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Actinorhizal root nodules are nitrogen fixing symbioses that forms between perinnial, mostly woody host plants in eight angiosperms the nitrogen economies of a wide range of nutrient-limited soils globally. New phytogenetic evidence suggests that the frankia-nodulated host plants are substantially less scattered in their evolutionary origins than was once believed. An increasing recognition of common biological themes in legume and actinorhizal symbioses emerges in several papers, as well as the need for a unified vocabulary of terms an methodologies to further elucidate nodule development, functional organization and environmental adaptation. Citing these tasks, the Tenth International Conference on Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants was designed which held in Davis, California in August 1995.