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This paper presents methods of detection and spectrometry of high-energy electrons and positrons produced in the interaction of laser radiation with matter and vacuum. The methods are based on charged particle transport in the magnetic field of a hollow coaxial line through which a direct current flows. The methods make it possible to detect particles at a distance of several dozen meters from the source with retention of close to 100% collection efficiency and provide efficient detector protection from background radiation.

In the given paper, recent results on the development of physical mechanisms and theoretical models of direct laser surface nanostructuring are reviewed. Attention is paid to nanosecond lasers, as they are cheaper and simpler in use than pico- and femtosecond lasers, which is important for the development of further applications. The formation of so-called 'nonresonant' structures, whose period is not directly related to the laser radiation wavelength, is considered. Nanostructuring mechanisms for a number of surface modification processes with and without melting are studied. Corresponding experimental illustrations of nanostructures are given for various materials – polymers, metals, ceramics, and diamond films.