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The orophilous vegetation of the asylvatic zone of Tauros mountain, from Sandras dag to Ala dag, is for the first time analysed. Approximately, forteen new associations and several sub-associations in calcareous and ophiolitic districts are described. All are belonging to unpublished higher units, particularly Silenetalia odontopetalae (for rocks), Heldreichietalia (for screes), Astragalo-Agropyretalia and Drabo-Androsacetalia (for dry top-lawns), Trifolio-Polygonetalia (for xero-mesophytic meadows). Their floristic affinities with homologous formations from the Balkan, Anatolia and near east are, wherever possible, established. Biogeographic value and especially the relative importance of mediterranean and irano-touranian elements are given.

En dehors de la zone pontique, et en région méditerranéenne ou sub-méditerranéenne anatolienne, les forêts caducifoliées occupent, à l'étage supra-mediterranéen des surfaces fort variables. Largement représentées dans le secteur anatolien nord-occidental, elles sont encore présentes dans le secteur égéen, ainsi que sur les marges des plateaux anatoliens. Dans le Taurus par contre, elles font à peu près totalement défaut dans la partie occidentale de la chaine, pour offrir un développement réduit dans le Taurus central; dans le Taurus oriental par contre, elles occupent des superficies non négligeables comme d'ailleurs dans l'Amanus. L'ensemble de ces forêts ne constituent pas une structure écologiquement et phytosociologiquement homogène; aussi nous envisagerons successivement, et pour cet étage altitudinal: - les forêts caducifoliées du secteur anatolien nord-occidental et du secteur égéen, - les forêts caducifoliées d'Anatolie centro-occidentale, - les forêts caducifoliées de la chaine taurique, et de l'Amanus.

The authors present an analysis of the north Anatolian forest communities. In defining the climatic and bioclimatic factors, a global phytosociological interpretation as well as a biogeographical analysis of the region are proposed. An estimation of basic ecological demands of the different forest elements is made. In a special chapter the mediterranean vegetation types are studied including the coastal communities dominated by sclerophytic elements, especially Phillyrea media, and those of the internal valleys composed of Pistacia atlantica, Pinus brutia, Juniperus excelsa and Quercus macranthera ssp. syspirensis, at the intrapontic level. The Euxinian phytogeographical zone is then presented. These communities are studied from the west to the east as well as in function of their altitude. They are related to the order Rhododendro-Fagetalia orientalis, with different alliances where a number of associations are determined by Fagus orientalis, Abies bornmuelleriana, Abies nordmanniana, Castanea sativa, Carpinus betulus, Picea orientalis and Pinus sylvestris. The Prepontic phytogeographic region includes forest groupings attached to Querco-Carpinetalia orientalis with a supramediterranean tendency, but equally related to Fagetalia sylvaticae of mountain tendencies where deciduous elements appear as dominants. especially Carpinus orientalis. Carpinus betulus, Quercus cerris, Quercus macranthera ssp. syspirensis, Fagus sylvatica, but the conifers are also present as: Pinus nigra, Abies bornmuelleriana and Pinus sylvestris. As a whole the climatic and edaphic needs are defined, when possible, as well as the relations between Anatolian, Caucasian and Balkanian forest communities. In the last chapter some of forest vegetation series are defined basing on altitudinal as well as ecological factors.

Phytocoenologia Stuttgart-Braunschweig, September 7, 1981 Contribution it I'etude des groupements forestiers et preforestiers du Maroc par M. BARBERO, Marseille, P. QUEZEL, Marseille, et S. RIvAS-MARTINEZ, Madrid avec 4 figures et 35 tableaux Sommaire Introduction 312 Les groupements des Quercetea ilicis 31 3 1. 1 Ordre des Quercetalia ilicis. .. 314 1. 1. 1 Alliance Oleo sylvestris - Quercion rotundifolio-5uberis 316 1. 1. 1. 1 Les groupements de Suberaie sur sable dans la region de Rabat. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 317 1. 1. 1. 2 Myrto communis - Quercetum suberis. .. .. . 319 1. 1. 1. 3 Smil aci mauritanicae - Quercetum rotundifoliae 321 1. 1. 1. 4 Rusco hypophylli - Quercetum canariensis. .. 321 1. 1. 2 Alliance Balansaeo glaberrimae - Quercion rotundifoliae. 325 1. 1. 2. 1 Balansaeo g1aberrimae - Quercetum rotundifoliae. 326 1. 1. 2. 2 Luzulo adanticae - Quercetum rotundifoliae. 332 1. 1. 2. 3 Genisto jahandiezii - Quercetum rotundifoliae. 33 3 1. 1. 2. 4 Balansaeo g1aberrimae - Cedretum atlanticae. . 337 1. 1. 2. 5 Paeonio maroccanae - Quercetum rotundifoliae. 339 1. 1. 2. 6 Balansaeo glaberrimae - Quercetum canariensis 341 1. 1. 2. 7 Teucrio afrae - Quercetum suberis 343 1. 2 Ordre des Pistacio - Rhamnetalia alatemi. .. .. .. .. .. . 345 1. 2. 1 Alliance Asparago - Rhamnion oleoidis. .. .. .. .. 346 1. 2. 1. 1 Sous-alliance Asparago - Rhamnenion oleoidis 347 1. 2. 1. 1. 1 Clematidi cirrhosae - Ceratonietum siliquae 347 1. 2. 1. 1. 2 Asparago aphylli - Calycotometum villosae 349 1. 2. 1. 1. 3 Calycotomo intermediae - Tetraclinetum articulatae. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 350 1. 2. 1. 2 Sous-alliance Pistacienion adanticae. .. .. .. .. . 352 1. 2. 1. 2. 1 Rhus pentaphyllae - Pistacietum adanticae 354 1. 2. 1. 2. 2 Coronillo viminalis - Tetraclinetum articulatae 355 1. 2. 1. 2. 3 Phillyreo latifoliae - Oleetum sylvestris. .. . 357 1. 2. 1. 3 Sous-alliance Tetraclino - Juniperenion phoeniceae. .. 358 1. 2. 1. 3. 1 Polygalo balansae - Tetraclinetum articulatae 359 1. 2. 2 Alliance Acacion gummiferae. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 362 1. 2. 2. 1 Ephedro cossonii - Acacietum gummiferae. 363 1. 2. 2. 2 Rubio longifoliae - Euphorbietum resiniferae 365 1. 2. 3 Alliance Juniperion lyciae. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 367 1. 2. 3. 1 Pino pinastri - Juniperetum lyciae. .. . 368 1. 2. 3. 2 Clematidi cirrhosae - Juniperetum lyciae. 369 0340-269X/8110009' ()31 1 $ 25. 50 © 1981 Gebriider Bomtraeger, D-1ooo Berlin ' D-70oo Stuttgart 31 2 M. Barbero, P. Quezel et S. Rivas-Mardnez 1. 2. 4 Alliance Quercion fruticos&.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1. 2. 5 Le probl?me de I 'alliance Periplocion angustifoliae 1. 2. 6 Les autres structures de vegetation. .. .. .. .. . 1. 2. 6. 1 Buxo balearicae - Quercetum rotundifoliae 1. 2. 6. 2 Genisto floridae - Fraxinetum dimorphae 2 Les groupements des Quercetea pubescentis. .. .. .. . 2. 1 Alliance Paeonio maroccanae - Cedrion adanticae. . 2. 1. 1 Argyrocytiso battandieri - Cedretum adanticae 2. 1. 2 Paeonio maroccanae - Quercetum canariensis. 2. 1. 3 Argyrocytiso batrandieri - Quercetum rotundifoliae 2. 2 Alliance Violo munbyanae - Cedrion adanticae. .. . 2. 2. 1 Sous-alliance Violo - Cedrenion. .. .. .. .. .. . 2. 2. 1. 1 Luzulo forsteri - Cedretum adanticae. .. 2. 2. 1. 2 Agropyro marginati - Cedretum adanticae. 2. 2. 1. 3 Ficario ranunculoidis - Quercetum fagineae 2. 2. 1. 4 Cytiso triflori - Quercetum pyrenaicae. . 2. 2. 1. 5 Polysticho setiferi - Prunetum lusitanicae. 2. 2. 2 Sous-alliance Abietenion maroccanae. .. .. .. . 2. 2. 2. 1 Paeonio maroccanae - Abietetum maroccanae. 2. 3 Le probl?me des Cedraies de haute altitude. . 3 Classe des Querco-Fagetea. .. .. .. .. .. 3. 1 Primulo acaulis - Betuletum celtibericae 4 Conclusions. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Liste des localites ne figurant pas dans Ie texte Resume. .. Bibliogtaphie 370 370 373 373 374 375 377 377 379 382 384 384 384 388 388 391 393 395 395 398 400 400 402 408 410 410 Abstract. In this paper, the authors study the higher phytosociological units related to the Q u e r c e t e a i i i c i s and Q u e r c e t e a p u b e s c e n t i s. Two orders, Q u e r c e t a I i a i i i c i s and P i s t a c i 0 - R h a m n e t a I i a a I a - t e r n i are distinguished within Q u e r c e t e a i i i c i s. The former has two new alliances with 13 associations, of which only two are known from Spain. The P i s t a c i 0 - R h a m n e t a I i a which cover open and shrubby vegetation unite 4 alliances, 3 of which are new and 13 are associations, of which only 2 exist in Spain. The second unit contains most of the woodland, composed of the deciduous and certain sclerophyllous oaks and of ceders and firs of Morocco. Two alliances as well as 9 new associations are described. Au cours du printemps 1978, dans Ie cadre du programme de recherches relatif a la connaissances des ecosystemes forestiers mediterraneens, nous avons eu 1'occasion d'effectuer au Maroc, une importante toumee qui nous a conduit du Haut Atlas jusqu'a la region de Tanger. Cette mission a ete realisee grace a 1'aide du C. N. R. S. Francrais, puisqu'elle entrait dans Ie cadre de la R. C. P. 427, mais aussi de l'UNESCO (projet M. A. B. 2). Nous voudrions egalement remercier ici, Monsieur BEKKALI - President du Comite M. A. B. du Maroc qui nous a foumi la possibilite de realiser la mission, Ie Colonel TIDJANI, Messieurs M'HIRIT et BENABID qui ont bien voulu prevoir 1'organisation de cette toumee dans Ie cadre de l'ENFI de Sale, mais aussi les services forestiers du Maroc, dont divers representants nous ont accompagnes sur Ie ter-

The authors are investigating the sparse natural grasslands in the mountain ranges that surround the Mediterranean Sea. Among these grasslands the authors distinguished the following phytosociological units: a southwestern Mediterranean unit: Erinacetalia; southeastern Mediterranean unit: Daphneeto-Festucetales; - a northern Mediterranean unit: Festuco-Seslerietea. Bioclimatically, the three units can be described as occurring in two mountain areas: in the true Mediterranean mountains (Erinacetalia and Daphneeto-Festucetales) with a well-defined summer-dry season. - In the sub-Mediterranean mountains (Festuco-Seslerietea) with a very short summer-dry season or no dry season. In this area, insolation and temperature relations are such that a Mediterranean vegetation prevails on the south slopes, while a Central European vegetation prevails on the north slopes. The here described investigations were concerned with the relationships between the sparse, natural grasslands and the upper orophilous forest belts. In spite of great (ecological) differences, there are several floristic similarities.

Having presented a climatic and bioclimatic note concerning the Aegean and Mediterranean Turkey, replacing their stations according to Emberger bioclimatic zones, the authors cell to order the great phytosociological structures in which are inset the forest ecosystems of the region. They look at the details of the thermo-mediterranean and mediterranean type vegetation sequences of Ceratonia, Olea-Lentiscus groupements and populations of hardleaf evergreen and decidious oaks. The coniferous forests of Pinus brutia, their various forms in function of the substratum, and Pinus pinea forests are exposed. The decidious supramediterranean forests of Quercus frainetto, Q. macrolepis, Q. dshorochensis, Carpinus betulus, Quercus anatolica, Q. pseudocerris, Ostrya carpinifolia and Fagus orientalis are studied. As for the mountain- and oro-mediterranean levels, the authors study in sequence, the Cilicien Fir, the Pallas Pines and Cedar forests. They analyse the forest ecosystems at the mediterranean margines in Northern Turkey which consists of Pinus sylvestris, Fagus orientalis and Abies bornmuelleriana. Formations of sylvatic Juniperus are also described (Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissima). Finally they present an outline of the vegetation series organized according to the principal mediterranean elements for which they provide data concerning their productivity.