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Recent phylogenomic analyses of 997 nuclear genes support the long-held view that the genus Entada is congeneric with Elephantorrhiza. Entada is resolved as monophyletic only if the genus Elephantorrhiza is subsumed within it. The two genera were distinguished solely by relatively minor differences in the mode of dehiscence of the fruits (a craspedium separating into one-seeded endocarp segments in Entada versus a craspedium with the whole fruit valve breaking away from the persistent replum in Elephantorrhiza) and the craspedial fruit type itself provides a shared synapomorphy for the re-circumscribed Entada. Here, we provide a synopsis of Entada, including 11 new combinations in total, for the eight species, one subspecies and one variety previously placed in Elephantorrhiza, as well as a new combination for a subspecies of Entada rheedei Spreng. not previously dealt with when Entada pursaetha DC. was placed in synonymy. These new combinations are: Entada burkei (Benth.) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada elephantina (Burch.) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada goetzei (Harms) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada goetzei subsp. lata (Brenan & Brummitt) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada obliqua (Burtt Davy) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada praetermissa (J.H. Ross) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada rangei (Harms) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada rheedei subsp. sinohimalensis (Grierson & D.G. Long) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada schinziana (Dinter) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; Entada woodii (E. Phillips) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov.; and Entada woodii var. pubescens (E. Phillips) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. We provide a revised circumscription of the genus Entada which now comprises 40 species distributed pantropically, with the greatest diversity of species in tropical Africa. We present a complete taxonomic synopsis, including a map showing the global distribution of the genus and photographs showing variation amongst species in habit, foliage, flowers and fruits. A short discussion about extrafloral nectaries, mainly observed in the Madagascan species, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caesalpinioideae is the second largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) with ca. 4680 species and 163 genera. It is an ecologically and economically important group formed of mostly woody perennials that range from large canopy emergent trees to functionally herbaceous geoxyles, lianas and shrubs, and which has a global distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Following the recent re-circumscription of 15 Caesalpinioideae genera as presented in Advances in Legume Systematics 14, Part 1, and using as a basis a phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear gene sequences for 420 species and all but five of the genera currently recognised in the subfamily, we present a new higher-level classification for the subfamily. The new classification of Caesalpinioideae comprises eleven tribes, all of which are either new, reinstated or re-circumscribed at this rank: Caesalpinieae Rchb. (27 genera / ca. 223 species), Campsiandreae LPWG (2 / 5-22), Cassieae Bronn (7 / 695), Ceratonieae Rchb. (4 / 6), Dimorphandreae Benth. (4 / 35), Erythrophleeae LPWG (2 /13), Gleditsieae Nakai (3 / 20), Mimoseae Bronn (100 / ca. 3510), Pterogyneae LPWG (1 / 1), Schizolobieae Nakai (8 / 42-43), Sclerolobieae Benth. & Hook. f. (5 / ca. 113). Although many of these lineages have been recognised and named in the past, either as tribes or informal generic groups, their circumscriptions have varied widely and changed over the past decades, such that all the tribes described here differ in generic membership from those previously recognised. Importantly, the approximately 3500 species and 100 genera of the former subfamily Mimosoideae are now placed in the reinstated, but newly circumscribed, tribe Mimoseae. Because of the large size and ecological importance of the tribe, we also provide a clade-based classification system for Mimoseae that includes 17 named lower-level clades. Fourteen of the 100 Mimoseae genera remain unplaced in these lower-level clades: eight are resolved in two grades and six are phylogenetically isolated monogeneric lineages. In addition to the new classification, we provide a key to genera, morphological descriptions and notes for all 163 genera, all tribes, and all named clades. The diversity of growth forms, foliage, flowers and fruits are illustrated for all genera, and for each genus we also provide a distribution map, based on quality-controlled herbarium specimen localities. A glossary for specialised terms used in legume morphology is provided. This new phylogenetically based classification of Caesalpinioideae provides a solid system for communication and a framework for downstream analyses of biogeography, trait evolution and diversification, as well as for taxonomic revision of still understudied genera., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Anne Bruneau, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Jens J. Ringelberg, Leonardo M. Borges, Roseli Lopes da Costa Bortoluzzi, Gillian K. Brown, Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso, Ruth P. Clark, Adilva de Souza Conceição, Matheus Martins Teixeira Cota, Else Demeulenaere, Rodrigo Duno de Stefano, John E. Ebinger, Julia Ferm, Andrés Fonseca-Cortés, Edeline Gagnon, Rosaura Grether, Ethiéne Guerra, Elspeth Haston, Patrick S. Herendeen, Héctor M. Hernández, Helen C. F. Hopkins, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Colin E. Hughes, Stefanie M. Ickert-Bond, João Iganci, Erik J. M. Koenen, Gwilym P. Lewis, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Alexandre Gibau de Lima, Melissa Luckow, Brigitte Marazzi, Bruce R. Maslin, Matías Morales, Marli Pires Morim, Daniel J. Murphy, Shawn A. O’Donnell, Filipe Gomes Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva Oliveira, Juliana Gastaldello Rando, Pétala Gomes Ribeiro, Carolina Lima Ribeiro, Felipe da Silva Santos, David S. Seigler, Guilherme Sousa da Silva, Marcelo F. Simon, Marcos Vinícius Batista Soares, Vanessa Terra.)

Recent phylogenomic analyses of 997 nuclear genes support the long-held view that the genus Entada is congeneric with Elephantorrhiza . Entada is resolved as monophyletic only if the genus Elephantorrhiza is subsumed within it. The two genera were distinguished solely by relatively minor differences in the mode of dehiscence of the fruits (a craspedium separating into one-seeded endocarp segments in Entada versus a craspedium with the whole fruit valve breaking away from the persistent replum in Elephantorrhiza ) and the craspedial fruit type itself provides a shared synapomorphy for the re-circumscribed Entada . Here, we provide a synopsis of Entada , including 11 new combinations in total, for the eight species, one subspecies and one variety previously placed in Elephantorrhiza , as well as a new combination for a subspecies of Entadarheedei Spreng. not previously dealt with when Entadapursaetha DC. was placed in synonymy. These new combinations are: Entadaburkei (Benth.) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadaelephantina (Burch.) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadagoetzei (Harms) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadagoetzeisubsp.lata (Brenan & Brummitt) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadaobliqua (Burtt Davy) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadapraetermissa (J.H. Ross) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadarangei (Harms) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadarheedeisubsp.sinohimalensis (Grierson & D.G. Long) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadaschinziana (Dinter) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; Entadawoodii (E. Phillips) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. ; and Entadawoodiivar.pubescens (E. Phillips) S.A. O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis, comb. nov. We provide a revised circumscription of the genus Entada which now comprises 40 species distributed pantropically, with the greatest diversity of species in tropical Africa. We present a complete taxonomic synopsis, including a map showing the global distribution of the genus and photographs showing variation amongst species in habit, foliage, flowers and fruits. A short discussion about extrafloral nectaries, mainly observed in the Madagascan species, is presented., (Shawn A. O’Donnell, Jens J. Ringelberg, Gwilym P. Lewis.)