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Plasmas 28, 053505 (2021).10.1063/5.0045947 12 J. Moreno, A. Khodaee, D. Okerstrom, M. P. Bradley, and L. Couëdel, " Time-resolved evolution of plasma parameters in a plasma immersion ion implantation source", Phys. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the plasma parameters in the complex mixture gas (radical/ion species, electron/ion energy distributions, temperature, etc.) and plasma physics (electron heating dynamics, electron kinetics, wave-particle interaction, dust plasma characteristics, etc.). The "Plasma Physics and Science in Current and Next Generation Semiconductor Process" Special Topic in I Physics of Plasmas i consists of articles on research presented at The 8th International Conference on Microelectronics and Plasma Technology (ICMAP), which was held in Hwaseong, South Korea, January 17-20, 2021.[1] The "Plasma Physics and Science in Current and Next Generation Semiconductor Process" Special Topic is devoted to understanding such plasma source, plasma parameters, plasma-surface interaction, and processing results in semiconductor process and its related fields, and to bring new insight from theory and experiment for the next generation of plasma process techniques. [Extracted from the article]

When the hypersonic vehicle is flying, the plasma in the area near the stagnation point of the front end of the vehicle can be approximately seen as the fully ionized dusty plasma. Due to the existence of dust particles, dusty plasma affects the communication quality of the hypersonic vehicle. In this paper, the general Boltzmann equation applicable to dusty plasmas containing electrons and the Fokker–Planck–Landau collision model are combined to derive a general formula for the electron distribution function of fully ionized dusty plasmas. Considering the contribution of the collision effect and charging effect to the dispersion relationship of fully ionized dusty plasma, the dielectric constant of fully ionized dusty plasma under an external magnetic field is solved. The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method is used to calculate the attenuation coefficient (α) of the THz wave in fully ionized dusty plasma, and the influence of the external magnetic field strength and other dusty plasma parameters on the attenuation characteristics of the THz circularly polarized wave is analyzed. The research results show that the α of the THz left-hand circularly polarized wave decreases with the increase in the external magnetic field strength, while the α of the THz right-hand circularly polarized wave increases. In addition, increasing the dust particle radius, dust particle density, and electron density in a certain frequency range can increase the α of the THz circularly polarized waves. These research results provide theoretical guidance for the exploration of the interaction mechanism between the THz waves and fully ionized dusty plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical investigation is presented to explain the formation and characteristics of relaxed equilibrium structures in a three-component dusty plasma within Saturn's atmosphere, composed of negatively charged dust particles, electrons, and ions. The Quadruple Beltrami equation is derived by utilizing the vortex dynamic equations along with the current density. Solutions for the higher Beltrami states are obtained in two different modes, a simple rectangular geometry and a coplanar rectangular geometry, to explore the characteristics of relaxed structures within the Saturn magnetosphere and its rings. The solutions are depicted through some plots by varying the Beltrami parameters and the densities of the plasma species. It is observed that only paramagnetic structures are formed in the coplanar geometry, while variations in the Beltrami parameters and plasma species densities significantly affect the magnetic characteristics of the relaxed structures in a simple rectangular geometry. This paper will provide an important contribution to understand the atmospheric vortical structures developed in different astronomical bodies that have double or more than double configurations, such as Saturn's rings, Jupiter magnetosphere, Uranus, Neptune, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the small charge-to-mass ratio of dust particles, it is often necessary to use large magnetic fields of B ≥ 1 T, in order to observe the influence of magnetic forces in laboratory dusty plasmas. However, when experiments are performed at high magnetic fields in capacitively coupled, radio frequency discharges used for these dusty plasma experiments, the plasma is often observed to form filamentary structures between the electrodes that are aligned to the external magnetic field which disrupt the uniformity of the plasma and adversely impact some of our dusty plasma experiments. Recent experiments performed in the Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment device seek to identify and characterize these filamentary structures. This paper discusses the morphology of several distinct filamentary modes that are formed in low temperature argon plasmas. Three different spatial modes of filaments that appear to be strongly dependent on the magnetic field and neutral pressure are identified. There is strong evidence that each spatial mode has a threshold condition that is dependent on the ion Hall parameter. The criteria for the formation of the filaments are shown to be consistent with predictions of recent numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of secondary electron emission on nonlinear propagation of dust acoustic waves in a complex plasma considering equilibrium dust charge positive and compared the results with those obtained in our recently published paper [Bhakta et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 023704 (2017)] where the equilibrium dust charge was negative. In both papers, primary and secondary electrons are assumed to follow Boltzmann distribution with separate electron temperatures, ions are also Boltzmann distributed and charged dust grains are inertial. Change in the nature of dust charge (negative to positive) gives rise to some opposite behaviour of wave propagation characteristics in dusty plasma when dust grains are charged by secondary electron emission mechanism. Both adiabatic and nonadiabatic dust charge variations have been separately considered in both the papers. The investigation in this paper shows that compressive dust acoustic soliton propagates in case of adiabatic dust charge variation whose amplitude increases and width decreases with an increase in the strength of the secondary electron emission. This is in contrast to the case of negative equilibrium dust charge which confirms the existence of rarefied dust acoustic soliton with decreasing amplitude and increasing width for an increase in the strength of the secondary electron emission. Nonadiabaticity of dust charge variation in both cases generates dust acoustic shock wave which is oscillatory for weak nonadiabaticity and monotonic for strong nonadiabaticity. For positive equilibrium dust charge, the amplitude of both oscillatory and monotonic shocks increases and oscillation of the oscillatory shock persists longer for stronger secondary electron emission. On the other hand for negative equilibrium dust charge, the amplitude of both the oscillatory and monotonic shocks diminishes with increasing secondary electron emission. Published by AIP Publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present experimental observation of the transition of a 2D dust crystal to a non-equilibrium solid–liquid phase coexistence state. The experiments have been carried out in an L-shaped dusty plasma experimental device in a DC glow discharge argon plasma environment. Initially, a monolayer crystalline structure is formed, which is later transformed to a two-phase coexistence state using the background neutral pressure as a control parameter. Self-excited horizontal oscillations are found in the center of the monolayer prior to the appearance of the coexistence state. It is observed that a molten center coexists with a solid periphery. Various structural, thermodynamic, and dynamical quantities are used to characterize the phase state. The surface tension at the solid–liquid circular interface is also determined. A detailed parametric study is made to delineate the existence region of such a state. It is found that melting caused at the core is due to the onset of a localized Schweigert instability in the presence of a few stray particles beneath the top layer in that region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dusty plasmas are electrically quasi-neutral media that, along with electrons, ions, neutral gas, radiation, and electric and/or magnetic fields, also contain solid or liquid particles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to a few micrometers. These media can be found in many natural environments as well as in various laboratory setups and industrial applications. As a separate branch of plasma physics, the field of dusty plasma physics was born in the beginning of 1990s at the intersection of the interests of the communities investigating astrophysical and technological plasmas. An additional boost to the development of the field was given by the discovery of plasma crystals leading to a series of microgravity experiments of which the purpose was to investigate generic phenomena in condensed matter physics using strongly coupled complex (dusty) plasmas as model systems. Finally, the field has gained an increasing amount of attention due to its inevitable connection to the development of novel applications ranging from the synthesis of functional nanoparticles to nuclear fusion and from particle sensing and diagnostics to nano-contamination control. The purpose of the present perspectives paper is to identify promising new developments and research directions for the field. As such, dusty plasmas are considered in their entire variety: from classical low-pressure noble-gas dusty discharges to atmospheric pressure plasmas with aerosols and from rarefied astrophysical plasmas to dense plasmas in nuclear fusion devices. Both fundamental and application aspects are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to extend the recent work of Paul and Bandyopadhyay [Astrophys. Space Sci. 361, 172 (2016)] on the existence of different dust ion acoustic solitary structures in an unmagnetized collisionless dusty plasma consisting of negatively charged static dust grains, adiabatic warm ions, nonthermal electrons, and isothermal positrons in a more generalized form by considering nonthermal positrons instead of isothermal positrons. The present system supports both positive and negative potential double layers, coexistence of solitary waves of both polarities, and positive potential supersolitons. The qualitative and quantitative changes in existence domains of different solitary structures, which occur in the presence of nonthermal positrons, have been presented in comparison with the results of Paul and Bandyopadhyay [Astrophys. Space Sci. 361, 172 (2016)]. The formation of supersoliton structures and their limitations has been analyzed with the help of phase portraits of the dynamical system corresponding to the dust ion acoustic solitary structures. Phase portrait analysis clearly indicates a smooth transition between solitons and supersolitons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, solitary waves in magnetized vortex-like ion distribution dusty plasmas are investigated. The small but finite amplitude, long wavelength nonlinear waves are governed by a modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation. The growth rate of disturbances to a solitary wave is obtained by using the multiple-scale perturbation method. The effects of the parameters of both the dusty plasma and the disturbances have been numerically discussed in this paper as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust particles generated from the thermal protection layer greatly influence the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the plasma sheath. This paper presents the first calculation of the effects of these dust particles on microstrip antenna radiation. On the basis of an integrated model of the ablation plasma sheath and C-band microstrip antenna, the ray tracing method is used to obtain the disturbed electric field in a traditional plasma and a dusty plasma (with different dust parameters). The results show that the dust particles cause greater attenuation of incident waves, and different dust parameters have different effects on the penetrating electric field. This study reveals that the ablation of the thermal protection layer changes the electromagnetic properties of the plasma sheath, and the generated dust particles should not be ignored in the electromagnetic computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presence of the substrate, various structural and dynamical properties of two-dimensional dusty plasma (2DDP) were investigated using Langevin dynamical simulations. This paper reviews a series of results of the structural and dynamical properties of 2DDP modified by one-dimensional periodic substrates (1DPSs) as follows. First, when the depth of the 1DPS increases gradually, it is found that the static structural order of 2DDP along each potential well of the 1DPS increases first and then decreases gradually. When the width of the 1DPS increases gradually, the particle arrangement in each potential well of the 1DPS changes from one straight row gradually to two rows, including the stable zigzag structure. Second, when there are two rows in each potential well of the 1DPS, the phonon spectra are split into two branches, corresponding to the breathing and sloshing modes, respectively. In addition, due to the pure repulsion between dust particles, from the obtained phonon spectra, the sloshing wave propagates backward at small wave numbers. Third, the calculated mean square displacement shown that, at the intermediate timescale between the initial ballistic and final diffusive motions, the particle motion tends to be more subdiffusive while the depth of the 1DPS increases. While the width of the 1DPS increases gradually, the long-time diffusive motion first increases, then decreases, and finally increases again, exhibiting the oscillation-like diffusion, due to the stable zigzag structure. Finally, when an external direct-current driving force is applied on all particles of 2DDP, three different depinning phases are discovered, which are the pinned, disordered plastic flow, and moving ordered states, respectively, as the driving force increases from zero. In addition, the continuous/discontinuous property of the phase transition between these different depinning states is investigated, showing that the transition property is modulated by the depth of the applied 1DPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a hypersonic vehicle flies near space, a layer of complex dusty plasma will form around the vehicle under the influence of high temperature, which will cause radar signal attenuation (ATT) to different degrees and lead to communication barriers. Therefore, studying the interaction mechanism between electromagnetic waves and dusty plasma is important. In this paper, the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook collision model of non-uniform dusty plasma is derived on the basis of Boltzmann's approximate equation. In addition, the modified expression of a dielectric coefficient of weakly ionized dusty plasma is obtained under the condition of magnetization. With the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method, the ATT coefficients of terahertz wave with different external magnetic fields and dusty plasma parameters are calculated. Results show that a strong external magnetic field will cause the ATT of the right-hand circular polarized wave to produce a low absorption band, whereas the ATT of the left-hand circular polarized wave will evidently weaken. The electron concentration, dust concentration, dust particle radius, collision frequency, and charging frequency also influence the ATT under the external magnetic field. These studies provide theoretical references for the research on the blackouts of hypersonic vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we have studied the cylindrical/spherical ion acoustic waves in dusty plasma consisting of positive ions, immobile dust particles, and q nonextensive distributed cold and hot electrons. A multiple scale expansion method is employed to derive a modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) equation. Exact analytical solution for the mKdV equation in nonplanar geometry is obtained using the weighted residual method. This solution is, then, plotted for different physical parameters relevant to Saturn's E ring through 2D figures. We show that the amplitude of the wave decreases faster as one departs away from the axis of the cylinder or the center of the sphere. Such a decaying behavior continues as time progresses. This is expected from the obtained solution where the cylindrical (spherical) amplitude component (τ ∞ / τ) m decreases as the time progresses. We have also studied the role of the nonadiabatic dust charging fluctuating dissipation process and analyzed the resulting damped mKdV equation. Furthermore, the parametric dependence of wave properties (amplitude and width) on the q nonextensive parameter, density, and temperature of cold and hot electrons, concentration of dust particles, and thermal effects of ions has been studied in detail, and findings obtained here will be beneficial to further astrophysical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the dynamics of a 3-dimensional dusty plasma in a strong magnetic field. An electrostatic potential well created by a conducting or non-conducting ring in the rf discharge confines the charged dust particles. In the absence of the magnetic field, dust grains exhibit a thermal motion about their equilibrium position. As the magnetic field crosses a threshold value (B > 0.02 T), the edge particles start to rotate and form a vortex in the vertical plane. At the same time, the central region particles either exhibit thermal motion or E → × B → motion in the horizontal plane. At B > 0.15 T, the central region dust grains start to rotate in the opposite direction resulting in a pair of counter-rotating vortices in the vertical plane. The characteristics of the vortex pair change with increasing the strength of the magnetic field (B ∼ 0.8 T). At B > 0.8 T, the dust grains exhibit very complex motion in the rotating torus. The angular frequency variation of rotating particles indicates a differential or sheared dust rotation in a vortex. The angular frequency increases with increasing the magnetic field from 0.05 T to 0.8 T. The ion drag force and dust charge gradient along with the E-field are considered as possible energy sources for driving the edge vortex flow and central region vortex motion, respectively. The directions of rotation also confirm the different energy sources responsible for the vortex motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent results of the kinetic theory of dusty plasmas [V. N. Tsytovich and U. de Angelis, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1093 (1999)] are used to investigate the distribution and fluctuations of the dust charges in dusty plasmas. It is shown that the charge fluctuations induced by dust discreteness can be larger than the fluctuations due to electron and ion discreteness. A new Lorentz form for the regular part of the dust charge distribution is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, dusty plasma research has sought to explore the physics of magnetized dusty plasmas. Due to the small charge-to-mass ratio of micron-sized dust grains, magnetic fields of B ≥ 1 T are needed to magnetize these particles. A peculiar phenomenon that occurs in capacitively coupled, glow discharge dusty plasmas at high magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the electrodes is the formation of stationary or mobile filamentary structures that are aligned along the magnetic field. In experiments, these filaments are found to form at a low neutral gas pressure, low applied radio frequency power, and a high magnetic field. This paper reports on new simulations of capacitively coupled plasmas at a high magnetic field for a configuration with a powered metal electrode and a grounded electrode with a dielectric barrier. It is shown that for this configuration, it is possible to form filamentary structures that appear in the electron density, potential, and light emission, which have properties that scale qualitatively with experiments. For these conditions, the dielectric strength of the boundary is most strongly correlated with the formation of the filaments. Implications of these observations and how they could be used to motivate future experiments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a low-pressure magneto-gravitated complex plasma, the stability state of dust gravitational drift wave is switched at a critical wavenumber and the propagating dust magneto-gravitational drift wave is transformed into an aperiodic stationary structure at a cut-off wavenumber. In this paper, two analytical formulas have been derived for the critical wavenumber of stability switching and the cut-off wavenumber of stationary structure. The critical wavenumber is equal to the ratio of ion plasma frequency to ion streaming velocity and the cut-off wavenumber is proportional to the ratio of dust plasma frequency to dust g B drift velocity. These scaling formulas are in excellent agreement with exact numerical solutions of dispersion relations. These scenarios are expected to be observed in fully magnetized dusty plasma experiments as the next frontier for complex plasma research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the article 'A new mathematical approach for finding the solitary waves in dusty plasmas,' by G.C. Das and Jnanjyoti Sarma, which appeared in a 1998 issue of the journal, 'Physics of Plasmas.' Criticism of Das and Sarma's use of expansions without checking their validity and applicability.

It is shown that the oscillation named by Shukla as the “Shukla mode” is well known in the plasma physics literature as the magnetic drift wave. In addition, the instability of these modes in a cold plasma as claimed by Shukla et al. [Phys. Plasmas 11, 1732 (2004)] does not exist and is due to a mathematical error in their analysis. Also the “new” resonance and new cutoff frequencies claimed by Shukla et al. and Mamum et al. [Phys Plasmas 11, 2307 (2004)] have been known in the published literature for decades. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collective response of the plasma medium is well known and has been explored extensively in the context of dusty plasma medium. On the other hand, the individual particle response associated with the collisional character giving rise to the dissipative phenomena has not been explored adequately. In this paper, two-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation of dust particles interacting via Yukawa potential has been considered. It has been shown that disturbances induced in a dust crystal elicit both collective and single particle responses. Generation of a few particles moving at speeds considerably higher than acoustic and/or shock speed (excited by the external disturbance) is observed. This is an indication of a single particle response. Furthermore, as these individual energetic particles propagate, the dust crystal is observed to crack along their path. Initially when the energy is high, these particles generate secondary energetic particles by the collisional scattering process. However, ultimately as these particles slow down they excite a collective response in the dust medium at secondary locations in a region which is undisturbed by the primary external disturbance. The condition when the cracking of the crystal stops and collective excitations get initiated has been identified quantitatively. The trailing collective primary disturbances would thus often encounter a disturbed medium with secondary and tertiary collective perturbations, thereby suffering significant modification in its propagation. It is thus clear that there is an interesting interplay (other than mere dissipation) between the single particle and collective response which governs the dynamics of any disturbance introduced in the medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical model for the physical understanding of the charge distribution on ice dust particles in plasma layers of polar mesospheric clouds PMCs (Noctilucent clouds and polar mesospheric summer echoes). For the case of pure ice dust (with high work function), the charging of the particles occurs only because of the accretion of electronic and ionic species on the surface of ice grains. The analysis is based on the number and energy balance of constituents and allows the charge to be only an integral multiple (positive or negative) of the electronic charge. Amongst other interesting results, the theory explains the observed charge distribution on pure ice particles and corresponding reduction of electron density (viz., Bite out) in the PMCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the obliquely propagating solitary waves are investigated in a magnetized dusty plasma considering vortexlike ion distribution and dust size distribution. A plane solitary traveling-wave solution propagating at an arbitrary angle to the magnetic field is considered. The growth rate caused by small perturbations of any direction to a solitary traveling waves is studied. The effects of the dust size distribution and perturbations on the growth rate are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the peculiarities of Dust-acoustic wave (DAW) propagation in a plasma with a moving dusty flow. As a result of a dispersion relation analysis, it is shown that at definite conditions, the DAWs can exist in the form of backward waves with antiparallel group and phase velocities. The range of the dusty flow velocities is found for the backward DAW realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents radial distribution functions of dust particles obtained experimentally in dc and rf discharges. Pressure and interaction energy of dusty particles were calculated on the basis of these functions. The Langevin dynamics computer simulation for each experiment was performed. The comparisons with computer simulations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collisional hydrodynamic equations for electrons, ions, and dust particles in dusty plasmas are derived from the kinetic equations [V. N. Tsytovich and U. de Angelis, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1093 (1999)] which consistently take into account the elastic and inelastic (charging) collisions of plasma particles with dust and the effects of dust charge fluctuations. These equations are valid in the parameter regime where the collisions of plasma particles with dust dominate with respect to the binary plasma collisions. New expressions for the fluid collision frequencies, transport coefficients, viscosity, and ion drag are found and compared with previous results. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two omnipresent ingredients of the Universe are plasmas and charged dust. The interplay between these two has opened up a new and fascinating research area, that of dusty plasmas, which are ubiquitous in different parts of our solar system, namely planetary rings, circumsolar dust rings, the interplanetary medium, cometary comae and tails, as well as in interstellar molecular clouds, etc. Dusty plasmas also occur in noctilucent clouds in the arctic troposphere and mesosphere, cloud-to-ground lightening in thunderstorms containing smoke-contaminated air over the United States, in the flame of a humble candle, as well as in microelectronic processing devices, in low-temperature laboratory discharges, and in tokamaks. Dusty plasma physics has appeared as one of the most rapidly growing fields of science, besides the field of the Bose–Einstein condensate, as demonstrated by the number of published papers in scientific journals and conference proceedings. In fact, it is a truly interdisciplinary science because it has many potential applications in astrophysics (viz. in understanding the formation of dust clusters and structures, instabilities of interstellar molecular clouds and star formation, decoupling of magnetic fields from plasmas, etc.) as well as in the planetary magnetospheres of our solar system [viz. Saturn (particularly, the physics of spokes and braids in the B and F rings), Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Mars] and in strongly coupled laboratory dusty plasmas. Since a dusty plasma system involves the charging and dynamics of massive charged dust grains, it can be characterized as a complex plasma system providing new physics insights. In this paper, the basic physics of dusty plasmas as well as numerous collective processes are discussed. The focus will be on theoretical and experimental observations of charging processes, waves and instabilities, associated forces, the dynamics of rotating and elongated dust grains, and some nonlinear struct... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that in a typical dusty plasma encountered in the laboratory or outer space, the dust component is in a strongly coupled state because the interaction energy of neighboring dust particles due to shielded Coulomb (“Yukawa”) forces is much larger than their thermal energy. Low frequency collective modes involving the motion of dust particles are therefore greatly influenced by the strong correlation effects in the dust component. In this paper a dispersion relation for low-frequency collective modes using a generalized hydrodynamics model for the dust component has been derived. Strong correlation effects are described in terms of viscoelastic transport coefficients and a finite relaxation time for the memory kernel. Novel collective effects such as new corrections to dispersion terms for longitudinal dust acoustic waves and the existence of transverse shear waves supported by strong correlations have been identified. New physical processes involving nonuniform charge number equilibria and delayed charging effects which could drive the shear wave instability have also been studied. A report on some new experiments where self-excited transverse shear modes are seen when the dust component of the plasma is in a strongly correlated fluid-like state is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dust-dust collision integrals found in the kinetic theory of dusty plasmas [Tsytovich and de Angelis, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1093 (1999); 7, 554 (2000)] are analyzed. Analytic expressions are derived and numerical results are given for the case of thermal distributions to assess their importance and dependence on dusty plasma parameters. Modifications of Debye screening by collective dust effects are obtained. A study of the forces between two test dust particles is presented and the appearance of weakly screened attraction forces at distances larger than the Debye screening length is analyzed. These forces are related to the collective shadow effect in dust charging and operate at distances larger than the previously known noncollective shadow attraction forces. The dependence of the collective attraction forces on dust temperature is analyzed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time evolution of the plasma distribution functions (electrons and ions) in dusty plasmas is found solving numerically the equations of the kinetic theory of dusty plasmas [Tsytovich and de Angelis, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1093 (1999); 7, 554 (2000)]. The role and importance of the plasma source and particle diffusion are investigated. The "equilibrium" distributions (asymptotic solutions) are used to calculate the static screening of a dust particle, and the difference with the usual result (Debye screening) of a three-component plasma is shown for various parameter regimes. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, linear and nonlinear coupling of kinetic Alfven and acoustic waves has been studied in a dusty plasma in the presence of trapping and self-gravitation effects. In this regard, we have derived the linear dispersion relations for positively and negatively coupled dust kinetic Alfven-acoustic waves. Stability analysis of the coupled dust kinetic Alfven-acoustic wave has also been presented. The formation of solitary structures has been investigated following the Sagdeev potential approach by using the two-potential theory. Numerical results show that the solitary structures can be obtained only for sub-Alfvenic regimes in the scenario of space plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the investigation of polydisperse complex plasmas, the generation of binary mixtures is a first and important step. In this paper, the requirements for the generation of two-dimensional binary mixtures are discussed and first experiments are presented. In particular, the material dependent mass loss of the particles is taken into account by monitoring the charge-to-mass ratio of both species using a resonance method. The charge ratio q1/q2 of the species is determined and the spacial properties of the two-component crystals are examined and compared to numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have investigated the effect of secondary electron emission on nonlinear propagation of dust acoustic waves in a complex plasma where equilibrium dust charge is negative. The primary electrons, secondary electrons, and ions are Boltzmann distributed, and only dust grains are inertial. Electron-neutral and ion-neutral collisions have been neglected with the assumption that electron and ion mean free paths are very large compared to the plasma Debye length. Both adiabatic and nonadiabatic dust charge variations have been separately taken into account. In the case of adiabatic dust charge variation, nonlinear propagation of dust acoustic waves is governed by the KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) equation, whereas for nonadiabatic dust charge variation, it is governed by the KdV-Burger equation. The solution of the KdV equation gives a dust acoustic soliton, whose amplitude and width depend on the secondary electron yield. Similarly, the KdV-Burger equation provides a dust acoustic shock wave. This dust acoustic shock wave may be monotonic or oscillatory in nature depending on the fact that whether it is dissipation dominated or dispersion dominated. Our analysis shows that secondary electron emission increases nonadiabaticity induced dissipation and consequently increases the monotonicity of the dust acoustic shock wave. Such a dust acoustic shock wave may accelerate charge particles and cause bremsstrahlung radiation in space plasmas whose physical process may be affected by secondary electron emission from dust grains. The effect of the secondary electron emission on the stability of the equilibrium points of the KdV-Burger equation has also been investigated. This equation has two equilibrium points. The trivial equilibrium point with zero potential is a saddle and hence unstable in nature. The nontrivial equilibrium point with constant nonzero potential is a stable node up to a critical value of the wave velocity and a stable focus above it. This critical value increases with increasing secondary electron emission. Thus, in the presence of secondary electron emission, higher velocity shock waves are monotonic. The results have been numerically explained considering the presence of Al2O3 dust grains in the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the relations between the exact shape of interparticle interactions in complex (dusty) plasmas and the dispersion relation of the longitudinal collective mode. Several representative repulsive potentials, predicted previously theoretically, are chosen, and the corresponding dispersion relations are calculated using the quasi-crystalline approximation. Both weakly coupled and strongly coupled regimes are considered. It is shown that the long-wavelength portions of the dispersion curves can be sensitive to the long-range asymptote of the interaction potential. This can be used to discriminate between different interaction mechanisms operational in complex plasmas experimentally. Main requirements are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of ion radiative cooling on the gravitational instability of dusty plasma is studied, incorporating dust charge fluctuation with dust-neutral, neutral-ion, and ion-neutral collisions. The basic equations are linearized using normal mode analysis to obtain a general dispersion relation. The general dispersion relation is analytically and numerically discussed to explain the role of ion radiative cooling in the structure formation through gravitational instability. The Jeans collapse criteria are found to be modified due to ion and electron radiative cooling, dust charge fluctuations, and collisions effects. It is determined from the analytical and numerical calculations that the support of radiative cooling of ions drives thermal fluctuations and gives instability to the system. The electron cooling effect remains dominating over ion cooling effect, and thus, it enhances the collapse more efficiently than ion cooling effect. Although the radiative cooling is slow, it may precede the collapse in molecular cloud, which further leads to the structure formation. The present work is relevance for the structure formation in the molecular cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have investigated the effects of Bohm potential on the low frequency wave propagation in a dense non-degenerate dusty magnetoplasma. We have employed two potential theory to study the quantum modification of kinetic Alfvén wave on a dust acoustic velocity branch. The linear dispersion relation and growth rate of instability of dust kinetic Alfvén wave are obtained by incorporating Bohm quantum potential in the linearized Vlasov model. It is found that unlike in classical plasma, the presence of CQ which arises through the Bohm potential, tends to enhance the dispersion of the particles, while the growth rates are suppressed. The importance and relevance to compact astrophysical objects and space dusty plasma environments is also pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The streaming of ions through the dust particles significantly modifies the repulsive Debye-Hückel type of interaction in the sheath and pre-sheath regions and leads to the appearance of oscillatory and attractive wake type interaction. In this paper, we investigate the formation of dust-ion acoustic solitary and shock waves in the presence of streaming ions in a strongly coupled dusty plasma. The generalized hydrodynamic equation is used to describe the dust dynamics, and the dust-dust interaction has been taken into account via the electrostatic pressure term. The novel feature of the present study is the incorporation of both the repulsive and attractive interactions in the electrostatic pressure term. The flow of ions along the vertical direction in the sheath/presheath region of the plasma brings asymmetry to the dust dynamics, which has been carefully handled while considering the effect of strong coupling in the formation of nonlinear structures in such plasma. The study reveals that the ion streaming velocity has a crucial role in controlling the nonlinear coherent structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the feasibility of observing the gyro-phase drift in the Auburn Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment [MDPX, described by Thomas et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 124034 (2012)]. The gyro-phase drift arises when a dust grain does not instantaneously reach the in-situ-equilibrium grain charge during gyro-synchronous grain-charge modulation. Koepke et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 79, 1099 (2013)] first suggested using MDPX to observe the gyro-phase drift, and here we use a single-particle trajectory tracker with an iterative velocity solver, using a fixed timestep for grain motion and an adaptive time step for grain charging, to consider all relevant dust grain forces to assess gyro-phase drift arising from gradual inhomogeneity. Additionally, the semi-analytic theory developed by Walker et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 80, 395 (2014)] predicts dust grain motion in abrupt inhomogeneity for MDPX-relevant conditions. We compare three grain-charging models with each other and with the single-particle trajectory tracker and found to predict distinctly different trajectories depending on the treatment of neutral drag and flowing ions. The measurement thresholds for Particle Tracking Velocimetry permit gyro-phase drift detection in MDPX for the abrupt inhomogeneity, given sufficiently large enough UV photoelectron flux (fuv/[nevthe]>0.01) and low enough neutral gas pressure (less than one mTorr). The Orbit-Motion-Limited charge model and the charge models developed by Patacchini et al. [Phys. Plasmas 14, 062111 (2007)] and Gatti and Kortshagen [Phys. Rev. E 78, 046402 (2008)] can, in principle, be distinguished by gyro-phase drift in the abrupt inhomogeneity, but large magnetic fields, large UV photoelectron flux, and low neutral gas pressure are required. Gyro-phase drift for a gradual inhomogeneity in the ratio ne/ni, arising from the presence of a radial electric field, is predicted to be undetectable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our prime objective of this paper is to examine the parametric regimes for the existence and polarity of dust acoustic double layers (DADLs) and its solitary structures arising from a magnetized self-gravitating opposite polarity dust-plasma (OPDP) model. The constituents of the OPDP model are two species of positively and negatively charged dust grains, Maxwellian electrons and kappa distributed ions. Contributions of gravitational force only on dust grains are taken into account. For weakly nonlinear analysis, the multiple time scale technique has been used to construct the extended Korteweg-de Vries (E-KdV) and modified Korteweg-de Vries (M-KdV) equations. They pinpoint the evolution of DADLs and solitary structures associated with dust acoustic (DA) mode, respectively. The relevant configurational parameters in our study include the superthermality of ions (κ), obliqueness of propagation (ϑ), ion concentration (δi), static magnetic field B0 (via ωcp, ωcn), and self-gravitational field (via γ), as well as the density (μ0), charge (α), and mass (β) ratio of positive to negative dust species. The proposed OPDP model permits positive and negative double layer polarities, while higher order nonlinear equation dictates us only positive polarity solitary structures. The main modification due to an increase in self-gravitational field (via γ) is an enhancement in the spatial width of double layers, yet leaving their amplitude, phase speed, and polarity practically unaffected. With enhanced superthermality and other intrinsic parameters in OPDP model, there is an opposite trend in both amplitude and width of double layers, while the amplitude and the width of solitary waves (via M-KdV equation) undergo the identical behaviors. In particular, the amplitude of solitary waves manifests monotonic behavior for permissible range of obliqueness ϑ, whereas this scenario is acceptable to only width of double layers. The results are discussed in the context of laboratory and astrophysical plasma environments (e.g., cometary tails, Earth's mesosphere, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our attention is first concentrated on obliquely propagating properties of low-frequency (ω ≪ ωcd) "fast" and "slow" dust acoustic waves, in the linear regime, in dusty electronegative plasmas with Maxwellian electrons, kappa distributed positive ions, negative ions (following the combination of kappa-Schamel distribution), and negatively charged dust particles. So, an explicit expression for dispersion relation is derived by linearizing a set of dust-fluid equations. The results show that wave frequency ω in long and short-wavelengths limit is conspicuously affected by physical parameters, namely, positive to negative temperature ion ratio (βp), trapping parameter of negative ions (μ), magnitude of the magnetic field B0 (via ωcd), superthermal index (κn,κp), and positive ion to dust density ratio (δp). The signature of the penultimate parameter (i.e., κn) on wave frequency reveals that the frequency gap between the modes reduces (escalates) for kcr (k>kcr), where kcr is critical wave number. Alternatively, for weakly nonlinear analysis, reductive perturbation theory has been used to construct 1D and 3D Schamel Korteweg-de Vries (S-KdV) equations, whose nonlinearity coefficient prescribes only compressive soliton for all parameter values of interest. The survey manifests that deviation of ions from Maxwellian behavior leads intrinsic properties of solitary waves to be evolved in opposite trend. Additionally, at lower proportion of trapped negative ions, solitary wave amplitude mitigates, whilst the trapping parameter has no effect on both spatial width and the linear wave. The results are discussed in the context of the Earth's mesosphere of dusty electronegative plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust structuring is a natural and universal process in complex plasmas. The scattering of electromagnetic waves by dust structures is governed by the factor of coherency, i.e., the total number of coherent electrons in a single structure. In the present paper, we consider how the factor of coherency changes due to additional pulse electron heating and show that it obeys a hysteresis. After the end of the pulse heating, the scattering intensity differs substantially from that before heating. There are three necessary conditions for scattering hysteresis: first, the radiation wavelength should be larger than the pattern (structure) size; second, the total number of coherent electrons confined by the structure should be large; and third, the heating pulse duration should be shorter than the characteristic time of dust structure formation. We present the results of numerical calculations using existing models of self-consistent dust structures with either positively or negatively charged dust grains. It is shown that, depending on the grain charge and the ionization rate, two types of hysteresis are possible: one with a final increase of the scattering and the other with a final decrease of the scattering. It is suggested that the hysteresis of coherent scattering can be used as a tool in laboratory experiments and that it can be a basic mechanism explaining the observed hysteresis in radar scattering by noctilucent clouds during active experiments on electron heating in mesosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have developed the kinetics of E-region ionospheric plasma comprising of fine dust grains and shown that the electron density in E-layer can purposely be reduced/enhanced up to desired level by inserting fine dust particles of appropriate physical/material properties; this may certainly be promising for preferred rf-signal processing through these layers. The analytical formulation is based on average charge theory and includes the number and energy balance of the plasma constituents along with charge balance over dust particles. The effect of varying number density, work function, and photo-efficiency of dust particles on ionospheric plasma density at different altitude in E-layer has been critically examined and presented graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On our previous soliton solutions [H. L. Zhen et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 073709 (2014)] of an extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, El-Tantawy and Wazwaz [Phys. Plasmas 25, 104701 (2018)] have commented that there exists another soliton solution without any constraint for the parameters. In this Reply, we first state the correctness of our previous solutions, and then, we point out the difference between the two solutions: one is from our previous paper [H. L. Zhen et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 073709 (2014)] and the other is from the comment by El-Tantawy and Wazwaz [Phys. Plasmas 25, 104701 (2018)]. Meanwhile, we also investigate the connections between our work and some recent literature studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of the dust size distribution on the landau damping and the wave frequency is studied in the present paper. It is found that wave frequency increases as either the difference between the largest and the smallest dust size increases or the wave number increases. It seems that wave frequency is smaller for dusty plasma whose density of the smaller grains is larger than that of the larger ones, while it is larger in the opposite case. The effect of the dust size distribution can increase the Landau damping in the cases where the temperature of the dust grains is small enough or high enough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamical response of the strongly coupled dusty plasma medium has recently been described by utilizing the Generalized Hydrodynamic (GHD) model equations. The GHD equations capture the visco-elastic properties of the medium and have been successful in predicting a host of phenomena (e.g., existence of novel transverse shear waves in the fluid medium, modification of longitudinal wave dispersion by elastic effects, etc.) which have found experimental confirmation. In this paper, the nonlinear longitudinal response of the medium governed by GHD equations in strong coupling limit is discussed analytically. The structure of the equations rules out the balance between dispersion and nonlinearity, thereby, forbidding soliton formation. However, a host of new varieties of nonlinear solutions are found to exist, which have singular spatial profiles and yet have conservative properties. For instance, existence of novel conservative shock structures with zero strength is demonstrated, waves whose breaking produces no dissipation in the medium are observed, propagating solutions which produce cusp like singularities can exist and so on. It is suggested that simulations and experiments should look for these novel nonlinear structures in the large amplitude strong coupling limit of longitudinal disturbances in dusty plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generalized hydrodynamic model depicting the behaviour of visco-elastic fluids has often been invoked to explore the behaviour of a strongly coupled dusty plasma medium below their crystallization limit. The model has been successful in describing the collective normal modes of the strongly coupled dusty plasma medium observed experimentally. The paper focuses on the study of nonlinear dynamical characteristic features of this model. Specifically, the evolution of coherent vorticity patches is being investigated here within the framework of this model. A comparison with Newtonian fluids and molecular dynamics simulations treating the dust species interacting through the Yukawa potential has also been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov (eZK) equation for the magnetized two-ion-temperature dusty plasma is studied in this paper. With the help of Hirota method, bilinear forms and N-soliton solutions are given, and soliton propagation is graphically analyzed. We find that the soliton amplitude is positively related to the nonlinear coefficient A, while inversely related to the dispersion coefficients B and C. We obtain that the soliton amplitude will increase with the mass of the jth dust grain and the average charge number residing on the dust grain decreased, but the soliton amplitude will increase with the equilibrium number density of the jth dust grain increased. Upon the introduction of the periodic external forcing term, both the weak and developed chaotic motions can occur. Difference between the two chaotic motions roots in the inequality between the nonlinear coefficient l2 and perturbed term h1. The developed chaos can be weakened with B or C decreased and A increased. Periodic motion of the perturbed eZK equation can be observed when there is a balance between l2 and h1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Burgers (ZKB) equations for the dust-ion-acoustic waves in dusty plasmas. Shock-like and soliton solutions are both constructed through the introduction of an auxiliary function and variable. ZKB-soliton propagation is plotted, and from those figures, we find that energy of the solitons increases when the number of electrons in a dust particle decreases or the mass of such dust particle becomes larger. Considering the external perturbations in the dusty plasmas, we study the perturbed ZKB equation via some qualitative and quantitative methods. To corroborate that the perturbed ZKB equation can indeed give rise to the chaos, we make use of the power spectrum and Lyapunov exponents. Then, we investigate the phase projections, and find that both the weak and developed chaos can be observed. Weak chaos occur when the absolute value of damped coefficient (l1) is stronger than the strength of perturbed term (g1), or else, the developed one occurs. Ranges of l1 and g1 are given via the largest Lyapunov exponents when the perturbed ZKB equation is in different chaotic states. Therefore, we can find that the chaotic motion of the perturbed ZKB equation will be enhanced with the number of electrons in a dust particle or the mass of such a dust particle decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the dust size distribution on the damping rate of the solitary wave in a dusty plasma is investigated in the present paper. It is found that the damping rate increases as either the mean radius of dust grains increases or as the total number density of the dust grains increases. The damping rate is less for usual dusty plasma (about which the number density of the smaller dust grains is larger than that of the larger dust grains) than that of the unusual dusty plasma (about which the number density of the larger dust grains is larger than that of the smaller dust grains). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of dust crystal in plasma under the influence of repulsive Yukawa (Debye-Hückel) potential is a well known phenomenon. The regular structure of dust particles is affected by anisotropic ion flow near the sheath region. The bombardment of the ions over dust grains distorts their Debye sphere by overshielding the dust cloud and gives rise to an attractive oscillatory wake potential. In this paper, we have obtained an expression for wake potential along with the Yukawa type of potential in a complex plasma in the presence of magnetic field, for subsonic ion flow towards the plasma sheath. In the presence of magnetic field, interaction potential gets modified and becomes anisotropic. We have studied the combined effect of the attractive wake potential as well as repulsive Yukawa potential on a 2D dust crystal, both in the presence and absence of magnetic field, using molecular dynamic simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dust size distribution and charging process of dust grains on the complex electric conductivity of dusty plasmas have been investigated in the present paper. Comparisons are made between real dusty plasma in which there are many different dust grain species and the mono-sized dusty plasma (MDP) in which there is only one kind of dust grain whose size is the average dust size. In some cases the complex electric conductivity of real dusty plasma is larger than that of MDP, while in other cases it is smaller than that of MDP, it depends on the dust size distribution function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]