding its infrageneric classification, the genus is divided into three subgenera: Yulania , Gynopodium and Magnolia , the latter including the section Talauma in which the native Brazilian taxa are classified. The species of Magnoliasect.Talauma can be recognized by two parallel longitudinal scars on the petiole formed by the shedding of the stipules, in addition to a woody syncarp that breaks into irregular plates at dehiscence. Currently, in Brazil, species recognition is not clear on national platforms that are widely used by the Brazilian botanical community (e.g. Flora do Brasil), with only two native Magnolia species being accepted: M.amazonica and M.ovata . The lack of knowledge about the species and their respective characteristics has resulted in many identification errors in Brazilian herbaria, which contributes to the lack of knowledge about their current conservation status. We conducted a complete taxonomic revision based on extensive fieldwork, a herbarium survey, along with literature study. Based on this, we propose to recognize three previously described species, supporting the acceptance of five native Magnolias occurring in Brazil, namely: M.amazonica , M.brasiliensis , M.irwiniana , M.ovata and M.sellowiana . However, we follow the Flora do Brasil in maintaining M.paranaensis as a synonym of M.ovata . Additionally, we designate a lectotype for M.sellowiana . We present morphological descriptions and the geographic distribution for each species, in addition to an identification key to all of these plus the two introduced ornamental species from Asia and North America, illustrations, photographs, ecological data, updated conservation status and taxonomic notes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Juliana Cruz Jardim Barbosa, Maria Beatriz Rossi Caruzo, Ana Rita G. Simões, Marie-Stéphanie Samain.)

Elatostema is recognized as a taxonomically difficult group due to the reduced nature of the tiny flowers and inflorescences, also the large number of species (ca 650 to 700). Different opinions on morphological species delimitation have resulted in instability, which is problematic in such a speciose group. In this paper, the taxonomic status of three putative species, E.robustipes , E.scaposum , E.conduplicatum and their hypothetical closest relatives, was revised using morphological and molecular observations. Morphological comparison suggested high similarity between E.robustipes & E.retrohirtum , E.scaposum & E.oblongifolium , E.conduplicatum & E.coriaceifolium , respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of four universal DNA barcodes (ITS, trnH - psbA , matK and rbcL ) suggested that each species pair represents a single evolutionary lineage. Taking these two findings together, we propose E.robustipes to be a synonym of E.retrohirtum , E.scaposum a synonym of E.oblongifolium , and E.conduplicatum a synonym of E.coriaceifolium . Our results recover the number, shape and size of the bracts and bracteoles to be relatively stable characters, and the disposition of the male inflorescences on modified stems to be an unstable character, unsuitable for species delimitation in Elatostema ., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Zi-Bing Xin, Alexandre K. Monro, Ren-Fen Wang, Long-Fei Fu.)

Ardisiakrauensis , a new species of Primulaceae from Peninsular Malaysia, is described and illustrated. The new species is assignable into subgenus (§) Pyrgus on account of specialised lateral reproductive branches bearing a terminal inflorescence subtended by foliose bracts. Morphologically, the new species mostly resembles Ardisiarigida in having elliptic leaves. However, the new species can be distinguished by the combination of its lateral veins number, the inflorescence branching pattern, the rachis and flower colour, and the stigma shape. Ardisiakrauensis is found in an entirely protected habitat, thus, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Avelinah Julius, Suhaimi Syahida-Emiza, Timothy M. A. Utteridge.)

Monodoreae (Annonaceae) is a tribe composed of 11 genera and 90 species restricted to the tropical African rain forests. All the genera are taxonomically well circumscribed except the species rich genera Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis which lack a recent taxonomic revision. Here, we used a robust phylogenomic approach, including all the 90 currently accepted species, with several specimens per species, and based on more than 300 Annonaceae-specific nuclear genes, to infer the phylogenetic tree of the Monodoreae and test the limits between the genera and species. We recover all the genera as monophyletic, except the genus Uvariopsis for which the species Uvariopsistripetala falls outside this clade. We thus reinstate the monotypic genus Dennettia for its single species Dennettiatripetala . We also erect a new tribe, Ophrypetaleae trib. nov. , to accommodate the genera Ophrypetalum and Sanrafaelia , as we recover them excluded from the Monodoreae tribe with good support. Below the genus level, the genera Isolona , Monodora , Uvariastrum , Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis show weakly supported nodes and phylogenetic conflicts, suggesting that population level processes of evolution might occur in these clades. Our results also support, at the molecular level, the description of several new species of Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis , as well as several new synonymies. Finally, we present a taxonomic revision of the genera Dennettia , Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis , which contain one, 18 and 17 species respectively. We provide a key to the 11 genera of the Monodoraeae and describe four new species to science: Uvariodendronkimbozaense Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov. , Uvariodendronmossambicense Robson ex Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov. , Uvariodendronpilosicarpum Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov. and Uvariopsisoligocarpa Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov. , and provide provisional descriptions of three putatively new species. We also present lectotypifications and nomenclatural changes implying synonymies and new combinations ( Uvariodendroncitriodorum (Le Thomas) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov ., Uvariodendronfuscumvar.magnificum (Verdc.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov. , Uvariopsiscongensisvar.angustifolia Dagallier & Couvreur, var. nov. , Uvariopsisguineensisvar.globiflora (Keay) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov. , and Uvariopsissolheidiivar.letestui (Pellegr.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov. )., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Léo-Paul M. J. Dagallier, Frank M. Mbago, Marie Couderc, Myriam Gaudeul, Aurélie Grall, Caroline Loup, Jan J. Wieringa, Bonaventure Sonké, Thomas L. P. Couvreur.)

A synopsis of Heliotropiaceae in Thailand is presented and, as part of this, the taxonomic history, identification keys, distribution maps, herbarium specimen citations and diagnostic characters are provided. Two genera and 12 species are recognised and four new combinations are proposed of Tournefortia under the genus Heliotropium , namely H.hookeri , H.intonsum , H.montanum and H.ovatum . Two species are newly recorded in Thailand: Euplocaovalifolia and H.hookeri . The neotype and lectotype are designated here for Tournefortiamontana and T.boniana , respectively., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Kanokorn Rueangsawang, Pranom Chantaranothai.)

Four new species are described from central and eastern Angola and adjacent NW Zambia. All occur in Kalahari sand savannas rich in endemic and more widely distributed geoxylic suffrutices. Despite being known from very few collections, the conservation status of one of these new species is assessed as Least Concern, as these grasslands are nutrient-poor, are in remote sparsely populated areas, and are not threatened with conversion to agriculture. The remaining three are treated as Data Deficient. In addition, one new combination is provided for Ancylanthosrubiginosus Desf. under Vangueria as V.rubiginosa (Desf.) Lantz is an illegitimate later homonym. We also make orthographic corrections to specific epithets commemorating Ilse von Nolde, a collector who made important collections from Quela in Malange in the 1930s., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (David J. Goyder, Nina Davies, Manfred Finckh, Amândio Gomes, Francisco Maiato P. Gonçalves, Paulina Meller, Alan J. Paton.)

Connective glands are important morphological characters for the taxonomy of some genera of Malpighiaceae, with few recent studies having just elucidated these glands' anatomical and ecological functions. In order to test the systematic relevance of connective glands to the currently accepted phylogenetic informal clades of Malpighiaceae, we characterised the anatomy and/or histochemistry of two-thirds of Malpighiaceae genera and ten species from nine families of Malpighiales to test: 1. Do connective glands occur in the flowers of all informal clades of Malpighiaceae?; and 2. Are they taxonomically relevant to characterise those clades? We sampled 25 genera and 26 species of Malpighiaceae, processing their anthers using traditional anatomical methods and characterising their glands using light microscopy and SEM imaging. Selected species were subjected to histochemical tests, and an additional 21 genera and 33 species of Malpighiaceae and nine families (ten species) of Malpighiales were included in our sampling from the literature. Three anatomical characters were scored, coded and mapped using Maximum Likelihood methods onto the molecular phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. All sampled species of Malpighiaceae showed connective glands characterised as epidermal or trichomal elaiophores. Our character-mapping analyses recovered connective elaiophores as a new synapomorphy for Malpighiaceae. Different types of epidermal or trichomal elaiophores were recovered as homoplasies for the Christianella and Banisteriopsis clades and the genera Byrsonima , Camarea and Cottsia . Our analyses also recovered the glands' place of insertion in the stamen and the exudate type as potential new synapomorphies or homoplasies for the families of Malpighiales sampled. Our results propose the connective elaiophores as a new synapomorphy for Malpighiaceae and hypothesise the role that different staminal glands might play in the systematics of Malpighiales. Further comprehensive anatomical studies are still needed for the staminal glands of most families of this order to shed new light on the patterns recovered in our study., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Gustavo Arévalo-Rodrigues, Isa L. de Morais, Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson.)

Recent fieldwork in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, resulted in the collection of an endemic new species of Ardisia , described here as Ardisiarecurvipetala Julius, Siti-Munirah & Utteridge. The species is a member of subgenus (§) Crispardisia on account of its vascularised glands (bacterial nodules) on the leaf margin and the terminal inflorescence on a specialised lateral branch subtended by a normal leaf (rather than a reduced bract-like leaf). Ardisiarecurvipetala is unique amongst all members of § Crispardisia by having leaf margins with both vascularised glands and pustule-like structures and can be further distinguished from other Peninsular Malaysian members of this subgenus by the lamina raised between the leaf venation giving a somewhat bullate appearance, unbranched inflorescences, brownish-red pedicels and recurved corolla lobes, each with a creamy-white apex and a small pink patch at the base. Ardisiarecurvipetala is known only from a single location in Terengganu and its conservation status is assessed as Data Deficient (DD)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Avelinah Julius, Mat Yunoh Siti-Munirah, Timothy M. A. Utteridge.)

In this data paper, we present a specimen-based occurrence dataset compiled in the framework of the Conservation of Endemic Central African Trees (ECAT) project with the aim of producing global conservation assessments for the IUCN Red List. The project targets all tree species endemic or sub-endemic to the Central African region comprising the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), Rwanda, and Burundi. The dataset contains 6361 plant collection records with occurrences of 8910 specimens from 337 taxa belonging to 153 genera in 52 families. Many of these tree taxa have restricted geographic ranges and are only known from a small number of herbarium specimens. As assessments for such taxa can be compromised by inadequate data, we transcribed and geo-referenced specimen label information to obtain a more accurate and complete locality dataset. All specimen data were manually cleaned and verified by botanical experts, resulting in improved data quality and consistency.

Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data sampling all species of Leucochloron alongside representatives of genera of the Inga and Albizia clades of the larger ingoid clade of mimosoid legumes (sensu Koenen et al. 2020) confirm the non-monophyly of the genus Leucochloron . We show that Leucochloronbolivianum is placed in the Albizia clade, while the remaining four species of Leucochloron are placed in the Inga clade, in line with previous results. To rectify this non-monophyly, L.bolivianum is segregated as the new genus, Boliviadendron , with a single species, Boliviadendronbolivianum , narrowly endemic to the interior Andean valleys of Bolivia. We illustrate this new segregate genus, present a map of its distribution and discuss the striking lack of morphological distinctions between Boliviadendron and Leucochloron , as well as the phylogenetic and morphological affinities of Boliviadendron to the genera Enterolobium and Albizia ., (Élvia Rodrigues de Souza, Priscilla Gomes C. de Almeida, Lamarck Rocha, Erik J.M. Koenen, Margoth Atahuachi Burgos, Gwilym P. Lewis, Colin E. Hughes.)

Robust evidence from phylogenomic analyses of 997 nuclear genes has recently shown, beyond doubt, that the genus Prosopis is polyphyletic with three separate lineages, each with affinities to other genera of mimosoids: (i) Prosopisafricana is an isolated lineage placed in the grade of Plathymenia , Newtonia and Fillaeopsis that subtends the core mimosoid clade; (ii) the remaining Old World species of Prosopis form a clade that is sister to the Indo-Nepalese monospecific genus Indopiptadenia and (iii) New World Prosopis has the Namibian / Namaqualand monospecific endemic genus Xerocladia nested within it. This means that it is now clear that maintaining the unity of the genus Prosopis sensu Burkart (1976) is no longer tenable. These three distinct lineages of Prosopis species correspond directly to Burkart's (1976) sectional classification of the genus, to previously recognised genera and to the differences in types of armature that underpin Burkart's sections. Here, we address this non-monophyly by resurrecting three segregate genera - Anonychium , Neltuma and Strombocarpa and provide 57 new name combinations where necessary, while maintaining the morphologically distinctive and geographically isolated genera Xerocladia and Indopiptadenia . The genus Prosopis itself is reduced to just three species and an emended description is presented. The impacts of these name changes for a genus of such high ecological and human use importance are discussed. These impacts are mitigated by clear differences in armature which facilitate identification and by potential benefits from the deeper biological understanding brought about by recognition of these divergent lineages at generic rank. We provide an identification key to genera and present a map showing the distributions of the segregate genera, as well as drawings and photos illustrating variation in armature and fruits., (Colin E. Hughes, Jens J. Ringelberg, Gwilym P. Lewis, Santiago A. Catalano.)

Recent phylogenomic analyses of 997 nuclear genes support the long-held view that the genus Entada is congeneric with Elephantorrhiza . Entada is resolved as monophyletic only if the genus Elephantorrhiza is subsumed within it. The two genera were distinguished solely by relatively minor differences in the mode of dehiscence of the fruits (a craspedium separating into one-seeded endocarp segments in Entada versus a craspedium with the whole fruit valve breaking away from the persistent replum in Elephantorrhiza ) and the craspedial fruit type itself provides a shared synapomorphy for the re-circumscribed Entada . Here, we provide a synopsis of Entada , including 11 new combinations in total, for the eight species, one subspecies and one variety previously placed in Elephantorrhiza , as well as a new combination for a subspecies of Entadarheedei Spreng. not previously dealt with when Entadapursaetha DC. was placed in synonymy. These new combinations are: Entadaburkei (Benth.) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadaelephantina (Burch.) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadagoetzei (Harms) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadagoetzeisubsp.lata (Brenan & Brummitt) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadaobliqua (Burtt Davy) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadapraetermissa (J.H. Ross) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadarangei (Harms) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadarheedeisubsp.sinohimalensis (Grierson & D.G. Long) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadaschinziana (Dinter) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadawoodii (E. Phillips) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; and Entadawoodiivar.pubescens (E. Phillips) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. We provide a revised circumscription of the genus Entada which now comprises 40 species distributed pantropically, with the greatest diversity of species in tropical Africa. We present a complete taxonomic synopsis, including a map showing the global distribution of the genus and photographs showing variation amongst species in habit, foliage, flowers and fruits. A short discussion about extrafloral nectaries, mainly observed in the Madagascan species, is presented., (Shawn A. O’Donnell, Jens J. Ringelberg, Gwilym P. Lewis.)

A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Caesalpinia group demonstrated that it comprises 26 genera, but the recognition of a putative 27 th genus, Ticanto , remained in doubt. This study presents a phylogenetic analysis of ITS and five plastid loci revealing a robustly supported monophyletic group representing the Ticanto clade, sister to the morphologically distinct genus Pterolobium . Based upon this evidence, along with a morphological evaluation, the genus Ticanto is here reinstated. Descriptions are provided for all nine species of Ticanto , together with a key to the species, maps, and colour photographs. Nine new combinations are made: Ticantocaesia (Hand.-Mazz.) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.crista (L.) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.elliptifolia (S. J. Li, Z. Y. Chen & D. X. Zhang) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.magnifoliolata (Metcalf) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.rhombifolia R. Clark & Gagnon, T.sinensis (Hemsl.) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.szechuenensis (Craib) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.vernalis (Champion ex Benth.) R. Clark & Gagnon and T.yunnanensis (S. J. Li, D. X. Zhang & Z.Y. Chen) R. Clark & Gagnon. The final major question in the delimitation of segregate genera from within Caesalpinia sensu lato and the Caesalpinia group is thus resolved., (Ruth P. Clark, Kai-Wen Jiang, Edeline Gagnon.)

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae with ca. 4,600 species in 152 genera is the second-largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) and forms an ecologically and economically important group of trees, shrubs and lianas with a pantropical distribution. Despite major advances in the last few decades towards aligning genera with clades across Caesalpinioideae, generic delimitation remains in a state of considerable flux, especially across the mimosoid clade. We test the monophyly of genera across Caesalpinioideae via phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes sequenced via targeted enrichment (Hybseq) for 420 species and 147 of the 152 genera currently recognised in the subfamily. We show that 22 genera are non-monophyletic or nested in other genera and that non-monophyly is concentrated in the mimosoid clade where ca. 25% of the 90 genera are found to be non-monophyletic. We suggest two main reasons for this pervasive generic non-monophyly: (i) extensive morphological homoplasy that we document here for a handful of important traits and, particularly, the repeated evolution of distinctive fruit types that were historically emphasised in delimiting genera and (ii) this is an artefact of the lack of pantropical taxonomic syntheses and sampling in previous phylogenies and the consequent failure to identify clades that span the Old World and New World or conversely amphi-Atlantic genera that are non-monophyletic, both of which are critical for delimiting genera across this large pantropical clade. Finally, we discuss taxon delimitation in the phylogenomic era and especially how assessing patterns of gene tree conflict can provide additional insights into generic delimitation. This new phylogenomic framework provides the foundations for a series of papers reclassifying genera that are presented here in Advances in Legume Systematics (ALS) 14 Part 1, for establishing a new higher-level phylogenetic tribal and clade-based classification of Caesalpinioideae that is the focus of ALS14 Part 2 and for downstream analyses of evolutionary diversification and biogeography of this important group of legumes which are presented elsewhere., (Jens J. Ringelberg, Erik J. M. Koenen, João R. Iganci, Luciano P. de Queiroz, Daniel J. Murphy, Myriam Gaudeul, Anne Bruneau, Melissa Luckow, Gwilym P. Lewis, Colin E. Hughes.)

Pileadanxiaensis L.F.Fu, A.K.Monro & Y.G.Wei, a new species of Urticaceae from Danxia landform, Guangdong, China, is described and photographed. Phylogenetic analyses based on three DNA regions (ITS, trnL-F and rbcL ) suggest that the new species belongs to P.sect.Pilea. Within the section, the new species is morphologically most similar to P.sinocrassifolia and P.peploides . Plastid genome and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences of the new species are assembled and annotated. The plastid genome is 151,857 bp in length and comprises two inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,307 bp separated by a large single-copy of 82,836 bp and a small single-copy of 18,407 bp. A total of 113 functional genes are recovered, comprising 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. A global conservation assessment suggests that P.danxiaensis should be classified as of Least Concern (LC)., (Long-Fei Fu, Chi Xiong, Alexandre K. Monro, Qiang Fan, Zai-Xiong Chen, Fang Wen, Zi-Bing Xin, Yi-Gang Wei, Wen-Bo Liao.)

Ardisiawhitmorei Julius & Utteridge, sp. nov. (Primulaceae-Myrsinoideae), a member of ArdisiasubgenusStylardisia on account of the style protruding from the closed petals prior to anthesis, is herein described and illustrated as a new species. This new species is easily distinguished by the combination of the inflorescences with a slender rachis branched to two orders, the corolla lobes are abaxially glabrous with usually up to only two gland-dots near the apex and the brochidrodromous secondary veins with double loops near the margin., (Avelinah Julius, Timothy M.A. Utteridge.)

An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants is presented. It was compiled referring to several information sources such as existing literature, relevant online databases and herbaria collections. The checklist includes 7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging to 226 families and 1,746 genera. There are 6,804 angiosperms, 257 pteridophytes, and 38 gymnosperms. A total of 6,171 taxa are native to Mozambique, while 602 are introduced and the remaining 326 taxa were considered as uncertain status. The endemism level for Mozambique's flora was assessed at 9.59%, including 278 strict-endemic taxa and 403 near-endemic. 58.2% of taxa are herbaceous, while shrubs and trees account respectively for 26.5% and 9.2% of the taxa. The checklist also includes ferns (3.6%), lianas (1.7%), subshrubs (0.5%) and cycads (0.3%). Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae are the three most represented families, with 891, 543 and 428 taxa, respectively. The extinction risk of 1,667 taxa is included, with 158 taxa listed as Vulnerable, 119 as Endangered and as 24 Critically Endangered. The geographical distribution, known vernacular names and plants traditional uses are also recorded., (Délcio Odorico, Enrico Nicosia, Castigo Datizua, Clayton Langa, Raquel Raiva, Joelma Souane, Sofia Nhalungo, Aurélio Banze, Belkiss Caetano, Vânia Nhauando, Hélio Ragú, Mário Machunguene Jr., Jónata Caminho, Leonel Mutemba, Efigénio Matusse, Jo Osborne, Bart Wursten, John Burrows, Silvio Cianciullo, Luca Malatesta, Fabio Attorre.)

A new species, Causonissessilifolia , from Thailand is described, based on morphological and phylogenetical methods. A full description, conservation assessment, a key, images and phylogenetic tree are provided. Diagnostic characters for this species are sessile leaves that are sometimes opposite and inflorescence insertion interfoliar., (Anna Trias-Blasi, Manop Poopath, Li-Min Lu, Gaurav Parmar.)

Cuscutamantiqueirana Costea, S.S. Silva & Sim.-Bianch. a new species from montane cloud forests of the Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the new species belongs to sect. Subulataeofsubg.Grammica. The new species is related to C.odoratavar.botryoides, C.rotundiflora and C.globiflora from which it differs in narrower calyx lobes and the presence of four stomatiferous lobes or projections at the distal part of the ovary. A detailed morphological comparison with C.odoratavar.botryoides, morphologically the most similar taxon, is provided along with the geographical distribution, ecology and host range of the species. The morphological and phylogenetic relationships of the new species, as well as the diversity of stomatiferous projections, are discussed in the broader context of sect. Subulatae and subg. Grammica. Cuscutabolivianavar.paranensis is considered a synonym of C.odoratavar.botryoides., (Mihai Costea, Simone Soares da Silva, Rosangela Simao-Bianchini, Ana Rita G. Simoes, Sasa Stefanovic.)

Euphorbiambuinzauensis , a succulent new species of the Synadenium group in Euphorbiaceae from Makueni County, Kenya, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it is most similar to E.pseudomollis , but differs mainly by its shrubby habit (up to 4 m), abaxial leaves surfaces with densely stellate hairs, 2-4-forked cymes, smaller bracts (ca. 2.5 × 3.0 mm), smaller cyathia (6 mm wide), crimson glands without narrow smooth margin, smaller fruits (ca. 8 × 7 mm) and ovoid seeds (ca. 1.8 × 2.2 mm). Furthermore, we performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Synadenium group in Euphorbiasect.Monadenium, based on complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) datasets. This phylogenetic inference also supports it to be a distinct species. The new species is assessed as Endangered using the IUCN criteria., (Neng Wei, Fredrick Munyao Mutie, Geoffrey Mwachala, Olwen M. Grace, Guang-Wan Hu, Qing-Feng Wang.)

In this study, Indigoferawenholdiae , a new species of Fabaceae from the Agulhas Plain Region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa, is described. A composite photographic plate is included along with a distribution map, description of habitat and ecology and proposed IUCN conservation status. Indigoferawenholdiae is unique in the I.brachystachya group by having digitately compound (vs. pinnately compound) leaves, white and unscented flowers (vs. pink and sweetly scented flowers) and grows on sandstone hillsides (vs. coastal limestone plains and outcrops)., (Brian du Preez, Leanne L. Dreyer, Charles H. Stirton, A. Muthama Muasya, Brian D. Schrire.)

Within the legume family, the taxonomic status of subtribe Glycyrrhizinae of tribe Galegeae and of the genus Adinobotrys has been re-assessed. Based on genome skimming data, we conducted phylogenomic analyses of the inverted repeat-lacking clade within subfamily Papilionoideae. The results support the sister relationship between Glycyrrhizeae and Adinobotrys . Glycyrrhizeae is resurrected based on Glycyrrhiza and Glycyrrhizopsis , and a new tribe, Adinobotryeae, is proposed to accommodate Adinobotrys .

During a taxonomic study of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium, it was found that the names of four species required typification. Verification of the protologues and cited collections is discussed and typifications are proposed as follows: the illustration Schott Icones Aroideae No. 465 is designated as the neotype of A. affine Schott. A lectotype is designated for A. bonplandii G.S.Bunting since the holotype, cited in the protologue at MY, was not found there. An epitype is selected for A. solitarium Schott because the lectotype illustration of J.M.C. Vellozo ( Flora Fluminensis t. 123 ) lacks sufficient detail to determine it unambiguously to species in A. sect. Pachyneurium. A lectotype is selected for A. glaziovii Hook.f., a synonym of A. solitarium ., (Mel de Castro Camelo, Lívia Godinho Temponi, Simon Joseph Mayo, Marcus Alberto Nadruz Coelho, José Fernando A. Baumgratz.)

Glinus is a small genus of Molluginaceae with 8-10 species mostly distributed in the tropics of the World. Its composition and evolutionary relationships were poorly studied. A new molecular phylogeny constructed here using nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast ( rbcL , trnK-matK ) markers confirmed the monophyly of the genus. Based on ITS analysis, the following well-supported lineages are present within Glinus : the G. bainesii lineage is recovered as sister to the remainder of the genus followed by G. oppositifolius. Three other clades are: G. hirtus with G. orygioides ; G. radiatus and G. lotoides ; the latter is represented by a sample from North America, and G. zambesiacus as sister to G. setiflorus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides . On the plastid gene tree, G. bainesii + G. oppositifolius form a sister clade to all other Glinus species. The next clade is formed by G. hirtus and G. orygioides followed by G. radiatus plus an American sample of G. lotoides . The next branch comprises G. setiflorus as sister to G. zambesiacus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides . Glinus seems to have originated from Africa around the Late Eocene or Early Miocene, with further radiations to Australia and the Americas during the Late Miocene or Late Pliocene. Compared with the previous limited character set used for the diagnostics, we have found ten new morphological and carpological traits distinguishing Glinus members. In both trees based on nuclear and plastid datasets, the major phylogenetic clades cannot be characterized by the peculiar morphological characters. Many shared character states leading to their contrasting pattern in the multivariate analysis model are interpreted as a high homoplasy in the phylogenetically distant species. We paid special attention to the composition of the genus in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region with the greatest species diversity. Our results provide new insight into the taxonomy of Glinus in this region. Glinus lotoides var. virens accepted in many previous works is a synonym of G. dictamnoides that is closely related to G. lotoides based on molecular analysis and morphological characters. The status of the American populations of G. lotoides needs further investigation due to different characters of the specimens from the Old and the New World. Many specimens previously identified as G. lotoides var. virens and as the intermediates G. lotoides × G. oppositifolius belong to G. zambesiacus sp. nov. and G. hirtus comb. nov. (≡ Mollugo hirta ); the latter species is resurrected from synonymy after 200 years of unacceptance. In some African treatments, G. hirtus was known under the invalidly published name G. dahomensis . Glinus zambesiacus is distributed in the southern and eastern parts of tropical Africa, and G. hirtus previously assumed to be endemic to West Africa is indeed a species with a wide distribution across the tropical part of the continent. Glinus microphyllus previously accepted as endemic to West Tropical Africa together with other new synonyms (G. oppositifolius var. lanatus, G. herniarioides , Wycliffea rotundifolia ) is considered here as G. oppositifolius var. keenanii comb. nov. (≡ Mollugo hirta var. keenanii), a variety found across the entire distribution of G. oppositifolius (Australia, Asia, and Africa). The presence of the American G. radiatus in Africa is not confirmed, and all records of this species belong to G. hirtus . The lectotypes of some names ( G. dictamnoides , G. herniarioides , Mollugo hirta , M. setiflora , Pharnaceum pentagynum , Wycliffea ) as well as a neotype of G. trianthemoides are designated. A new key to the identification of all Glinus species in Sub-Saharan Africa is provided. A checklist is given of all accepted species in this region ( G. bainesii , G. hirtus , G. lotoides , G. oppositifolius s.l., G. setiflorus , and G. zambesiacus ) with their nomenclature, morphological description and geographical distribution., (Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Alexander Sennikov, Marie Claire Veranso-Libalah, Maria Kushunina, Maya V. Nilova, Roger Heath, Alison Heath, Yuri Mazei, Maxim A. Zaika.)

The pantropical genus Rourea Aubl. (Connaraceae) is composed of ca. 70 species, most of which occur in the Neotropics. Rourea is currently subdivided into three subgenera, with the American taxa included in Rourea subgen. Rourea. Forero (1976) recognised six sections for the species of the New World, with Rourea subgen. R. sect. Multifoliolatae being exclusive to Brazil, characterised by multifoliolate leaves, relatively small leaflets and the staminal tube (0.8-)1-1.5 mm long. Following Forero's (1976) treatment, additional botanical collections have become available in Brazilian herbaria, allowing re-evaluation of species concepts. This work recognises and revises 12 species in this section, mainly restricted to southeastern Brazil and southern Bahia. A nomenclatural and taxonomic study of these species is here presented, including an identification key, morphological descriptions, illustrations and geographic distribution maps. A new species is also described., (Cassio A. P. Toledo, Vinicius Castro Souza, Eve J. Lucas.)

Based on extensive herbarium, field, botanical illustration, and molecular phylogenetic research, five genera and eight species are recognised for the Neotropical Haemodoraceae. New taxa include Cubanicula Hopper et al., Xiphidium pontederiiflorum M.Pell. et al. and Schiekia timida M.Pell. et al. Two new combinations are made, Cubanicula xanthorrhizos (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. and Schiekia silvestris (Maas & Stoel) Hopper et al. We also correct the author citation for Xiphidium , provide the necessary typifications for several names and present an updated identification key, comments, and photo plates for all species. Finally, we provide high-quality illustrations for most of the recognised species and their diagnostic characters., (Marco O. O. Pellegrini, Ellen J. Hickman, Jorge E. Guttiérrez, Rhian J. Smith, Stephen D. Hopper.)

Two new species from Borneo that have been described in the genus Callerya are shown here to belong in Adinobotrys . The new combinations A. katinganensis and A. sarawakensis have consequently been made, bringing the total number of species in the genus to four. A morphological key and taxonomic conspectus is provided for all species., (James A. Compton, Brian D. Schrire.)

Two new species of Aglaia from Indonesia are described, Aglaia monocaula restricted to West Papua, and Aglaia nyaruensis occurring on Borneo (Kalimantan, Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak). A phylogenetic analysis using nuclear ITS and ETS, and plastid rps15-ycf1 sequence data indicates that the two new species of Aglaia are also genetically distinct. Aglaia monocaula belongs to sectionAmoora, while A. nyaruensis is included in section Aglaia. A dichotomous key, drawings and three-locus DNA barcodes are provided as aids for the identification of the two new species of Aglaia . In addition, the geographic range of Aglaia mackiana (section Amoora) is expanded from a single previously known site in Papua New Guinea to West Papua, Indonesia., (Caroline M. Pannell, Jan Schnitzler, Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl.)

We present taxonomic notes, including updated species descriptions and images, for the nine species of Agrostis and one species of Podagrostis found in páramos of Departamento Boyacá, Colombia ( A. boyacensis , A. breviculmis , A. capillaris , A. foliata , A. cf. imberbis, A. mertensii , A. perennans s.l., A. stolonifera , A. tolucensis , Podagrostis trichodes ). Agrostis cf. imberbis, previously known from austral South America, is newly recorded for Colombia, A. capillaris is a new regional record for Boyacá, and the name Agrostis stuebelii is lectotypified. We include keys in English and Spanish to distinguish the 15 species of Agrostis and two species of Podagrostis that are cited as occurring in Colombia.

Based on morphological study and corroborated by unpublished molecular phylogenetic analyses, five grass species of high-mountain grasslands in Mexico, Central and South America, Agrostis bacillata , A. exserta , A. liebmannii , A. rosei , and A. trichodes , are transferred to Podagrostis and bring the number of species of this genus recognized in the New World to ten. The name Apera liebmannii is lectotypified and epitypified. We provide an updated genus description for Podagrostis , and updated species descriptions, images, and notes on the new combinations. The diagnostic characteristics differentiating Podagrostis from Agrostis are: a) palea that reaches from (2/3) ¾ to almost the apex of the lemma; b) florets that usually almost equal the length of the glumes or are at least ¾ the length of the glumes; c) rachilla extension present and emerging from under the base of the palea as a slender short stub (rudimentary or up to 1.4 mm long, sometimes obscure in most florets in P. rosei ), smooth or scaberulous, glabrous or distally pilulose (hairs < 0.3 mm long); d) lemmas usually awnless, sometimes with a short straight awn 0.2-0.6 mm long, inserted medially or in the upper 1/3 of the lemma, not surpassing the glumes (awn well-developed, straight or geniculate and inserted in lower 1/3 of lemma, not or briefly surpassing glumes in P. rosei ). We include a generic key to distinguish the species of Podagrostis from other similar genera in Latin America and a key to distinguish the species of Podagrostis now accepted as occurring in these areas.

Hanceola is a genus of eight herbaceous species previously thought to be endemic to southern China. However, H. suffruticosa , a new species described here from China and Vietnam, differs from all other species of Hanceola by its subshrubby habit. It is also distinct in its shallowly bicrenate laminae and densely purplish glandular puberulent inflorescences. The morphological description, illustrations, and distribution of the new species are presented. A key to all species of Hanceola is also provided., (Ya-Ping Chen, Alan J. Paton, Chun-Lei Xiang.)

Ardisia argentiana and A. nagaensis from subgenus Tetrardisia are herein described and illustrated as new species. They are endemic to Borneo and the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan and to the Malaysian state of Sarawak, respectively. Ardisia argentiana is unique in its linear-oblong leaves, with a long, acuminate-caudate apex, and finely serrulate margins, while A. nagaensis can be easily recognized by its elliptic-lanceolate leaves., (Avelinah Julius, Tadashi Kajita, Timothy M. A. Utteridge.)

A new species from the Northern Peruvian Andes (Cajamarca department), Drymaria veliziae sp. nov. , is proposed in the present paper. It grows in the high-elevation montane grasslands and it is morphologically similar to D. auriculipetala from which it differs in having elliptic-ovate leaves, blade margin bases glandular, large number of stipules arranged in a pedicel form at the leaf axis and by the short and glandular pedicels. A detailed description, original photographs and a location map are provided, as well as an updated diagnostic key of Drymaria Ser. Frutescens. The IUCN status of the new species is assessed as Endangered (EN)., (Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée, Carolina Tovar, Gustavo Iberico-Vela, Juan Montoya-Quino, Isidoro Sanchez-Vega.)

The orchid tribe Tropidieae comprises three genera, Tropidia , Corymborkis and Kalimantanorchis . There are three fully mycoheterotrophic species within Tropidieae: Tropidia saprophytica , T. connata and Kalimantanorchis nagamasui . A previous phylogenetic study of K. nagamasui , based only on plastid matK data, placed K. nagamasui outside the clade of Tropidia and Corymborkis without support. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses using a nuclear ribosomal DNA spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a low-copy nuclear coding gene ( Xdh ) and a mitochondrial intron ( nad1b-c intron) to study the phylogenetic relationships within Tropidieae. We included six photosynthetic and all three fully mycoheterotrophic Tropidieae species. The resulting phylogenetic trees placed these fully mycoheterotrophic species inside the Tropidia clade with high support. In our trees, these three species do not form a monophyletic group together, because the photosynthetic T. graminea is nested amongst them. Our results also suggest that the loss of photosynthetic ability occurred at least twice in Tropidia ., (Izai A. B. Sabino Kikuchi, Paul J. A. Keβler, André Schuiteman, Jin Murata, Tetsuo Ohi-Toma, Tomohisa Yukawa, Hirokazu Tsukaya.)

An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total currently known flora of Mozambique and include five strict-endemic genera ( Baptorhachis , Emicocarpus , Gyrodoma , Icuria and Micklethwaitia ) and two near-endemic genera ( Triceratella and Oligophyton ). The mean year of first publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following the onset of the two major regional floristic programmes, the "Flora of Tropical East Africa" and "Flora Zambesiaca", and an associated increase in botanical collecting effort. New taxa from Mozambique continue to be described at a significant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. There is a high congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae, which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of endemism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic flora, with 49% being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato, and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50% of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57% for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique's unique flora. This dataset will be a key resource for ongoing efforts to identify "Important Plant Areas - IPAs" in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)., (Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten.)

Synsepalum chimanimani S.Rokni & I.Darbysh., sp. nov. , a small tree endemic to the forests of the southern foothills of the Chimanimani Mountains of Mozambique and Zimbabwe, is described and illustrated. The differences in morphology and distribution between the new species and the related S. kaessneri and S. muelleri , with which it has been confused, are clarified. The new species is globally Endangered due to ongoing habitat loss within its restricted range. The botanical importance and conservation of the Chimanimani foothills is also discussed, and they are highlighted as a candidate Important Plant Area., (Saba Rokni, Bart Wursten, Iain Darbyshire.)

A synopsis of the genera Coleus Lour, Equilabium A.J.Paton, Mwany. & Culham and Plectranthus L'Hér. (Lamiaceae, Tribe Ocimeae, Subtribe Plecranthinae) is presented. Generic delimitation follows a recently published molecular phylogeny which identified Coleus as the sister of the remaining genera of Subtribe Plectranthinae; Plectranthus as sister to Tetradenia Benth. and Thorncroftia N.E.Br., and a separate phylogenetically distinct genus Equilabium comprising species previously placed in Plectranthus . In this treatment, 294 species of Coleus , 42 of Equilabium , and 72 of Plectranthus are recognized. All but one of the combinations in Equilabium are new as only the genus and type species have been previously published. Two-hundred and twelve names are changed to combinations in Coleus from Plectranthus , Pycnostachys Hook. and Anisochilus Benth.

Solanum L. (Solanaceae) is one of the largest genera of angiosperms and presents difficulties in identification due to lack of regional keys to all groups. Here we provide keys to all 135 species of Solanum native and naturalised in Africa (as defined by World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions): continental Africa, Madagascar (incl. the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, La Réunion, the Comoros and the Seychelles), Macaronesia and the Cape Verde Islands. Some of these have previously been published in the context of monographic works, but here we include all taxa. The paper is designed to be used in conjunction with the web resource Solanaceae Source (www.solanaceaesource.org) and hyperlinks provide access to online descriptions, synonymy and images (where available) of each species. All taxa treated and specimens seen are included in searchable Suppl. material 1, 2.

Of the 280 species of Elatostema documented in China, 189 are known only from a single collection. Elatostemasetulosum is one such species, having been known only from the type collection for nearly half a century, until recent field investigations in Guangxi. Due to its morphological similarity to E.huanjiangense and E.tetracephalum , we undertook a critical review of all three species using morphological and molecular evidence. Our results suggest that all three names refer to the same species, which based on priority should be known as Elatostemasetulosum. We recognize E.huanjiangense and E.tetracephalum as synonyms. A distribution map of E.setulosum and the extinction risk according to the IUCN criteria is provided. After recircumscription, the taxon must be considered as Least Concern (LC).

The Tribe Wisterieae (Zhu 1994), founded on the single genus Wisteria , is emended and recircumscribed based on morphology and data from nuclear ITS and ndhJ-trnF , matK and rbcL chloroplast DNA sequences. This newly enlarged tribe comprises 36 species and 9 infraspecific taxa within 13 described genera. Six genera are new, two are reinstated and five were previously placed in Tribe Millettieae. The genus Adinobotrys is also reinstated comprising two species including the new combination A.vastus . Other reinstated genera include Whitfordiodendron , with four species, and Padbruggea , with three species, including the reinstatement of P.filipes and the new combination P.filipesvar.tomentosa. The existing genera Afgekia , Callerya , Endosamara (with the new combination E.racemosavar.pallida), Sarcodum and Wisteria , with the new combinations W.frutescenssubsp.macrostachya are evaluated. The new genera comprise three Australasian species in Austrocallerya : A.australis , A.megasperma and A.pilipes ; Wisteriopsis with five species from east Asia has six new combinations: W.japonica, W.kiangsiensis, W.championii, W.eurybotrya , W.reticulata and W.reticulatavar.stenophylla. Two species comprise the new Thai genus Kanburia : K.tenasserimensis and K.chlorantha . Nanhaia comprises the two species: N.fordii and N.speciosa and the monotypic genera Sigmoidala and Serawaia are based respectively on the species S.kityana and S.strobilifera . Lectotypes are designated for the names Adinobotrysfilipes , A.myrianthus , Millettiabonatiana, Millettiabracteosa, Millettiachampionii, Millettiacinerea, Millettiadielsiana, Millettiakityana, M.maingayi, Millettianitida, Millettiaoocarpa, Millettiapurpurea , M.reticulata , M.reticulatavar.stenophylla, Padbruggeadasyphylla , Pterocarpusaustralis , Robiniaracemosa , Whitfordiodendronscandens , W.sumatranum and Wisteriapallida . A neotype is designated for the name Millettialeiogyna .